Donald Trump

Early life and education

Senior yearbook photo of Trump in 1964 wearing the uniform of his private boarding school, New York Military Academy^[1][2]

Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City, the fourth of five children.^[3] He is the son of Frederick Christ Trump, a real estate developer, and Mary Anne MacLeod.^[4]

Trump grew up in Jamaica, Queens, and attended the Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade. At age 13, he was enrolled in the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school, after his parents discovered that he had made frequent trips into Manhattan without their permission.^[5][6]

In 1964, Trump enrolled at Fordham University.^[1][7] After two years, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.^[7][8] While at Wharton, he worked at the family business, Elizabeth Trump & Son.^[9] He graduated in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics.^[7][10][11]

While in college from 1964 to 1968, Trump obtained four student deferments from serving in the military.^[12][13] In 1966, he was deemed fit for service based upon a medical examination and in July 1968, after graduating from college, was briefly classified as eligible to serve by a local draft board. In October 1968, he was given a medical deferment which he later attributed to spurs in both heels, and classified as 1-Y, "unqualified for duty except in the case of a national emergency."^[14] In the December 1969 draft lottery, Trump's birthday, June 14, received a high number which would have given him a low probability to be called to military service even without the 1-Y.^[14][15][16] In 1972, he was reclassified as 4-F, disqualifying him for service.^[15][17]

Ancestry and parents

Trump's ancestors originated from the German village of Kallstadt in the Palatinate on his father's side, and from the Outer Hebrides in Scotland on his mother's side. All of his grandparents and his mother were born in Europe.^[18]

Trump's paternal grandfather, Frederick Trump, first immigrated to the United States in 1885 at the age of 16 and became a citizen in 1892.^[19] He amassed a fortune operating boomtown restaurants and boarding houses in the Seattle area and the Klondike region of Canada during its gold rush.^[19] On a visit to Kallstadt, he met Elisabeth Christ and married her in 1902. The couple permanently settled in New York in 1905.^[20] Frederick died from influenza during the 1918 pandemic.^[21]

Trump's father Fred was born in 1905 in the Bronx. Fred started working with his mother in real estate when he was 15, shortly after his father's death. Their company, "E. Trump & Son",^{[nb 2]} founded in 1923,^[26] was primarily active in the New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn. Fred eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks, and apartments.^[21][27] In 1971, Donald Trump was made president of the company, which was later renamed the Trump Organization.^[28]

In spite of his German ancestry, "Fred Trump sought to pass himself off as Swedish amid anti-German sentiment sparked by World War II."^[29] Donald Trump propagated this story in The Art of the Deal.^[29][30][31]

Trump's mother Mary Anne MacLeod was born in Tong, Lewis, Scotland. At age 18 in 1930, she immigrated to New York, where she worked as a maid.^[32] Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.^[32][33]

Wives, siblings, and descendants

Trump grew up with three elder siblings—Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth—as well as a younger brother named Robert. Maryanne is an inactive Federal Appeals Court judge on the Third Circuit.^[34]

Trump has five children by three marriages, as well as nine grandchildren.^[35][36] His first two marriages ended in widely publicized divorces.^[37]

In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková at the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, in a ceremony performed by the Reverend Norman Vincent Peale.^[38][39] They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.^[40] The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.^[41]

In October 1993, Maples gave birth to Trump's daughter, who was named Tiffany in honor of high-end retailer Tiffany & Company.^[42] Maples and Trump were married two months later in December 1993.^[43] They divorced in 1999,^[44] and Tiffany was raised by Marla in California.^[45]

Trump is sworn in as president on January 20, 2017. From left to right: Trump, his wife Melania, and his children Donald Jr., Barron, Ivanka, Eric, and Tiffany.

In 2005, Trump married his third wife, Slovenian model Melania Knauss, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church in Palm Beach, Florida.^[46] In 2006, Melania became a United States citizen^[47] and gave birth to a son, Barron.^[48][49] Melania became First Lady when Trump became president in January 2017.^[50]

Upon his inauguration as president, Trump delegated the management of his real estate business to his two adult sons, Eric and Don Jr.^[51] His daughter Ivanka resigned from the Trump Organization and moved to Washington, D.C., with her husband Jared Kushner. She serves as an assistant to the president,^[52] and he is a Senior Advisor in the White House.^[53]

Religion

Trump is a Presbyterian.^[54][55][56] His ancestors were Lutheran on his paternal grandfather's side in Germany^[57] and Presbyterian on his mother's side in Scotland.^[58] His parents married in a Manhattan Presbyterian church in 1936.^[59] As a child, he attended the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens, where he had his confirmation.^[39] In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan,^[60] part of the Reformed Church.^[61] The pastor at Marble, Norman Vincent Peale, ministered to Trump's family and mentored him until Peale's death in 1993.^[62][60] Trump has cited Peale and his works during interviews when asked about the role of religion in his personal life.^[60] In August 2015 Trump told reporters, "I am Presbyterian Protestant. I go to Marble Collegiate Church," adding that he attends many different churches because he travels a lot.^[63] The Marble Collegiate Church then issued a statement noting that Trump and his family have a "longstanding history" with the church, but that he "is not an active member".^[61]

Trump said he was "not sure" whether he ever asked God for forgiveness, stating "If I do something wrong, I just try and make it right. I don't bring God into that picture." He said he tries to take Holy Communion as often as possible because it makes him "feel cleansed".^[54] While campaigning, Trump referred to The Art of the Deal as his second favorite book after the Bible, saying, "Nothing beats the Bible."^[64] The New York Times reported that evangelical Christians nationwide thought "that his heart was in the right place, that his intentions for the country were pure."^[65]

Trump has associations with a number of Christian spiritual leaders, including Florida pastor Paula White, who has been called his "closest spiritual confidant."^[66] In 2015, he released a list of religious advisers, including James Dobson, Jerry Falwell Jr., Ralph Reed, Michele Bachmann, Robert Jeffress, and others.^[67][68]

Health

Trump does not drink alcohol, a reaction to his elder brother's chronic alcoholism and early death.^[69][70] He also said that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed drugs, including marijuana.^[71] In December 2015, Trump's personal physician, Harold Bornstein, released a superlative-laden^[72] letter of health praising Trump for "extraordinary physical strength and stamina".^[73] Bornstein later said that Trump himself had dictated the contents.^[74] A followup medical report showed Trump's blood pressure, liver and thyroid functions to be in normal ranges, and that he takes a statin.^[75][76] In January 2018, Trump was examined by White House physician Ronny Jackson, who stated that he was in excellent health and that his cardiac assessment revealed no medical issues,^[77] although his weight and cholesterol level were higher than recommended,^[78] Several outside cardiologists commented that Trump's weight, lifestyle and LDL cholesterol level ought to have raised serious concerns about his cardiac health.^[79]

Wealth

Trump International Hotel Las Vegas, with gold-infused glass^[80]

Trump is the beneficiary of several trust funds set up by his father and paternal grandmother beginning in 1949.^[81] In 1976, Fred Trump set up trust funds of $1 million for each of his five children and three grandchildren ($4.3 million in 2017 dollars). Donald Trump received annual payments from his trust fund, for example, $90,000 in 1980 and $214,605 in 1981.^[81] By 1993, when Trump took two loans totaling $30 million from his siblings, their anticipated shares of Fred's estate amounted to $35 million each.^[82][81] Upon Fred Trump's death in 1999, his will divided $20 million after taxes among his surviving children.^[81][83][84]

Trump has often said that he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.^[85] In October 2018, The New York Times published an exposé drawing on more than 100,000 pages of tax returns and financial records from Fred Trump's businesses, and interviews with former advisers and employees. The Times concluded that Donald Trump "was a millionaire by age 8",^[86] and that he had received at least $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's business empire over his lifetime.^[87] According to the Times, Trump borrowed at least $60 million from his father, and largely failed to reimburse him.^[86] The paper also described a number of purportedly fraudulent tax schemes, for example when Fred Trump sold shares in Trump Palace condos to his son well below their purchase price, thus masking what could be considered a hidden donation, and benefiting from a tax write-off.^[87] A lawyer for Trump said the "allegations of fraud and tax evasion are 100 percent false, and highly defamatory". A spokesman for the New York State tax department said the agency was "vigorously pursuing all appropriate areas of investigation".^[88] New York City officials also indicated they are examining the matter.^[89]

Trump appeared on the initial Forbes 400 list of richest Americans in 1982 with an estimated $200 million fortune shared with his father.^[90] Former Forbes reporter Jonathan Greenberg stated in 2018 that during the 1980s Trump had deceived him about his actual net worth and his share of the family assets in order to appear on the list.^[91][92] Trump made the Forbes World's Billionaires list for the first time in 1989,^[93] but he was dropped from the Forbes 400 from 1990 to 1995 following business losses.^[90] In 2005, Deutsche Bank loan documents pegged Trump's net worth at $788 million, while Forbes quoted $2.6 billion and journalist Tim O'Brien gave a range of $150 million to $250 million.^[93] In its 2018 billionaires ranking, Forbes estimated Trump's net worth at $3.1 billion^{[nb 1]} (766th in the world, 248th in the U.S.)^[96] making him one of the richest politicians in American history. During the three years since Trump announced his presidential run in 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth declined 31% and his ranking fell 138 spots.^[97]

When he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) in July 2015, Trump claimed a net worth of about $10 billion;^[98] however FEC figures cannot corroborate this estimate because they only show each of his largest buildings as being worth "over $50 million", yielding total assets worth more than $1.4 billion and debt over $265 million.^[99] Trump reported a yearly income of $362 million for 2014^[98] and $611 million from January 2015 to May 2016.^[100]

A 2016 analysis of Trump's business career in The Economist concluded that his performance since 1985 had been "mediocre compared with the stock market and property in New York."^[101] A subsequent analysis in The Washington Post similarly noted that Trump's estimated net worth of $100 million in 1978 would have increased to $6 billion by 2016 if he had invested it in a typical retirement fund, and concluded that "Trump is a mix of braggadocio, business failures, and real success."^[102]

Trump stated in a 2007 deposition, "My net worth fluctuates, and it goes up and down with markets and with attitudes and with feelings, even my own feelings."^[103]

Real estate

The distinctive façade of Trump Tower, the headquarters of The Trump Organization, in Midtown Manhattan

In 1968, Trump began his career at his father Fred's real estate development company, E. Trump & Son, which, among other interests, owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.^[104][105] Trump worked for his father to revitalize the Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio, which the elder Trump had bought in 1964.^[106][107] The management of the property was sued for racial discrimination in 1969; the suit "was quietly settled at Fred Trump's direction."^[107] The Trumps sold the property in 1972, with vacancy on the rise.^[107]

When his father became chairman of the board in 1971, Trump was promoted to president of the company and renamed it The Trump Organization.^[28][108] In 1973, he and his father drew wider attention when the Justice Department contended in a lawsuit that their company systematically discriminated against African Americans who wished to rent apartments. The Department alleged that the Trump Organization had screened out people based on race and not low income as the Trumps had stated. Under an agreement reached in 1975, the Trumps made no admission of wrongdoing and made the Urban League an intermediary for qualified minority applicants.^[109][110] Trump's attorney at the time was Roy Cohn, who valued both positive and negative publicity, and responded to attacks with forceful counterattacks; Trump later emulated Cohn's style.^[111]

Manhattan developments

In 1978, Trump launched his Manhattan real estate business by purchasing a 50 percent stake in the derelict Commodore Hotel, located next to Grand Central Terminal. The purchase was funded largely by a $70 million construction loan that was guaranteed jointly by Fred Trump and the Hyatt hotel chain.^[81][112] When the remodeling was finished, the hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel.^[113]

The same year, Trump obtained the rights to develop Trump Tower, a 58-story, 664-foot-high (202 m) skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.^[114][115] To make way for the new building, a crew of undocumented Polish workers demolished the historic Bonwit Teller store, including art deco features that had initially been marked for preservation.^[116] The building was completed in 1983 and houses both the primary penthouse condominium residence of Trump and the headquarters of The Trump Organization.^[117][118] Architectural critic Paul Goldberger said in 1983 that he was surprised to find the tower's atrium was "the most pleasant interior public space to be completed in New York in some years".^[119][120]

Central Park's Wollman Rink after the Trump renovation

In 1980, repairs began on Central Park's Wollman Rink, with an anticipated two-and-a-half year construction time frame. Because of flaws in the design and numerous problems during construction, the project remained unfinished by May 1986 and was estimated to require another 18 months and $2 million to $3 million to complete.^[121][122] Trump was awarded a contract as the general contractor in June 1986 to finish the repairs by December 15 with a cost ceiling of $3 million, with the actual costs to be reimbursed by the city.^[122] Trump hired an architect, a construction company, and a Canadian ice-rink manufacturer and completed the work in four months, $775,000 under budget.^[122] He operated the rink for a year and gave some of the profits to charity and public works projects^[123] in exchange for the rink's concession rights.^[124][122] Trump managed the rink from 1987 to 1995. He received another contract in 2001 which was extended until 2021.^[125][126] According to journalist Joyce Purnick, Trump's "Wollman success was also the stuff of a carefully crafted, self-promotional legend."^[125] While the work was in progress, Trump called numerous press conferences, for example for the completion of the laying of the pipes and the pouring of the cement.^[127] In 1987, he also unsuccessfully tried to get the city to rename the landmark after him; the Trump logo is prominently displayed on the railing encircling the rink, on the Zamboni,^[125] on the rental skates,^[126] and on the rink's website.^[126][128]

In 1988 Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan for $407 million and appointed his wife Ivana to manage its operation.^[129] Trump invested $50 million to restore the building, which he called "the Mona Lisa".^[130] According to hotel expert Thomas McConnell, the Trumps boosted it from a three-star to a four-star ranking. They sold it in 1995, by which time Ivana was no longer involved in the hotel's day-to-day operations.^[131]

In 1994, Trump's company refurbished the Gulf and Western Building on Columbus Circle with design and structural enhancements turning it into a 44-story luxury residential and hotel property^[132][133] known as Trump International Hotel and Tower.^[134]

In 1996, Trump acquired the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building, which was a vacant seventy-one story skyscraper on Wall Street. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building at 40 Wall Street.^[135] In 1997, he began construction on Riverside South, which he dubbed Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River. He and the other investors in the project ultimately sold their interest for $1.8 billion in 2005 in what was then the biggest residential sale in the history of New York City.^[136] From 1994 to 2002, Trump owned a 50 percent share of the Empire State Building. He intended to rename it "Trump Empire State Building Tower Apartments" if he had been able to boost his share.^[137][138] In 2001, Trump completed Trump World Tower.^[139] In 2002, Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico, which was renovated and reopened in 2004 as the Trump Park Avenue; the building consisted of 35 stories of luxury condominiums.^[140]

Palm Beach estate

Main article: Mar-a-Lago

Mar-a-Lago in 2009

In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida, for $10 million, $7 million for the real estate and $3 million for the furnishings.^[141][142] His initial offer of $28 million had been rejected, and he was able to obtain the property for the lower price after a real-estate market "slump".^[143] The home was built in the 1920s by heiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post.^[144] After her death, her heirs unsuccessfully tried to donate the property to the government before putting it up for sale.^[144][145] In addition to using a wing of the estate as a home, Trump turned Mar-a-Lago into a private club. In order to join, prospective members had to pay an initiation fee^[146] and annual dues.^[147] The initiation fee was $100,000 until 2016; it was doubled to $200,000 in January 2017.^[148][149]

Atlantic City casinos

After New Jersey legalized casino gambling in 1977, Trump went to Atlantic City to explore new business opportunities. Seven years later, he opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza hotel and casino; the project was built by Trump with financing from the Holiday Corporation who also managed its operation.^[150] It was renamed "Trump Plaza" soon after it opened.^[151] The casino's poor financial results exacerbated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp., which led to Trump's paying $70 million in May 1986 to buy out their interest in the property.^[152][153] Trump also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million; when completed in 1985, that hotel and casino became Trump Castle, and Trump's wife Ivana managed that property until 1988.^[154][155]

Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City

Trump acquired his third casino in Atlantic City, the Taj Mahal, in 1988 while it was under construction, through a complex transaction with Merv Griffin and Resorts International.^[156] It was completed at a cost of $1.1 billion and opened in April 1990.^[157][158] The project was financed with $675 million in junk bonds^[159] and was a major gamble by Trump.^[160] The project underwent debt restructuring the following year,^[161] leaving Trump with 50 percent ownership.^[162] Facing "enormous debt", he sold his airline, Trump Shuttle, and his 282-foot (86 m) megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.^{[163][164][165]}

In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.^[166] THCR purchased Taj Mahal in 1996 and underwent bankruptcy restructuring in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and other Trump casino properties.^[167] Trump remained chairman of THCR until 2009.^[168]

Golf courses

Main article: Donald Trump and golf

Turnberry Hotel and golf course in Ayrshire, Scotland

As of December 2016, the Trump Organization owns or operates 18 golf course and golf resorts in the United States and abroad.^[169] According to Trump's FEC personal financial disclosure, his 2015 golf and resort revenue amounted to $382 million,^[170][100] while his three European golf courses did not show a profit.^[171]

Trump began acquiring and constructing golf courses in 1999; his first property was the Trump International Golf Club, West Palm Beach in Florida.^[172] By 2007, he owned four courses around the U.S.^[172] Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, he began purchasing existing golf courses and re-designing them.^[173] His use of these courses during his presidency was controversial. Despite frequently criticizing his predecessor Barack Obama for his numerous golf outings, Trump golfed 11 times during his first eight weeks in office.^[174] According to CNN, Trump visited Trump-owned golf courses 91 times in 2017, although the White House does not disclose whether or not the president actually played on each of those visits.^[175]

Branding and licensing

Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago

The Trump Organization expanded its business into branding and management by licensing the Trump name for a large number of building projects that are owned and operated by other people and companies. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, The Trump Organization expanded its footprint beyond New York with the branding and management of various developers' hotel towers around the world. These included projects in Chicago, Las Vegas, Washington D.C., Panama City, Toronto, and Vancouver. There are also Trump-branded buildings in Dubai, Honolulu, Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai, and Indonesia.^[176]

The Trump name has also been licensed for various consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishings. In 2011, Forbes' financial experts estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200 million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand was worth about $3 billion.^[177] According to an analysis by The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in yearly revenue for his companies.^[178]

Lawsuits and bankruptcies

As of April 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by USA Today.^[179] As of 2016, he or one of his companies had been the plaintiff in 1,900 cases and the defendant in 1,450. With Trump or his company as plaintiff, more than half the cases have been against gamblers at his casinos who had failed to pay off their debts. With Trump or his company as a defendant, the most common type of case involved personal injury cases at his hotels. In cases where there was a clear resolution, Trump's side won 451 times and lost 38.^[180][181]

Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, although in 1990 he came within one missed bank loan payment of doing so, agreeing to a deal that temporarily ceded management control of his company to his banks and put him on a spending allowance.^[182] Trump claimed to have initiated this deal with his banks as he saw the downturn in the real estate market, but bankers involved in the matter stated they initiated the negotiations before Trump had realized there was a problem.^[183] His hotel and casino businesses have been declared bankrupt six times between 1991 and 2009 in order to re-negotiate debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.^[184][185] Because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by Newsweek in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws – they're very good for me" as a tool for trimming debt.^[186][187] The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York: Trump Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (1992), Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Castle Hotel and Casino (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009).^[188][189]

During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion,^[183] but in the aftermath of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks declined to lend to him, with a notable exception of Deutsche Bank^[190]

Side ventures

After Trump took over the family real estate firm in 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization, he expanded its real estate operations and ventured into other business activities. The company eventually became the umbrella organization for several hundred individual business ventures and partnerships.^[191]

Miss Universe

Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, awarded in 2007

Main articles: Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA

From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned part or all of the Miss Universe pageants.^[197][198] The pageants include Miss USA and Miss Teen USA. His management of this business involved his family members—daughter Ivanka once hosted Miss Teen USA.^[199] He became dissatisfied with how CBS scheduled the pageants, and took both Miss Universe and Miss USA to NBC in 2002.^[200][201] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.^[202]

Following Trump's controversial statements about illegal Mexican immigrants during his 2015 presidential campaign kickoff speech, NBC ended its business relationship with him, stating that it would no longer air the Miss Universe or Miss USA pageants on its networks.^[203] In September 2015, Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization and then sold the entire company to the WME/IMG talent agency.^[204]

Foundation

The Donald J. Trump Foundation is a U.S.-based private foundation^[217] that was established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book Trump: The Art of the Deal.^[218][219] The foundation's funds have mostly come from donors other than Trump,^[220] who has not given personally to the charity since 2008.^[220]

The foundation's tax returns show that it has given to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.^[221] In 2009, for example, the foundation gave $926,750 to about 40 groups, with the biggest donations going to the Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation ($100,000), the New York–Presbyterian Hospital ($125,000), the Police Athletic League ($156,000), and the Clinton Foundation ($100,000).^[222][223] From 2004 to 2014, the top donors to the foundation were Vince and Linda McMahon of WWE, who donated $5 million to the foundation after Trump appeared at WrestleMania in 2007.^[220] Trump later named Linda McMahon as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.^[224]

In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.^[225] Also in 2016, the New York State Attorney General's office notified the Trump Foundation that the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws regarding charities, ordering it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.^{[226][227][228]} A Trump spokesman called the Attorney General's investigation a "partisan hit job".^[226] In response to mounting complaints, Trump's team announced in late December 2016 that the Trump Foundation would be dissolved to remove "even the appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President."^[229] According to an IRS filing in November 2017, the foundation intended to shut down and distribute its assets (about $970,000) to other charities. However, the New York Attorney General's office had to complete their ongoing investigation before the foundation could legally shut down,^[230] and in June 2018 they filed a civil suit against the foundation for $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.^[231] The suit names Trump himself as well as his adult children Donald Jr., Eric, and Ivanka.^[232]

Conflicts of interest

Before being inaugurated as president, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his eldest sons and a business associate.^[233][234] According to ethics experts, as long as Trump continues to profit from his businesses, the measures taken by Trump do not help to avoid conflicts of interest.^[235] Because Trump would have knowledge of how his administration's policies would affect his businesses, ethics experts recommend that Trump sell off his businesses.^[234] Multiple lawsuits have been filed alleging that Trump is violating the emoluments clause of the United States Constitution due to his business interests; they argue that these interests allow foreign governments to influence him.^[235][236] Previous presidents in the modern era have either divested their holdings or put them in blind trusts,^[233] and he is the first president to be sued over the emoluments clause.^[236]

Books

Trump has published numerous books. His first published book in 1987 was Trump: The Art of the Deal, in which Trump is credited as co-author with Tony Schwartz, who has stated that he did all the writing for the book.^{[237][238][239]} It reached the top of the New York Times Best Seller list, stayed there for 13 weeks, and altogether held a position on the list for 48 weeks.^[238] According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, promoting an image of himself as a successful dealmaker and tycoon."^[238] Trump's published writings shifted post-2000 from stylized memoirs to financial tips and political opinion.^[240]

Film and television

Approval ratings

Presidential approval polls taken during the first ten months of Trump's term have shown him to be the least popular U.S. president in the history of modern opinion polls.^{[260][261][262]} A Pew Research Center global poll conducted in July 2017, found "a median of just 22 percent has confidence in Trump to do the right thing when it comes to international affairs". This compares to a median of 64 percent rate of confidence for his predecessor Barack Obama. Trump received a higher rating in only two countries: Russia and Israel.^[263] An August 2017 POLITICO/Morning consult poll found on some measures "that majorities of voters have low opinions of his character and competence".^[264] Trump is the only elected president who did not place first on Gallup's poll of men Americans most admired in his first year in office, coming in second behind Barack Obama.^[265][266]

False statements

As president, Trump has frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks.^{[267][268][269][270]} Trump uttered "at least one false or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days" in office according to The New York Times,^[267] and 1,318 total in his first 263 days in office according to the "Fact Checker" political analysis column of The Washington Post,^[271] which also wrote, "President Trump is the most fact-challenged politician that The Fact Checker has ever encountered ... the pace and volume of the president's misstatements means that we cannot possibly keep up."^[268] After 558 days in office, the tally was at 4,229 false or misleading claims, and it had risen to an average of 7.6 per day from 4.9 during Trump's first 100 days in office.^[272] According to one study, the rate of false statements has increased, with the percentage of his words that are part of a false claim rising over the course of his presidency.^[270] In general, news organizations have been hesitant to label these statements as "lies".^{[273][274][270]}

Racial views

Trump has a history of making racially controversial remarks and taking actions that are perceived as racially motivated.^[275] In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.^{[105][276][277]} He was accused of racism for insisting that a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger attack, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. He continued to maintain this position as late as 2016.^[278]

Starting in 2011, Trump was a major proponent of "birther" conspiracy theories alleging that Barack Obama was born in Kenya, and questioned his eligibility to serve as president.^[279][280] Trump later took credit for pushing the White House to release the "long-form" birth certificate from Hawaii,^{[281][282][283]} and he stated during his presidential campaign that his stance had made him "very popular".^[284] In September 2016, he publicly acknowledged that Obama was born in the United States,^[285] and falsely claimed that the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 campaign.^[286]

Trump launched his 2016 presidential campaign with a speech in which he stated: "When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best. ... They're bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists, and some, I assume, are good people."^{[287][288][289][290]} Later, his attacks on a Mexican-American judge were criticized as racist.^[291] His comments following a 2017 far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, were seen as implying a moral equivalence between white supremacist marchers and those who protested them.^[292] In a January 2018 Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation with Congressional leaders, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African countries as "shitholes".^[293] His remarks were condemned as racist worldwide, as well as by many members of Congress.^{[294][295][296]} Trump has denied accusations of racism multiple times, saying he is the "least racist person".^[297][298]

Trump's racially insensitive statements^[276] have been condemned by many observers in the U.S. and around the world,^[299][300] but accepted by his supporters either as a rejection of political correctness^[301][302] or because they harbor similar racial sentiments.^[303][304] Several studies and surveys have stated that racist attitudes and racial resentment have fueled Trump's political ascendance, and have become more significant than economic factors in determining party allegiance of voters.^[304][305] According to an October 2017 Politico/Morning Consult poll, 45 percent of American voters viewed Trump as racist and 40 percent did not.^[306] In a June 2018 Quinnipiac University poll, 49 percent of respondents believed that Trump is racist while 47 percent believed he is not. Additionally, 55 percent said he "has emboldened people who hold racist beliefs to express those beliefs publicly."^[307][308]

Relationship with the press

President Trump talking to the press, March 2017

Throughout his career, Trump has sought media attention. His interactions with the press turned into what some sources called a "love-hate" relationship.^{[309][310][311]} Trump began promoting himself in the press in the 1970s.^[312]

During his 2016 presidential campaign, Trump accused the press of intentionally misinterpreting his words and of being biased,^[313][314] although he benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.^[315] After winning the election, Trump told journalist Lesley Stahl that he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you".^[316] Into his presidency, much of the press coverage of Trump and his administration was negative.^[317][318]

Trump has often referred to the press as "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people".^[319] He has privately and publicly mused about taking away critical reporters' White House press credentials (despite, during his campaign, promising not to do so once he became president).^[320] On his first day in office, Trump falsely accused journalists of understating the size of the crowd at his inauguration, and called the media "among the most dishonest human beings on earth".

The relationship between Trump, the media, and fake news has been studied. One study found that between October 7 and November 14, 2016, while one in four Americans visited a fake news website, "Trump supporters visited the most fake news websites, which were overwhelmingly pro-Trump" and "almost 6 in 10 visits to fake news websites came from the 10 percent of people with the most conservative online information diets".^[321][322] Brendan Nyhan, one of the authors of the study by researchers from Princeton University, Dartmouth College, and the University of Exeter, stated in an interview on NBC News: "People got vastly more misinformation from Donald Trump than they did from fake news websites".^[323]

Popular culture

Trump has been the subject of comedians, flash cartoon artists, and online caricature artists. He has been parodied regularly on Saturday Night Live by Phil Hartman, Darrell Hammond, and Alec Baldwin, and in South Park as Mr. Garrison. The Simpsons episode "Bart to the Future", written during his 2000 campaign for the Reform party, anticipated a future Trump presidency. A dedicated parody series called The President Show debuted in April 2017 on Comedy Central, while another one called Our Cartoon President debuted on Showtime in February 2018.^[324]

Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show on talk radio.^[325] Trump also had his own daily talk radio program called Trumped!, from 2004 to 2008.^{[326][327][328]} Trump's wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture of hip hop lyrics since the 1980s, as he was named in hundreds of songs, most often in a positive tone.^[329][330] Mentions of Trump turned negative and pejorative after he ran for office in 2015.^{[329][331][332]}

Social media

Trump's presence on social media has attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in March 2009. He communicated heavily on Twitter during the 2016 election campaign, and has continued to use this channel during his presidency. The attention on Trump's Twitter activity has significantly increased since he was sworn in as president. He uses Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public, sidelining the press.^[333] Many of the assertions he tweeted have been proven false.^{[334][335][336]}

Recognitions

In December 2016, Time named Trump as its "Person of the Year".^[337] In an interview on The Today Show, he said he was honored by the award, but he took issue with the magazine for referring to him as the "President of the Divided States of America."^[338][339] In the same month, he was named Financial Times Person of the Year.^[340] In December 2016, Forbes ranked Trump the second most powerful person in the world, after Vladimir Putin and before Angela Merkel.^[341] In 2015, Robert Gordon University revoked the honorary Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) it had granted Trump in 2010, stating that "Mr. Trump has made a number of statements that are wholly incompatible with the ethos and values of the university."^[342]

Political activities up to 2015

Trump's political party affiliation has changed numerous times over the years. He registered as a Republican in Manhattan in 1987,^[343] switched to Independent in 1999, Democrat in 2001, and back to Republican in 2009.^[343] He made donations to both the Democratic and the Republican party, party committees, and candidates until 2010 when he stopped donating to Democrats and increased his donations to Republicans considerably.^[344]

In 1987 Trump spent almost $100,000 (equivalent to $215,407 in 2017) to place full-page advertisements in three major newspapers, proclaiming that "America should stop paying to defend countries that can afford to defend themselves."^[345] The advertisements also advocated for "reducing the budget deficit, working for peace in Central America, and speeding up nuclear disarmament negotiations with the Soviet Union."^[346] After rumors of a presidential run, Trump was invited by Democratic senator John Kerry of Massachusetts, House Speaker Jim Wright of Texas, and Arkansas congressman Beryl Anthony Jr., to host a fundraising dinner for Democratic Congressional candidates and to switch parties. Anthony told The New York Times that "the message Trump has been preaching is a Democratic message." Asked whether the rumors were true, Trump denied being a candidate, but said, "I believe that if I did run for President, I'd win."^[346] According to a Gallup poll in December 1988, Trump was the tenth most admired man in America.^[347][348]

2000 presidential campaign

Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000

In 1999, Trump filed an exploratory committee to seek the nomination of the Reform Party for the 2000 presidential election.^[349][350] A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent support.^[351] Trump eventually dropped out of the race, but still went on to win the Reform Party primaries in California and Michigan.^[352][353] After his run, Trump left the party due to the involvement of David Duke, Pat Buchanan, and Lenora Fulani.^[349] Trump also considered running for president in 2004.^[354] In 2005, Trump said that he voted for George W. Bush.^[355] In 2008, he endorsed Republican John McCain for president.^[356]

Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2011

2016 presidential campaign

Republican primaries

Main article: Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

Trump campaigning in Laconia, New Hampshire, July 2015

On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States at Trump Tower in Manhattan. In the speech, Trump discussed illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U.S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism, which all remained large priorities during the campaign. He also announced his campaign slogan: "Make America Great Again".^[288][287] Trump said his wealth would make him immune to pressure from campaign donors.^[371] He declared that he was funding his own campaign,^[372] but according to The Atlantic, "Trump's claims of self-funding have always been dubious at best and actively misleading at worst."^[373]

In the primaries, Trump stood among seventeen candidates vying for the 2016 Republican nomination; this was the largest presidential field in American history.^[374] Trump's campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.^[375]

On Super Tuesday, Trump won the plurality of the vote, and he remained the front-runner throughout the remainder of the primaries. By March 2016, Trump became poised to win the Republican nomination.^[376] After a landslide win in Indiana on May 3, 2016—which prompted the remaining candidates Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns—RNC Chairman Reince Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.^[377]

General election

After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump shifted his focus to the general election. Trump began campaigning against Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016.

Clinton had established a significant lead over Trump in national polls throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's re-opening of its investigation into her ongoing email controversy.^{[378][379][380]}

Candidate Trump and running mate Mike Pence at the Republican National Convention, July 2016

On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana Governor Mike Pence as his running mate.^[381] Four days later on July 19, Trump and Pence were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National Convention.^[382] The list of convention speakers and attendees included former presidential nominee Bob Dole, but the other prior nominees did not attend.^[383][384]

Two days later, Trump officially accepted the nomination in a 76-minute speech. The historically long speech received mixed reviews, with net negative viewer reactions according to CNN and Gallup polls.^{[385][386][387]}

On September 26, 2016, Trump and Clinton faced off in their first presidential debate, which was held at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York, and moderated by NBC News anchor Lester Holt.^[388] The TV broadcast was the most watched presidential debate in United States history.^[389] The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri. The beginning of that debate was dominated by references to a recently leaked tape of Trump making sexually explicit comments, which Trump countered by referring to alleged sexual misconduct on the part of Bill Clinton. Prior to the debate, Trump had invited four women who had accused Clinton of impropriety to a press conference. The final presidential debate was held on October 19 at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular attention, with some saying it undermined democracy.^[390][391]

Political positions

Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the campaign, he also advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries^[392] to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

His political positions have been described as populist,^{[393][394][395]} and some of his views cross party lines. For example, his economic campaign plan calls for large reductions in income taxes and deregulation,^[396] consistent with Republican Party policies, along with significant infrastructure investment,^[397] usually considered a Democratic Party policy.^[398][399] According to political writer Jack Shafer, Trump may be a "fairly conventional American populist when it comes to his policy views", but he attracts free media attention, sometimes by making outrageous comments.^[400][401]

Trump has supported or leaned toward varying political positions over time.^{[402][403][404]} Politico has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",^[404] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.^[405]

Campaign rhetoric

In his campaign, Trump said that he disdained political correctness; he also stated that the media had intentionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other claims of adverse media bias.^{[313][406][314]} In part due to his fame, and due to his willingness to say things other candidates would not, and because a candidate who is gaining ground automatically provides a compelling news story, Trump received an unprecedented amount of free media coverage during his run for the presidency, which elevated his standing in the Republican primaries.^[315]

Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for making a record number of false statements compared to other candidates.^{[407][408][409]} At least four major publications—Politico, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times—have pointed out lies or falsehoods in his campaign statements, with the Los Angeles Times saying that "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has".^[410] NPR said that Trump's campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.^[411]

Trump's penchant for hyperbole is believed to have roots in the New York real estate scene, where Trump established his wealth and where puffery abounds.^[412] Trump has called his public speaking style "truthful hyperbole", an effective political tactic that may, however, backfire for overpromising.^[412]

White supremacist support

According to Michael Barkun, the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.^[413] During his presidential campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to white supremacists.^{[414][415][416]} He retweeted open racists,^[417][418] and repeatedly refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan or white supremacists, in an interview on CNN's State of the Union, saying that he would first need to "do research" because he knew nothing about Duke or white supremacists.^[419][420] Duke himself was an enthusiastic supporter of Trump throughout the 2016 primary and election, and has stated that he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".^[421][422]

After repeated questioning by reporters, Trump said that he disavowed David Duke and the KKK.^{[423][424][425]} Trump said on MSNBC's Morning Joe: "I disavowed him. I disavowed the KKK. Do you want me to do it again for the 12th time? I disavowed him in the past, I disavow him now."^[425]

The alt-right movement coalesced around Trump's candidacy,^[426] due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.^{[427][428][429]} Members of the alt-right enthusiastically supported Trump's campaign.^[430] In August 2016, he appointed Steve Bannon—the executive chairman of Breitbart News—as his campaign CEO; Bannon described Breitbart News as "the platform for the alt-right."^[431] Trump personally condemned the alt-right in an interview after the election.^[432]

Financial disclosures

As a presidential candidate, Trump disclosed details of his companies, assets, and revenue sources to the extent required by the FEC. His 2015 report listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $265 million.^[99][433] The 2016 form showed little change.^[100]

Trump did not release his tax returns during his presidential campaign or afterward,^[434][435] contrary to usual practice by every candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976 and to his promise in 2014 to do so if he ran for office.^{[436][437][438]} Trump's refusal led to speculation that he was hiding something.^[439] He said that his tax returns were being audited, and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.^[440][441] Trump has told the press that his tax rate was none of their business, and that he tries to pay "as little tax as possible".^{[442][443][444]}

In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years. During the second presidential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduction, but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was applied.^[445] He said that he did use the tax code to avoid paying taxes.^{[446][447][448]}

On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to Rachel Maddow and shown on MSNBC. The document states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and paid $38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity of these documents and stated: "Despite this substantial income figure and tax paid, it is totally illegal to steal and publish tax returns."^[449][450]

Sexual misconduct allegations

A total of 19 women have accused Trump of sexual misconduct as of December 2017.^[451] Trump and his campaign have denied as of October 2016 all of the sexual misconduct accusations, which Trump has called "false smears", and alleged a conspiracy against him.^{[452][453][454]}

Two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about forcibly kissing and groping women.^{[455][456][457]} The hot mic recording was captured on a studio bus in which Trump and Billy Bush were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood. In the tape, Trump said: "I just start kissing them ... I don't even wait. And when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab 'em by the pussy."^[458] During the recording, Trump also spoke of his efforts to seduce a married woman, saying he "moved on her very heavily".^[458]

Trump's language on the tape was described by the media as "vulgar", "sexist", and descriptive of sexual assault. The incident prompted him to make his first public apology during the campaign,^[459][460] and caused outrage across the political spectrum,^[461][462] with many Republicans withdrawing their endorsements of his candidacy and some urging him to quit the race.^[463] Subsequently, at least 15 women^[464] came forward with new accusations of sexual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping, resulting in widespread media coverage.^[465][466] In his two public statements in response to the controversy, Trump alleged that former President Bill Clinton had "abused women" and that Hillary had bullied her husband's victims.^[467]

Election to the presidency

2016 electoral vote results

On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides.^[468] Trump received a smaller share of the popular vote than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.^{[469][nb 3]} Clinton was ahead nationwide by 2.1 percentage points, with 65,853,514 votes (7001481800000000000♠48.18%) to 62,984,828 votes (7001460900000000000♠46.09%); neither candidate reached a majority.^[472]

Trump's victory was considered a stunning political upset by most observers, as polls had consistently showed Hillary Clinton with a nationwide—though diminishing—lead, as well as a favorable advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated throughout his campaign,^[473] and many observers blamed errors in polls, partially attributed to pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white working-class voters.^[474] Actually, the polls were relatively accurate,^[475] but media outlets and pundits alike showed overconfidence in a Clinton victory despite a large number of undecided voters and a favorable concentration of Trump's core constituencies in competitive states.^[476]

Trump won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had been called a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of a Republican White House combined with control of both chambers of Congress.

Trump is the wealthiest president in U.S. history, even after adjusting for inflation.^[477] He is also the first president without prior government or military service.^{[478][479][480]} Of the 43^{[nb 4]} previous presidents, 38 had held prior elective office, two had not held elective office but had served in the Cabinet, and three had never held public office but had been commanding generals.^[480]

Protests

Women's March in Washington on January 21, 2017, a day after the inauguration

Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, including attacks on Trump supporters and vice versa both inside and outside the venues.^{[482][483][484]} Trump's election victory sparked protests across the United States, in opposition to his policies and his inflammatory statements. Trump initially said on Twitter that these were "professional protesters, incited by the media", and were "unfair", but he later tweeted, "Love the fact that the small groups of protesters last night have passion for our great country."^[485][486]

In the weeks following Trump's inauguration, massive anti-Trump demonstrations took place, such as the Women Marches, which gathered 2,600,000 people worldwide,^[487] including 500,000 in Washington alone.^[488] Moreover, marches against his travel ban began across the country on January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.^[489]

Early actions

Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, re-instatement of the Mexico City Policy, unlocking the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.^[490]

On January 31, Trump nominated U.S. Appeals Court judge Neil Gorsuch to fill the seat on the Supreme Court previous held by Justice Antonin Scalia until his death in 2016.^[491]

Domestic policy

Economy and trade

Main articles: Economic policy of Donald Trump and Trump tariffs

In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut the corporate tax rate to 21 percent, lowered personal tax brackets, increased child tax credit, doubled the estate tax threshold to $11.2 million, and limited the state and local tax deduction to $10,000.^[492] The reduction in individual tax rates ends in 2025. While people would generally get a tax cut, those with higher incomes would see the most benefit.^[493][494] Households in the lower or middle class would also see a small tax increase after the tax cuts expire. The bill is estimated to increase deficits by $1.5 trillion over 10 years.^[495][496]

Trump speaking to automobile workers in Michigan, March 2017

Trump has been described as a protectionist^{[497][498][499]} because he criticized NAFTA,^[500][501] cancelled negotiations towards the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP),^[502] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum,^[503][504] and proposed to significantly raise tariffs on Chinese and Mexican exports to the United States.^[505][506] He has also been critical of the World Trade Organization, threatening to leave unless his proposed tariffs are accepted.^[507][508]

In March 2018, Trump signed an order imposing import tariffs of 25 percent on steel and 10 percent on aluminum, with exemptions for Canada, Mexico, and possibly other countries.^[509] In response, the EU imposed retaliatory tariffs targeting $3.4 billion in U.S. exports.^[510][511]

In July, the United States and China imposed tariffs on $34 billion of each other's goods,^[512][513] expanded to $50 billion in August.^[514] In September the U.S. introduced a 10% tariff on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods, poised to increase to 25% by the end of the year, and threatened further tariffs on an additional $267 billion if China retaliates.^[515] China countered the move with a 10% tariff on $60 billion of US imports,^[516] which combined with the previous round of tariffs, covers almost all $110 billion of U.S. imports to China.^[515]

According to some analysts, the escalating trade war with China^[517] could impact $2 trillion in global trade.^[518][519]

Immigration

Trump conferring with Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Homeland Security John F. Kelly, January 25, 2017

Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build a more substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border to keep out illegal immigrants and vowed that Mexico would pay for it.^[564] He pledged to massively deport illegal immigrants residing in the United States,^[565] and criticized birthright citizenship for creating "anchor babies".^[566] He said that deportation would focus on criminals, visa overstays, and security threats.^[567]

Foreign policy

President Trump together with other leaders at the 43rd G7 summit in Italy

Trump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia

Trump has been described as a non-interventionist^[607][608] and as an American Nationalist.^[609] He has repeatedly stated that he supports his foreign policy "America First".^[610] He supports increasing United States military defense spending,^[609] but favors decreasing United States spending on NATO and in the Pacific region.^[611] He says America should look inward, stop "nation building", and re-orient its resources toward domestic needs.^[608]

In order to confront the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Trump in 2015 called for seizing the oil in ISIS-occupied areas, using U.S. air power and ground troops.^[612] In 2016, Trump advocated sending 20,000 to 30,000 U.S. troops to the region,^[613] a position he later retracted.^[614]

Trump has praised China's President Xi Jinping,^[615] Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte,^[616] Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,^[617] Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,^[618] King Salman of Saudi Arabia^[619] and Italy's Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte.^[620] On April 7, 2017, Trump ordered a missile strike against a Syrian airfield in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack.^[621] On April 13, 2018, he announced missile strikes against the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, following a suspected chemical attack near Damascus.^[622] According to investigative journalist Bob Woodward, Trump had ordered his Defense Secretary James Mattis to assassinate Assad, but Mattis declined.^[623]

Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.^{[624][625][626]} Trump also praised his relationship with Saudi Arabia's powerful Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.^[624]

In November 2017, the Trump administration tightened the rules on trade with Cuba and individual visits to the county, undoing the Obama administration's loosening of restrictions. According to an administration official, the new rules were intended to hinder trade with businesses with ties to the Cuban military, intelligence and security services.^[627]

U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 to 14,000, as of January 2017.^[628] reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.^[629] U.S. officials said then that they aimed to "force the Taliban to negotiate a political settlement"; in January 2018, however, Trump spoke against talks with the Taliban.^[630]

Iran

Main articles: Iran–United States relations § 2017–present: Trump administration, and United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

During the campaign Trump maintained that "Iran is now the dominant Islamic power in the Middle East and on the road to nuclear weapons."^[631] He opposed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA or "Iran nuclear deal") that was negotiated with the United States, Iran, and five other world powers in 2015, calling it "terrible" and saying that the Obama administration negotiated the agreement "from desperation."^[632] At one point he said that despite opposing the content of the deal, he would attempt to enforce it rather than abrogate it.^[633] However, in a speech to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) in March 2016, Trump said that his "number-one priority is to dismantle the disastrous deal with Iran."^[634]

Protest against Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel, Tehran, December 11, 2017

Shortly after taking office, Trump put Iran 'on notice' following their ballistic missile tests on January 29, 2017.^[635] In February 2018, the Trump administration imposed sanctions on Iran's 25 individuals and entities, which it said were but "initial steps", with Trump's National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn adding that "the days of turning a blind eye to Iran's hostile and belligerent actions toward the United States and the world community are over."^{[636][637][638]}

Trump reportedly lobbied "dozens" of European officials against doing business with Iran during the May 2017 Brussels summit; this likely violated the terms of the JCPOA, under which the U.S. may not pursue "any policy specifically intended to directly and adversely affect the normalization of trade and economic relations with Iran." The Trump administration certified in July 2017 that Iran had upheld its end of the agreement.^[639] On May 18, 2018, Trump announced the United States' unilateral departure from the JCPOA.^[640]

Israel

Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at Yad Vashem, May 2017

Regarding the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Trump has stated the importance of being a neutral party during potential negotiations, while also having stated that he is "a big fan of Israel".^[641] During the campaign he said he would relocate the U.S. embassy in Israel to Jerusalem from its current location, Tel Aviv.^[642] On May 22, 2017, Trump was the first U.S. president to visit the Western Wall in Jerusalem, during his first foreign trip, which included Israel, Italy, the Vatican, and Belgium.^[643][644] Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel on December 6, 2017, despite criticism and warnings from world leaders. Trump added that he would initiate the process of establishing a new U.S. embassy in Jerusalem,^[645] which was later opened on May 14, 2018.^[646] The United Nations General Assembly condemned the move, adopting a resolution that "calls upon all States to refrain from the establishment of diplomatic missions in the Holy City of Jerusalem" in an emergency session on December 21, 2017.^[647][648]

North Korea

Trump meets Kim Jong-un at the Singapore summit in June 2018

During the campaign and the early months of his presidency, Trump said he hoped that China would help to rein in North Korea's nuclear ambitions and missile tests.^[653] However, North Korea accelerated their missile and nuclear tests leading to increased tension.^[653] In July, the country tested two long-range missiles identified by Western observers as intercontinental ballistic missiles, potentially capable of reaching Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. mainland.^[654][655] In August, Trump dramatically escalated his rhetoric against North Korea, warning that further provocation against the U.S. would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen."^[656] North Korean leader Kim Jong-un then threatened to direct the country's next missile test toward Guam.^[657]

On June 12, 2018, after several rounds of preliminary staff-level meetings, Trump and Kim held a bilateral summit in Singapore.^[658] In a joint declaration, both countries vowed to "join their efforts to build a lasting and stable peace regime on the Korean Peninsula", while North Korea repeated its April 2018 promise to "work towards the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula."^[659][660]

Russia

Main article: Russia–United States relations

Putin and Trump at the G20 Hamburg summit, July 2017

During his campaign and as president, Trump repeatedly said that he wants better relations with Russia,^[661][662] and he has praised Russian President Vladimir Putin as a strong leader.^[663][664] Trump had pledged to hold a summit meeting with Putin,^[665] stating that Russia could help the U.S. in fighting ISIS.^[666] According to Putin and some political experts and diplomats, the U.S.–Russian relations, which were already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War, have further deteriorated since Trump took office in January 2017.^{[667][668][669]}

Trump and Putin met in a 2018 Russia–United States summit in Helsinki on July 16, 2018. Trump drew harsh bipartisan criticism in the United States for appearing to side with Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of the United States intelligence community.^[670][671] His comments were strongly criticized by many congressional Republicans and most media commentators, even those who normally support him.^[672][673]

Personnel

The Trump administration has been characterized by high turnover, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.^[674] As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left^[675] and 141 staffers had left in the past year.^[676] Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.^[677] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Mike Flynn (after just 25 days in office), Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, replaced by retired Marine General John F. Kelly on July 28, 2017,^[678] and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.^[677] Close personal aides to Trump such as Steve Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee and Keith Schiller, have quit or been forced out.^[679]

Trump has been slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying that many of the positions are unnecessary. As of October 2017, there were hundreds of sub-cabinet positions vacant.^[680] At the end of his first year in office, CBS News reported that "of the roughly 600 key executive branch positions, just 241 have been filled, 135 nominated candidates await confirmation while 244 slots have no nominee at all."^[681]

Cabinet

Main articles: Cabinet of Donald Trump and Formation of Donald Trump's Cabinet

Cabinet meeting, March 2017

Trump's cabinet nominations included U.S. Senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as Attorney General,^[682] financier Steve Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury,^[683] retired Marine Corps General James Mattis as Secretary of Defense,^[684] and ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State.^[685] Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,^[686] and South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations.^[687]

While most of Trump's nominees were approved by the GOP majority in the Senate, the confirmation of education reform activist Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education^[688] required Vice President Pence to cast a rare tie-breaking vote, the first in a Cabinet nominee's Senate confirmation.^[689]

Two of Trump's 15 original cabinet members were gone within 15 months: Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft, and Trump replaced Secretary of State Rex Tillerson with Mike Pompeo in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.^[690][679] EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in July 2018 amidst multiple investigations into his conduct.^[691]

Investigations

Impeachment efforts

Formal efforts to start the process of impeachment against Trump, who took office in January 2017, have been initiated by Representatives Al Green and Brad Sherman, both Democrats.^[750][751] Other people and groups have asserted that Trump has engaged in impeachable activity during his presidency.^[752][753] Talk of impeachment began before Trump took office.^[754][755]

Serious proposals to impeach Trump for obstruction of justice were made in May 2017, after Trump fired FBI Director James Comey^{[756][757][758]} and allegations surfaced that Trump had asked Comey to drop the investigation against Michael Flynn.^[759] A December 2017 resolution of impeachment failed in the House by a 58–364 margin.^[760] Since the Republicans control both the House and the Senate, the likelihood of impeachment during the 2017–2019 115th Congress is considered remote.^[761][762]

Trump has argued against his own impeachment because "I don't think they can impeach somebody that's doing a great job".^[763]

Independently of impeachment, some commentators have speculated that Trump could be stripped of his powers and duties for incapacity under the 25th Amendment of the Constitution.^{[764][765][766]}

2020 presidential campaign

Trump signaled his intention to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within hours of assuming the presidency.^[767] This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one.^[768] Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne, Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.^[769] By January 2018, Trump's reelection committee had $22 million in hand^[770] and it had raised a total amount exceeding $50 million towards the 2020 campaign as of July 2018.^[771]