Near-open front unrounded vowel

Near-open front unrounded vowel
æ
a̝
IPA number 325
Encoding
Entity (decimal) æ
Unicode (hex) U+00E6
X-SAMPA {
Kirshenbaum &
Braille ⠩ (braille pattern dots-146) 
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The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is simply an open or low front unrounded vowel.[2] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".

The rounded counterpart of [æ], the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish;[3][4] see open front rounded vowel for more information.

In practice, ⟨æ⟩ is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[5]perd[pæːrt]'horse'Allophone of /ɛ/ before sequences /rs/, /rt/, /rd/ and, in some dialects, before /k x l r/. See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicStandard[6]كتاب‎ [kiˈtæːb] 'book'Allophone of /a/ in the environment of plain labial and coronal consonants as well as /j/ (depending on the speaker's accent). See Arabic phonology
Berber ⴰⵎⴰⵏ [æmæ] 'water'
Catalan[7][8][9]Valenciantesi[ˈt̪æzi]'thesis'Main realization of /ɛ/. See Catalan phonology
set[s̠æ̠t̪]'seven'Near-front. Allophone of /ɛ/ found in contact with liquids and in monosyllabic terms. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩
Majorcan
Minorcan
Some Valencian and Balearic speakers[10]llamp[ʎ̟æmp]'lightning'Allophone of /a/ in contact with palatal consonants. In some variants it can merge with /ɛ/.
Western Catalan[11][12]taula[ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫæ̝]'table'Somewhat retracted. Unstressed allophone of /a/ in the coda. It can alternate with rounded allophones in the Valencian dialects.
DanishStandard[3][13]Dansk[ˈd̥a̝nsɡ̊]'Danish'Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩ - the way it is realized by certain older or upper-class speakers.[14] See Danish phonology
DutchStandard[15]pen[pæn]'pen'Allophone of /ɛ/ before /n/ and the velarized or pharyngealized allophone of /l/. In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where [ɛ] is used in Standard Dutch.[16] See Dutch phonology
Some accents[17]bet[bæt]'(I) bathe'
The Hague dialect[18]maar[mæːʁ]'but'Allophone of /aː/ before /r/; more open [aː] in Standard Dutch.[18] See Dutch phonology
EnglishAustralian[19]cat [kʰæt] 'cat'Many younger speakers realize it as fully open [a],[20] whereas in broader accents it may be open-mid [ɛ]. See English phonology and Australian English phonology
Cultivated New Zealand[21]Higher in other New Zealand varieties. See New Zealand English phonology
General American[22]
Received Pronunciation[23]Lower [a] for many younger speakers
Norfolk[24][kʰæ̠t]Near-front.[24]
Cockney[25]town[tˢæːn]'town'May be lower [aː] or a diphthong [æə̯] instead. It corresponds to /aʊ̯/ in other dialects
Estonian[26]väle[ˈvæ̠le̞ˑ]'agile'Near-front.[26] See Estonian phonology
Finnish[27]mäki[ˈmæki]'hill'See Finnish phonology
FrenchParisian[28]bain[bæ̃]'bath'Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. See French phonology
Quebec[29]ver[væːʁ]'worm'Allophone of /ɛ/ before /ʁ/ or in open syllables, and of /a/ in closed syllables.[29] See Quebec French phonology
GermanStandard[30]Teint[tʰæ̃ː]'complexion'Nasalized; also described as open-mid [ɛ̃ː].[31][32] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃ː⟩. Present only in loanwords. See Standard German phonology
Northern accents[33]alles[ˈæləs]'everything'Lower and often also more back in other accents.[33] See Standard German phonology
Standard Austrian[34]oder[ˈoːdæ]'or'Used by some speakers instead of [ɐ].[34] See Standard German phonology
West Central German accents[35]Used instead of [ɐ].[35] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[36]spät[ʃpæːt]'late'Open-mid [ɛː] or close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid /ɛː/.[37] See Standard German phonology
GreekMacedonia[38]γάτα/gáta[ˈɣætæ]'cat'See Modern Greek phonology
Thessaly[38]
Thrace[38]
Pontic[39]καλάθια/kaláthia[kaˈlaθæ]'baskets'
Hungarian[40]nem[næm]'no'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Hungarian phonology
Lakon[41]rävräv[ræβræβ]'evening'
LimburgishMany dialects[42][43][44]twelf[ˈtβ̞æ̠ləf]'twelve'Front[43][44] or near-front,[42] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is near-front.
LuxembourgishStandard[45]Käpp[kʰæpʰ]'heads'See Luxembourgish phonology
Some speakers[46]Kap[kʰa̝ːpʰ]'cap'Possible phonetic realization of /aː/; more often open near-front [a̠ː] instead.[47] See Luxembourgish phonology
NorwegianUrban East[48][49]lær[læːɾ]'leather'See Norwegian phonology
Persian هشت [hæʃt] 'eight'
PortugueseSome dialects[50]pedra[ˈpæðɾɐ]'stone'Stressed vowel. In other dialects closer /ɛ/. See Portuguese phonology
Some European speakers[51]também[tɐˈmæ̃]'also'Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/.
RipuarianKerkrade dialect[52]den[dæn]'because'Allophone of /ɛ/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʀ/.[52]
RomanianBukovinian dialect[53]piele[ˈpæle]'skin'Corresponds to [je] in standard Romanian. Also identified in some Central Transylvanian sub-dialects.[53] See Romanian phonology
Russian[54][55]пять [pʲætʲ] 'five'Allophone of /a/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Sinhalaඇය[æjə]'she'
Serbo-CroatianZeta-Raška dialectдан/dan[d̪æn̪]'day'Regional reflex of Proto-Slavic *ь and *ъ. Sometimes nasalised.[56]
SlovakSome speakers[57]väzy[ˈʋæzi̞]'ligaments'Many speakers pronounce it the same as [ɛ̝]. See Slovak phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[58][59][60]ära [²æːɾä] 'hono(u)r'Allophone of /ɛː, ɛ/ before /r/. See Swedish phonology
Stockholm[60]läsa[²læːsä]'to read'Realization of /ɛː, ɛ/ for younger speakers. Higher [ɛː, ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] for other speakers
Turkish[61]sen[s̪æn̪]'you'Allophone of /e/ before syllable-final /m, n, l, r/. In a limited number of words (but not before /r/), it is in free variation with [e̞].[61] See Turkish phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ↑ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
  3. 1 2 Grønnum (1998:100)
  4. ↑ Basbøll (2005:46)
  5. ↑ Donaldson (1993:3)
  6. ↑ Holes (2004:60)
  7. ↑ Recasens (1996:81)
  8. ↑ Recasens (1996:130–131)
  9. ↑ Rafel (1999:14)
  10. ↑ Saborit (2009:24–25)
  11. ↑ Recasens (1996:?)
  12. ↑ Saborit (2009:25–26)
  13. ↑ Basbøll (2005:45)
  14. ↑ Basbøll (2005:32)
  15. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 129)
  16. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 128–129, 131)
  17. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:92, 131)
  18. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003:133)
  19. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
  20. ↑ Cox & Fletcher (2017:179)
  21. ↑ Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
  22. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
  23. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009c), Roach (2004:242)
  24. 1 2 Lodge (2009:168)
  25. ↑ Wells (1982:309)
  26. 1 2 Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  27. ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  28. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013:226)
  29. 1 2 Walker (1984:75)
  30. ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
  31. ↑ Hall (2003:106–107)
  32. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34)
  33. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:64)
  34. 1 2 Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:?)
  35. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:40)
  36. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:65)
  37. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015:34, 64–65)
  38. 1 2 3 Newton (1972:11)
  39. ↑ Revithiadou & Spyropoulos (2009:41)
  40. ↑ Szende (1994:92)
  41. ↑ François (2005:466)
  42. 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  43. 1 2 Peters (2006:119)
  44. 1 2 Verhoeven (2007:221)
  45. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  46. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70–71)
  47. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:71)
  48. ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
  49. ↑ Popperwell (2010:16, 21–22)
  50. ↑ Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo Page 186.
  51. ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
  52. 1 2 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
  53. 1 2 Pop (1938), p. 29.
  54. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:50)
  55. ↑ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224–225)
  56. ↑ Okuka 2008, p. 171.
  57. ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
  58. ↑ Eliasson (1986:273)
  59. ↑ Thorén & Petterson (1992:15)
  60. 1 2 Riad (2014:38)
  61. 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)

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