Close central rounded vowel

Close central rounded vowel
ʉ
ü
IPA number 318
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ʉ
Unicode (hex) U+0289
X-SAMPA }
Kirshenbaum u"
Braille ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) ⠥ (braille pattern dots-136) 
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The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʉ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is }. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "barred u".

The close central rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare labialized post-palatal approximant [ẅ].[2]

In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips (endolabial). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed (exolabial).

There is also a near-close central rounded vowel in some languages.

Close central protruded vowel

The close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʉ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʉ̫⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʉʷ⟩ or ⟨ɨʷ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back

Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Note: Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AngamiKhonoma[3]su[sʉ⁴]'deep'Allophone of /u/ after /s/.[3]
ArmenianSome Eastern dialects[4]յուղ[jʉʁ]'oil'Allophone of /u/ after /j/.
BerberAyt Seghrouchen[5]?[lːæjˈɡːʉɾ]'he goes'Allophone of /u/ after velar consonants.
EnglishAustralian[6]choose[t͡ʃʉːz]'choose'In Australian English it is fronted [ʉ̟ː]. In Cockney and Estuary English it is often a diphthong [ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯]. In Scotland and the Scouse accent it can be more front, while in Geordie it can be more back. The exact length also varies between dialects. See Australian English phonology, English phonology, New Zealand English phonology and South African English phonology
Central Eastern American[7]
Cockney[8]
Estuary[9]
Modern RP speakers[10]
New Zealand[11]
Norfolk[12]
Scottish[13]
Scouse[14]
Some speakers of Geordie[15]
South African[16]
Southern American[17]
Ulster[18]Long allophone of /u/.[18] See English phonology
GermanChemnitz dialect[19]Buden[ˈpʉːtn̩]'booths'
Hausa[20]Allophone of /u/.[20]
IbibioDialect of the Uruan area and Uyo[21]fuuk[fʉ́ʉk]'cover many things/times'Allophone of /u/ between consonants.[21]
Some dialects[21]Phonemic; contrasts with /u/.[21]
IrishMunster[22]ciúin[cʉ̠ːnʲ]'quiet'Somewhat retracted; allophone of /u/ between slender consonants.[22] See Irish phonology
Ulster[23]úllaí[ʉ̜ɫ̪i]'apples'Often only weakly rounded;[23] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨u⟩.
KurdishSouthernmüçig[mʉːˈt͡ʃɯɡ]'dust'See Kurdish phonology
LimburgishMaastrichtian[24]kruus[kʀ̝ʉːs]'cross'Front [yː] in other dialects;[25][26] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨yː⟩.
Lüsu[27][lʉ55zʉ53]'Lüsu'
Russian[28]кюрий[ˈkʲʉrʲɪj]'curium'Allophone of /u/ between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology
Scots[29]buit[bʉt]'boot'May be more front [ʏ] instead.[29]
SwedishBohuslän[30]yla[²ʉᶻːlä]'howl'A fricated vowel that corresponds to [y̫ː] in Central Standard Swedish.[30] See Swedish phonology
Närke[30]
Tamil[31]வால்[väːlʉ]'tail'Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be unrounded [ɨ] instead.[31] See Tamil phonology

Close central compressed vowel

Close central compressed vowel
ÿ
ɏ
ɨ͡β̞
ɨᵝ

As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [y], which is normally compressed. Another possibility is ⟨ɏ⟩, a centralized [y] by analogy with the other close central vowels. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɨ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɨ] and labial compression) and ⟨ɨᵝ⟩ ([ɨ] modified with labial compression[32]).

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

This vowel is typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. It occurs in some dialects of Swedish, but see also close front compressed vowel. The close back vowels of Norwegian and Swedish are also compressed. See close back compressed vowel. Medumba has a compressed central vowel [ɨᵝ] where the corners of the mouth are not drawn together.[33]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
JapaneseSome younger speakers[34]空気/kūki[kÿːki]'air'Near-back [u͍] for other speakers.[34] See Japanese phonology
NorwegianUrban East[35][36]hus[hÿːs]'house'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉː⟩. Also described as front [yː].[37] See Norwegian phonology
SwedishSome dialectsful[fÿːl]'ugly'More front [yː ~ ʏː] in Central Standard Swedish; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʉː⟩. See Swedish phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ↑ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
  3. 1 2 Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.
  4. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 14.
  5. ↑ Abdel-Massih (1971), p. 20.
  6. ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
  7. ↑ Jilka, Matthias. "North American English Dialects" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
  8. ↑ Matthews (1938), p. 78.
  9. ↑ Przedlacka (2001), p. 42.
  10. ↑ "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
  11. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  12. ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  13. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  14. ↑ Watson (2007), p. 357.
  15. ↑ Watt & Allen (2003), p. 269.
  16. ↑ Lass (2002), p. 116.
  17. ↑ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. ?.
  18. 1 2 Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
  19. ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  20. 1 2 Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Urua (2004), p. 106.
  22. 1 2 Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
  23. 1 2 Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
  24. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  25. ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
  26. ↑ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  27. ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 75.
  28. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 67–68.
  29. 1 2 Stuart-Smith (2004), p. 54.
  30. 1 2 3 Riad (2014), p. 21.
  31. 1 2 Keane (2004), p. 114.
  32. ↑ e.g. in Flemming (2002) Auditory representations in phonology, p. 83.
  33. ↑
  34. 1 2 Okada (1999), p. 118.
  35. ↑ Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 21.
  36. ↑ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 29.
  37. ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 18.

References

  • Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971), A Reference Grammar of Tamazight, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
  • Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (1993), "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami", in Maddieson, Ian, Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 127–141
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Lizu" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
  • Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels" (PDF), Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17: 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
  • Matthews, William (1938), Cockney, Past and Present: a Short History of the Dialect of London, Detroit: Gale Research Company
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
  • Przedlacka, Joanna (2001), "Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings", Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 36: 35–50
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
  • Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
  • Stuart-Smith, Jane (2004), "Scottish English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 47–67, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
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  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
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