List of active separatist movements in Africa

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with living, active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are the citizen/inhabitants of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Algeria
See also: [[:Tuareg rebellion]], Berberism, Demographics of Algeria, Ethnic groups in Algeria, and Kouloughlis
The traditional distribution of the Tuareg in the Sahara

Berberia

Main article: Berberism

Chenouas

  • Ethnic group: Chenouas
    • Proposed state: Chenouas
    • Advocacy groups: Chenoua Homeland Association, Chenoui Khaloui Kima Medari, Ichenwiyen, Tipaza Shenwa
    • Political party: Party of the Revolution and Socialism Berber, Socialist Forces Front

Kabylia

  • Ethnic group: Kabyle people[1]
    • Proposed state: Republic of Kabylia (Berber language: Tagduda Taqbaylit).
    • Government-in-exile: Provisional Government of Kabylia (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣTIL).[2]
    • Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.[3]
    • Political party: Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination (Mak-Anavad).[4]

Mozabite (Mozabite language)

  • Ethnic group: Mozabite
    • Proposed state: Mozabite
    • Advocacy group: Chenoua Homeland Association, Chenoui Khaloui Kima Medari, Ichenwiyen, Tipaza Shenwa
    • Political party: Party of the Revolution and Socialism Berber

Shawiya

  • Ethnic group: Shawiya
    • Proposed state: Shawiya
    • Advocacy group: AmaZigh ChaOui, Arwas Homeland, Amazigh World Congress
    • Political party: Party of the Revolution and Socialism Berber

Maps

Angola
A map of Angola showing majority ethnic groups (Bakongo area is north, dark green)
Chokwe people
Cabinda
See also: Demographics of Angola and Ethnic groups in Angola
  • Ethnic group: Lunda-Tchokwé people
    • Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Lunda-Tchokwé (República Democrática da Lunda-Tchokwé) (RDLT)
    • Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT)
    • Claimant group: Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé (MJSPL), also an Advocacy group
    • Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT)
    • Traditional Kingdom: Lunda-Tchokwe Kingdom
    • Status: Juridical Fight on ICC
    • Leaders: Dr. Jota Filipe Malakito (The Founder Leader)
    • Movements: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé (MULT), Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé (PULT), Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé(JULT)
    • News Broadcast: www.diariodomanifestojuridicosociologicodopovolundes.com
    • Vindicating area: The Forgotten Portuguese Protectorate of Lunda (The entire East Part of current Angola) or current North-Lunda, South-Lunda, Moxico and Kuando-Kubango
    • Extension Vindicating area: 602.709 km2
    • Population: 2.692.723 ( Since the 2014 )

 Cabinda

Cameroon
See also: Demographics of Cameroon and Ethnic groups in Cameroon
Proclaimed Ambazonian territory
Bakassi

 Ambazonia

Bakassi

Central African Republic
  Territories under control of FPRC around 2020
Further information: Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present), Demographics of the Central African Republic, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Dar El Kuti

Zande liberation front

Comoros
Anjouan
Mohéli
Further information: Grande Comore and Union of Comoros
  •  Anjouan
  • Ethnic group: Comorian
    • Proposed state:  Anjouan
    • Political parties: Anjouan People's Movement, Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais, Mawana[11]
  •  Mohéli
  • Ethnic group: Comorian
    • Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Mwali[12]

Republic of the Congo
Approximate location of the Kingdom of Loango
See also: Congo Crisis

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Bas-Congo
Map of the factions in the Congo in 1961
Region of Kivu
See also: Congo Crisis
  •  Katanga
    • Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
    • Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
    • Status: Sporadic violence

Egypt
Map of Nubia
Bir Tawil
The Nubian Christian empires
Camp David Accords
See also: Sinai Peninsula, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province, and Camp David Accords

Bir Tawil

  • Ethnic group: Ababda
    • Proposed state: Republic of Ababda
    • Status: Technically independent as both Egypt and Sudan do not claim or control the region but no political organisation within the region currently governs Bir Tawil. There is no active non-state group claiming Bir Tawil, and claims of independence are primarily made by foreign tourists for novelty effect.[19]

North Sinai

  • Ethnic group: Bedouins
    • Proposed state: Islamic State, Sinai Province
    • Status: Ongoing insurgency.[20] Insurgency began in 2011 with overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and intensified with overthrow of President Mohamed Morsi two years later. Initially began primarily with Islamist group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis seeking to establish an Islamic Emirate in North Sinai. al Maqdis later merged with the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria to become its Sinai Province of a larger world-wide Caliphate.[21]

Nubia[22][23]

  • Ethnic group: Nubian
    • Proposed state: Republic of Nubia
    • Status: No current movement to separate Nubia from either Egypt or Sudan. Instead, there are active efforts among Nubian communities to get governments in Cairo to recognize Nubian's as ethnic and linguistic minorities within the Egyptian state[24]

Equatorial Guinea
Bioko

Bioko

Ethiopia
Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia
See also: Tigray Region, Demographics of Ethiopia, and List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia

France
Map of the Réunion
Map of the Mayotte
See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § France
See also: List of active separatist movements in South America § France
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § France
See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § France
Secessionist movements:
  • Political party: Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir.
  • Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
  • Proposed state: Republic of Zabon
  • Mayotte continues to have autonomist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.[25]

Ghana
Map of the Togoland
Map of the Ashantiland

Ashantiland

  • Ethnic group: Ashanti-Akan
    • Proposed state: Ashantiland
      • Political party: Ashanti United Party, Ashanti Federal Party, Ashanti Movement for Freedom and Justice, National Liberation Movement,
      • Advocacy group: United Kotoko Society, Alliance for change, Ashanti Union, Ashanti Congress, Ashanteman Council, Kumasi Traditional Council
  • Proposed State: State of Western Togoland
  • Restoration Group: Homeland Study Group Foundation (HSGF)
  • Military Wing: Western Togoland Defence Council

Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)

Kenya
Mombasa
North Eastern
  1. Wajir County
  2. Mandera County
  3. Garissa County

Libya
Secession in Libya
Toubouland
Further information: Berberism, Kouloughlis, Fezzan, Fezzan campaign, and Tripolitania

 Cyrenaica Transitional Council

  • Ethnic group: Arab
    • Proposed autonomous area: Semi-autonomous "State of Cyrenaica"
    • Political Groups: Movement for Federal Libya, National Union Party, Cyrenaica Youth Movement
    • Senior Leaders: Dr. Abubakr Buera, Mr. Faraj Kezza, Dr. Azza Huwati, Ms. Najat Obedi, Mr. Mohamed Buisir, Mr. Ahmad Sannusi, Ms. Sarah Ali
    • Youth Leaders: Fathi Agori, Enas AlJazwi, Muheddine Mansuri, Osama Buera, Essa Arabi, Zeid Erragas, Mohamed Ali, Mustafa Orefy, Mabrooka Najm

 Toubouland

Mali
Further information: Azawad
Map of Azawad, as claimed by the MNLA

Note for Image : Dark grey dots indicate regions with a Tuareg majority. The west is mainly inhabited by Moors, and the south by sub-Saharan peoples.

 Azawad

Mauritius
Rodrigues
Further information: Chagos Archipelago

Morocco
See also: Status of Western Sahara, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Plazas de soberanía, and Berberism
Rifian speaking regions of Morocco (yellow)

 Rif

  • Ethnic group: Riffian
    • Proposed state: Rif
    • Political party: RIM
    • Militant organisation(s): RIM
  • Rif Independence Movement – occurred in Morocco during the 1920s,[29][30] and was revitalized in 2013.[31] Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.[31]

Namibia
Map of the Caprivi

 Caprivi

Niger
See also: Berberism
Agadez

Agadez

Nigeria
Map of Nigeria numerically showing states typically considered part of the Niger Delta region: 1. Abia, 2. Akwa Ibom, 3. Bayelsa, 4. Cross River, 5. Delta, 6. Edo, 7.Imo, 8. Ondo, 9. Rivers
Biafra
Oyo Empire and surrounding states

 Biafra

Yoruba people

a flag option for the proposed republic of Oduduwa
  • Ethnic group: Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
    • Proposed state: Ọmọlúwàbí-Yorùbá-Odùduwà Republic
    • Separatist movements: Yorùbá Liberation Command
    • O'odua People's Congress[35][36][37]

Niger Delta

Rwanda
The northern Twa - The easternmost group are the Great Lakes Twa

Senegal
Casamance

 Casamance

Somalia
Political map of Somalia
See also: Somali Civil War and Puntland

 Somaliland

South Africa
See also: Template:Bantustans, Cape Colony, and Union of South Africa
Map of the Cape of Good Hope in 1885 (blue). The area of Griqualand East is large, while the southern half of Bechuanaland Protectorate has been annexed as British Bechuanaland.
Volkstaat


Boer/Afrikaner homeland

Cape Republic


KwaZulu Natal

Zulu Kingdom

Spain
Islas Canarias
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Spain, and Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain

 Canary Islands (Main article: Canarian nationalism)

  • Ethnic group: Canarians
  • Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
  • Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, Inekaren
  • Youth movement: Azarug
  • Proposed state: Republic of the Canary Islands

Sudan
Darfur
See also: South Sudan, Demographics of Sudan, and Languages of Sudan

 Darfur

Tanzania
Zanzibar
Main article: Zanzibar independence movement

 Zanzibar

Uganda
Buganda
Rwenzururu

 Buganda

  • Ethnic group: Ganda
    • Proposed state: Kingdom of Buganda
    • De facto autonomous area: Kingdom of Buganda
    • Youth movement: Buganda Youth Movement

 Rwenzururu

Zambia
Barotseland

Barotse

  • Ethnic group: Lozi
    • Proposed state:  Barotseland
    • Militant organization: Barotse Royal Establishment[45]

Zimbabwe
Matabeleland

Matabeleland

  • Ethnic group: Matabele
    • Proposed state:Mthwakazi
    • Militant organization: Mthwakazi Liberation Front (M.L.F.)[46]
    • Political party: Matabeleland Freedom Party[47]
    • Revolutionary Movement:Mthwakazi Republic Party(M.R.P)[48][49]

See also

References
  1. Grace Young. "Kabyle people". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  2. The 2nd Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Congress (10 December 2011). "Kabylian Movement for Self-Determination Status" (Chapter VIII): Art. 19. 21. 22. 23. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Ferhat Mehenni. "Blog". Mak-Anavad Leader Blog. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. MAK- Mouvement pour l'Autodétermination de la Kabylie. "Official Website".
  5. "Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  6. Official Website of the Government of the Federal Republic of Ambazonia (2016). "Government of Ambazonia". Government of Ambazonia Official Website. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  7. "Southern Cameroons National Council plans street protests to have activists freed". The Post News. 2005-11-27. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  8. Rebels Declare 'Independence' Of Bakassi, by Azore Opio & Francis Tim Mbom
  9. "Central African Republic rebels declare autonomous state in north". The Washington Post. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  10. Chris Roth. "Springtime of Nations". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  11. "MPA - Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais". MweziNet. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  12. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Comoros : Overview". UNHCR. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  13. "ETAT DU SUD CONGO". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  14. "(Congo-Brazzaville) Etat du Sud-Congo : drapeau, devise, armoiries et limites géographiques". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  15. Patrick, André. "Site Officiel du Royaume Loango - Soyez les Bienvenus !". www.royaumeloango.org. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  16. "SPECIAL INQUIRY INTO THE BAS CONGO EVENTS OF FEBRUARY AND MARCH 2008" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  17. "United Republic of Kivu". Federation of Free States of Africa. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  18. Iain Dalton (2008-11-19). "Democratic republic of Congo: Civil war erupts once again". The Socialist (UK). Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  19. Adewunmi, Bim (15 July 2014). "I claim this piece of Africa for my daughter, Princess Emily". The Guardian.
  20. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1394653. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/sinai-insurgency-next-isis-crisis. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. "Today's papers: Al Qaeda's hoax, Nubian separatism - Egypt Independent". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  23. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1063/eg8.htm
  24. https://www.independent.co.ug/dreaming-of-returning-home-egypts-nubians-revive-language/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-14. Retrieved 2010-07-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. http://theafricareport.com/index.php/20120517501811752/east-horn-africa/kenya-s-mombasa-republican-council%E2%80%A9-the-coast-calls-for-freedom-501811752.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  27. Luc Torres. "The separatist map of Africa: interactive". the Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  28. "Cri de Liberté". Mathaba News Network. 2008-04-21. Archived from the original on 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  29. White Gypsies: Race and Stardom in Spanish Musical Films - Eva Woods Peiró. p. 46.
  30. What the Arabs think - William Roe Polk. p. 52.
  31. "The Rif Independence Movement Joins OEAS". Scribd. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  32. "Caprivi Liberation Front". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  33. Forrest, Joshua B. (2003). Subnationalism in Africa: Ethnicity, Alliances, and Politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 188. ISBN 1-58826-227-8.
  34. "Voice of Biafra International". www.biafraland.com. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  35. http://www.yolicom.org. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. https://ogafiblog.wordpress.com/about-ogafi/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  37. http://www.youngyorubaforfreedom.org. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  38. "Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques du le Casamance (MFDC)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  39. "Ek is wit en trots daarop". Mail & Guardian. 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  40. Members: Afrikaner, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  41. "An independent Western Cape? - OPINION - Politicsweb". www.politicsweb.co.za. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  42. "Cape Party still wants to 'free' Western Cape from rest of SA". Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  43. https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1969893/zwelithini-threatens-zulus-will-leave-sa-and-take-kzn-with-them/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. "Contagion of discontent: Muslim extremism spreads down east Africa coastline". The Economist. 3 November 2012.
  45. "Assessment for Lozi in Zambia". Minorities at Risk. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  46. "Bulawayo24 NEWS -". Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  47. "Matabeleland Freedom Party". Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  48. https://mthwakazirepublicparty.co.za. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-173507.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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