Close central unrounded vowel

Close central unrounded vowel
ɨ
ï
ɯ̈
IPA number 317
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɨ
Unicode (hex) U+0268
X-SAMPA 1
Kirshenbaum i"
Braille ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24) 
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The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɨ, namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i.

Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed ⟨ï⟩ (centralized ⟨i⟩) or ⟨ɯ̈⟩ (centralized ⟨ɯ⟩).[2]

The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant [j̈].[3]

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

/ɨ/ is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, occurring most commonly as an allophone in some Slavic languages. However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as /i/ and /u/ both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986) identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Acehnesetupeue[tupɨə]'to know'Asyik[4] and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi[5] describe this sound as such while Durie[6] describes it as closer to [ɯ]
AngamiKhonoma[7]prü[pɻɨ²]'hail stone'The height varies between close [ɨ] and mid [ə].[7] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.
Arhuaco ikʉ ɪk'ɨ 'arhuaco language'
Mandarin[8]chī (吃)[tʂʰɨ˥]'to eat'
EnglishSoutheastern English[9]rude[ɹɨːd]'rude'May be rounded [ʉː], or a diphthong [ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯] instead.
Guaraní[10]yvy[ɨʋɨ]'earth'
Hausa[11]Allophone of /i/.[11]
IrishMunster[12]caora[kɨ̟ːɾˠə]'sheep'Somewhat fronted; allophone of /i/ between broad consonants.[12] See Irish phonology
Kalagan[13][pɨˈnɨt̪]'beard'
Kashmiri[14]teer[ˈt̪ɨːr]'cold'
Kera[15][ɡɨ̀ɡɨ̀r]'knee'
Latgalian[16]dyžan[ˈd̪ɨʒän̪]'very much'See Latgalian phonology
Mongolian[17]хүчир[xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆]'difficult'
Mono[18]dɨ[dɨ]'count'
Paicî[19]May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɯ⟩.
Romanian[20]înot[ɨˈn̪o̞t̪]'I swim'See Romanian phonology
Russian[21]ты [t̪ɨ]'you' (singular)Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Sahaptin[22][kʼsɨt]'cold'Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent
Sema[23]sü[ʃɨ̀]'to hurt'Also described as near-close [ɨ̞].[24]
Shipibo[25]tenaitianronki[ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞]Possible realization of /ɯ/ after coronal consonants.[25]
Sirionó[26][eˈsɨ]'dry wood'
SwedishBohuslän[27]bli[blɨᶻː]'to stay'A fricated vowel that corresponds to [iː] in Central Standard Swedish.[27] See Swedish phonology
Närke[27]
TajikBukharan[28]ғижғиж[ʁɨʑʁɨʑ]'the sound of
wood sawing'		Allophone of /i/ in the environment of uvular consonants.[28]
Tamil[29]வால்[väːlɨ]'tail'Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded [ʉ] instead.[29] See Tamil phonology
Tera[30]zu[zɨ]'said'
TurkishEastern AnatoliaCorresponds to /ɯ/ in standard Turkish.
Balkans[31]Word-final merger of standard Turkish sounds /i/ and /ɯ/, shift of /y/ and /u/ into single phoneme due to interactions caused by Balkan sprachbund. Dombrowski[31] transcribes this phoneme as /i/.
Udmurt[32]ургетэ, ыргетэ[33][ɨrgete]'it growls'
WelshNorthern dialects[34]llun[ɬɨːn]'picture'See Welsh phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[35]nɨ[nɨ]'be sour'

The sound of Polish ⟨y⟩ is often represented as /ɨ/, but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed [ɘ̟].[36] Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed ⟨e⟩, often represented as /ɨ/, is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel,[37] more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as [ɯ̽] (mid-centralized), [ɯ̟] (fronted) and [ʊ̜] (less rounded i.e. unrounded)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ↑ See e.g. Gimson (2014:133), who transcribes the unrounded central realization of the English GOOSE vowel /uː/ with the symbol [ɯ̈ː].
  3. ↑ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
  4. ↑ Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982), "The agreement system in Acehnese" (PDF), Mon-Khmer Studies, 11: 1–33, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2013, retrieved 9 November 2012
  5. ↑ Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad (2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account", Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities, 15: 9–21
  6. ↑ Mid-vowels in Acehnese Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. 1 2 Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.
  8. ↑ "Chinese Vowels".
  9. ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 174.
  10. ↑ "Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani". South American Phonological Inventory Database. Berkeley: University of California. 2015.
  11. 1 2 Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.
  12. 1 2 Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
  13. ↑ Wendel & Wendel (1978), p. 198.
  14. ↑ "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  15. ↑ Pearce (2011), p. 251.
  16. ↑ Nau (2011), pp. 9–10.
  17. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  18. ↑ Olson (2004), p. 235.
  19. ↑ Gordon & Maddieson (1996), p. 118.
  20. ↑ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  21. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 33.
  22. ↑ Hargus & Beavert (2002).
  23. ↑ Teo (2014), p. 28.
  24. ↑ Teo (2012), p. 368.
  25. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 283.
  26. ↑ Firestone (1965), p. ?.
  27. 1 2 3 Riad (2014), p. 21.
  28. 1 2 Ido (2014), p. 91.
  29. 1 2 Keane (2004), p. 114.
  30. ↑ Tench (2007), p. 230.
  31. 1 2 Dombrowski, Andrew. "Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish".
  32. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 64, 68.
  33. ↑ ургетыны [Udmurt-Russian dictionary] (in Russian)
  34. ↑ Ball (1984), p. ?.
  35. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  36. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  37. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.

References

  • Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (1993), "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami", in Maddieson, Ian, Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 127–141
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Ball, Martin J. (1984), "Phonetics for phonology", in Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E, Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
  • Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas C (1986), "Meso-America as a linguistic area", Language, 62 (3): 530–570, doi:10.2307/415477, JSTOR 415477
  • Firestone, Homer L. (1965), "Description and classification of Sirionó: A Tupí-Guaraní language.", Janua linguarum, Series Practica (16), London: Mouton & Co
  • Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
  • Gordon, Matthew J.; Maddieson, Ian (1996), "The phonetics of Paici", in Maddieson, Ian, UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV, 93, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 111–124
  • Hargus, Sharon; Beavert, Virginia (2002), "Predictable versus Underlying Vocalism in Yakima Sahaptin", International Journal of American Linguistics, 68 (3): 316–340, doi:10.1086/466492
  • Ido, Shinji (2014), "Bukharan Tajik", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (1): 87–102, doi:10.1017/S002510031300011X
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Nau, Nicole (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
  • Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
  • Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
  • Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
  • Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
  • Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
  • Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), "Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191–203
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