Stop Trump movement

The Stop Trump movement, also called the anti-Trump, Dump Trump, or Never Trump movement,[1] was the informal name for the effort on the part of some Republicans and other prominent conservatives to prevent front-runner and now President of the United States Donald Trump from obtaining the Republican Party presidential nomination, and, following his nomination, the presidency, for the 2016 United States presidential election. Although Trump's campaign drew a substantial amount of criticism, Trump received 90% of the GOP vote, while Clinton won 89% of Democratic voters.[2] Moreover, Trump was supported by 80% of Republican members of Congress in the general election.[3] Following Trump's election in November 2016, some in the movement refocused their efforts on defeating Trump in 2020.[4]

Donald Trump entered the Republican primaries on June 16, 2015, at a time when Governors Jeb Bush and Scott Walker and Senator Marco Rubio were viewed as the early frontrunners.[5] Trump was considered a longshot to win the nomination, but his large media profile gave him a chance to spread his message and appear in the Republican debates.[6][7] By the end of 2015, Trump was leading the Republican field in national polls.[8] At this point some Republicans, such as former Mitt Romney adviser Alex Castellanos, called for a "negative ad blitz" against Trump,[9] and another former Romney aide founded Our Principles PAC to attack Trump.[10] After Trump won the New Hampshire and South Carolina primaries, many Republican leaders called for the party to unite around a single leader to stop Trump's nomination.[11] The Never Trump movement gained momentum following Trump's wins in the March 15, 2016, Super Tuesday primaries, including his victory over U.S. Senator Marco Rubio in Florida.[12][13][14][15] After U.S. Senator Ted Cruz dropped out of the race following Trump's primary victory in Indiana on May 3, 2016, Trump became the presumptive nominee, while internal opposition to Trump remained as the process pivoted towards a general election.[16] Following unsuccessful attempts by some delegates at the Republican National Convention to block his nomination, Trump became the Republican Party's 2016 nominee for President of the United States on July 18, 2016. Some members of the Never Trump movement endorsed alternative candidates in the general election, such as Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson, independent conservative Evan McMullin, and American Solidarity Party nominee Mike Maturen.[17][18]

Research on the Never Trump movement shows that Mormon and female Republicans were the most likely groups to oppose Trump's candidacy while non-Mormon and male Republicans were the most supportive.[3]

Erickson meeting

On March 17, 2016, notable conservatives under the leadership of Erick Erickson met at the Army and Navy Club in Washington D.C. to discuss strategies for preventing Trump from securing the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in July. Among the strategies discussed were a "unity ticket",[19] a possible third-party candidate and a contested convention, especially if Trump did not gain the 1,237 delegates necessary to secure the nomination.[20]

The meeting was organized by Erick Erickson, Bill Wichterman, and Bob Fischer. Around two dozen people attended.[21][22] Consensus was reached that Trump's nomination could be prevented, and that efforts would be made to seek a unity ticket, possibly comprising U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and Ohio Governor John Kasich.[21]

Efforts

By political organizations

Our Principles PAC and Club for Growth were involved in trying to prevent Trump's nomination. Our Principles PAC spent more than $13 million on advertising attacking Trump.[23][24] The Club for Growth spent $11 million in an effort to prevent Trump from becoming the Republican Party's nominee.[25]

By Republican delegates

In June 2016, activists Eric O'Keefe and Dane Waters formed a group called Delegates Unbound, which CNN described as "an effort to convince delegates that they have the authority and the ability to vote for whomever they want."[26][27][28] The effort involved the publication of a book, Unbound: The Conscience of a Republican Delegate by Republican delegates Curly Haugland and Sean Parnell. The book argues that "delegates are not bound to vote for any particular candidate based on primary and caucus results, state party rules, or even state law."[29][30]

Republican delegates Kendal Unruh and Steve Lonegan led an effort among fellow Republican delegates to change the convention rules "to include a 'conscience clause' that would allow delegates bound to Trump to vote against him, even on the first ballot at the July convention."[31] Unruh described the effort as "an 'Anybody but Trump' movement". According to The Washington Post, Unruh's efforts started with a conference call on June 16 "with at least 30 delegates from 15 states". Regional coordinators for the effort were recruited in Arizona, Iowa, Louisiana, Washington and other states.[32] By June 19, hundreds of delegates to the Republican National Convention calling themselves "Free the Delegates", had begun raising funds and recruiting members in support of an effort to change Party convention rules to free delegates to vote however they want – instead of according to the results of state caucuses and primaries.[33] Unruh, a member of the convention's Rules Committee and one of the group's founders, planned to propose adding the "conscience clause" to the convention's rules effectively unhinging pledged delegates. She needed 56 other supporters from the 112-member panel, which determines precisely how Republicans select their nominee in Cleveland.[34] However, the Rules Committee voted down, by a vote of 84–21, a move to send a "minority report" to the floor allowing the unbinding of delegates, thereby defeating the "Stop Trump" activists and guaranteeing Trump's nomination. The committee then endorsed the opposite option, voting 87–12 to include rules language specifically stating that delegates were required to vote based on their states' primary and caucus results.[35]

By individuals

Mitt Romney, the Republican nominee for president in 2012, was a major leader among anti-Trump Republicans until November 9, 2016, after Donald Trump won the presidential elections.

At a luncheon in February 2016 attended by Republican governors and donors, Karl Rove discussed the danger of Trump securing the Republican nomination in July, and that it may be possible to stop him, but that there was not much time left.[36][37]

Early in March 2016, Mitt Romney, the 2012 Republican presidential nominee, directed some of his advisors to look at ways to stop Trump from obtaining the nomination at the Republican National Convention (RNC). Romney also gave a major speech urging voters to vote for the Republican candidate most likely to prevent Trump from acquiring delegates in state primaries.[38] A few weeks later, Romney announced that he would vote for Ted Cruz in the Utah GOP caucuses. On his Facebook page, he posted "Today, there is a contest between Trumpism and Republicanism. Through the calculated statements of its leader, Trumpism has become associated with racism, misogyny, bigotry, xenophobia, vulgarity and, most recently, threats and violence. I am repulsed by each and every one of these."[39][40][41] Nevertheless, Romney said early on he would "support the Republican nominee," though he didn't "think that's going to be Donald Trump."[42]

U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham shifted from opposing both Ted Cruz and Donald Trump, to eventually supporting Cruz as a better alternative to Trump. Commenting about Trump, Graham said "I don't think he's a Republican, I don't think he's a conservative, I think his campaign's built on xenophobia, race-baiting and religious bigotry. I think he'd be a disaster for our party and as Senator Cruz would not be my first choice, I think he is a Republican conservative who I could support."[43][44] In May, after Trump became the presumptive nominee, Graham announced he would not be supporting Trump in the general election, stating "[I] cannot, in good conscience, support Donald Trump because I do not believe he is a reliable Republican conservative nor has he displayed the judgment and temperament to serve as Commander in Chief."[45]

In October 2016, some individuals made third-party vote trading mobile applications and websites to help stop Trump; for example a Californian that wants to vote for Clinton will instead vote for Jill Stein, and in exchange a Stein supporter in a swing state will vote for Clinton.[46] The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the 2007 case Porter v. Bowen established vote trading as a First Amendment right.

Former Republican Presidents George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush both refused to support Trump in the general election.[47][48]

Republicans who left the Party in opposition to the Trump Administration

Several prominent Republicans have left the party in opposition to actions taken by the Trump administration.

  1. Joe Scarborough (Morning Joe)[49]
  2. George Will (conservative columnist)[50]
  3. Max Boot (conservative columnist)[51]
  4. Richard Painter (Bush ethics lawyer)[52]
  5. Steve Schmidt (GOP strategist, top W. Bush aide)[53]
  6. Jennifer Rubin (Right Turn blog for Washington Post)[54]

General election opposition

Portrait of rival presidential candidate Hillary Clinton
Portrait of rival presidential candidate Gary Johnson
Hillary Clinton and Gary Johnson were considered the main alternatives to Trump in the general election.

Trump was widely described as the presumptive Republican nominee after the May 3 Indiana primary,[16] notwithstanding the continued opposition of groups such as Our Principles PAC.[55] Many GOP leaders endorsed Trump after he became the presumptive nominee, but other Republicans looked for ways to defeat him in the general election.[56] Stop Trump members such as Mitt Romney, Eric Erickson, William Kristol, Mike Murphy, Stuart Stevens, and Rick Wilson pursued the possibility of an independent candidacy by a non-Trump Republican.[56] Potential candidates included Senator Ben Sasse, Governor John Kasich, Senator Tom Coburn, Congressman Justin Amash, Senator Rand Paul, retired Marine Corps General James Mattis, retired Army General Stanley McChrystal, former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, businessman Mark Cuban, and 2012 Republican nominee Mitt Romney.[56][57] However, many of these candidates rejected the possibility of an independent run, pointing to difficulties such as ballot access and the potential to help the Democratic candidate win the presidency.[56] One potential strategy would involve an independent candidate gaining enough electoral votes to deny a majority to either of the major party candidates, sending the three presidential candidates with the most electoral votes to the U.S. House of Representatives under procedures established by the Twelfth Amendment.[58][59] Some anti-Trump Republicans stated that they would vote for Hillary Clinton in the general election.[60]

On May 3, 2016, one of the biggest anti-Trump groups, the "Never Trump PAC", circulated a petition to collect the signatures of conservatives opposed to voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election.[61][62] As of August 19, 2016, over 54,000 people had signed the petition.[63] Gary Johnson's campaign in the Libertarian Party attracted attention as a possible vehicle for the Stop Trump movement's votes in the general election after Trump became the Republican Party's presumptive nominee.[64][65][66] In late May, Craig Snyder, a former Republican staffer, launched the "Republicans For Hillary PAC", "aimed at convincing Republicans to choose Hillary Clinton over [...] Donald Trump in November."[67] Also, the grassroots effort, called "Republicans for Clinton in 2016", or R4C16, joined the effort in defeating Trump.[68]

William Kristol, editor of The Weekly Standard, promoted National Review staff writer David A. French of Tennessee as a prospective candidate.[69][70][71] French opted not to run.[72][73] On August 8, Evan McMullin, a conservative Republican, announced that he would mount an independent bid for president, with support of the Never Trump movement.[74] McMullin was backed by Better for America, a Never Trump group,[75] and was supported by former Americans Elect CEO Kahlil Byrd and Republican campaign-finance lawyer Chris Ashby.[74]

Reactions

Reactions to the Stop Trump movement were mixed, with other prominent Republicans making statements in support of preventing Trump from receiving the Republican nomination. Following his withdrawal as a candidate for President, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio expressed hope that Trump's nomination could be stopped, adding that his nomination "would fracture the party and be damaging to the conservative movement."[76]

Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus dismissed the potential impact of Mitt Romney's efforts to block Trump at the convention.[38] Sam Clovis, a national co-chairman for Trump's campaign, said that he would leave the Republican Party if it "comes into that convention and jimmies with the rules and takes away the will of the people".[43] Ned Ryun, founder of conservative group American Majority, expressed concern about a contested convention, should Trump have the most delegates, but fail to reach the 1,237 necessary to be assured the nomination. Ryun speculated that a contested convention would result in Trump running as a third-party candidate, making it unlikely that Republicans would win the presidency in the November general election, adding that it would "blow up the party, at least in the short term".[77][78]

New Jersey Governor Chris Christie expressed his opinion that the efforts to stop Trump would ultimately fail. Relatively shortly after his endorsement of Trump, he criticized the people who condemned his endorsement, including the Stop Trump movement, stating that his critics had yet to support any of the remaining GOP candidates. He said, "I think if you're a public figure, you have the obligation to speak out, and be 'for' something, not just 'against' something. ... When those folks in the 'Stop Trump' movement actually decide to be for something, then people can make an evaluation ... if they want to be for one of the remaining candidates, do what I did: Be for one of the remaining candidates."[79]

Trump said that if he were deprived of the nomination because of falling just short of the 1,237 delegates required, there could be "problems like you've never seen before. I think bad things would happen" and "I think you'd have riots."[15][80][81] Trump made prior comments suggesting that he might run as an independent candidate if he were not to get the Republican nomination.[38]

Roger Stone, a political consultant who served as an advisor for Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, and who remains a "confidant" to Trump,[82][83] put together a group called "Stop the Steal" and threatened "Days of Rage" if Republican party leaders tried to deny the nomination to Trump at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland.[84][85] Stone also threatened to disclose to the public the hotel room numbers of delegates who opposed Trump.[85]

Developments following the election

After Trump won the election, two Electoral College electors launched an effort to convince fellow electors who are allocated to Trump not to vote for him.[86]

On December 11, Jim Himes, a member of the House of Representatives, wrote on Twitter that the Electoral College should not elect Trump. "We're 5 wks from Inauguration & the President Elect is completely unhinged. The Electoral College must do what it was designed for."[87] On December 12, in an interview on CNN's New Day, Himes said that he was troubled by several actions by the president-elect. The issue that "pushed me over the edge" was Trump's criticism of the CIA and the intelligence community. The Congressman did admit that Trump won "fair and square," but he said that Trump proved himself unfit for public office. He cited the intentions behind the creation of the electoral college and he argued that it was created for an instance such as the election of Trump.[88]

In the end, efforts to persuade more electors to vote against Trump ultimately failed, and Trump won 304 electors on December 19. Trump's electoral lead over Clinton even grew because a larger number of electors defected from her: Trump received 304 of his 306 pledged electors, Clinton 227 of her 232.[89]

Jonah Goldberg, in an article titled Never Trump Nevermore, stated:

I'm going to call 'em like I see 'em and wait and see if I was wrong about Trump... The thing is: Never Trump is over. Never Trump was about the GOP primary and the general election, not the presidency. The Left wants to claim it must be a permanent movement, denying the legitimacy of Trump's election forever, or we were never serious. Well, that's not what we — or at least I — signed up for. ...I'll say it again: I'm going to call 'em like I see 'em and wait and see if I was wrong about Trump. So far, I've said that most of his cabinet picks have been a pleasant and welcome surprise. But he's also done plenty of things that make me feel like I had him pegged all along. We only have one president at a time — and the guy isn't even president yet. I'll give him a chance. But I won't lie for him either. [90]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cassidy, John (March 3, 2016). "The Problem with the 'Never Trump' Movement". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  2. ↑ "2016 Election News, Candidates & Polls". NBC News. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Johnson, Lauren R.; McCray, Deon; Ragusa, Jordan M. (2018-01-11). "#NeverTrump: Why Republican members of Congress refused to support their party's nominee in the 2016 presidential election". Research & Politics. 5 (1). doi:10.1177/2053168017749383.
  4. ↑ STEINHAUSER, PAUL. "Conservative Bill Kristol brings his never-Trump message to New Hampshire". CBS News. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  5. ↑ Hennessey, Kathleen (June 16, 2015). "Donald Trump enters race, and GOP wonders: Presidency or reality TV?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  6. ↑ Burns, Alexander (June 16, 2015). "Donald Trump, Pushing Someone Rich, Offers Himself". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  7. ↑ Gass, Nick (May 4, 2016). "The 9 worst predictions about Trump's rise to the top". Politico. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  8. ↑ Gass, Nick (December 14, 2015). "Trump hits a new high in national poll". Politico. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  9. ↑ Isenstadt, Alex (January 26, 2016). "Republicans point fingers: Who let Trump get this far?". Politico. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  10. ↑ Isenstadt, Alex (May 21, 2016). "Top former Romney aide launches anti-Trump super PAC". Politico. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  11. ↑ Burns, Alexander; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (February 27, 2016). "Inside the Republican Party's Desperate Mission to Stop Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  12. ↑ Cooper, Matthew (March 15, 2016). "Why the Stop Trump Movement is Doomed". Newsweek. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  13. ↑ Grim, Ryan & Velencia, Janie (March 15, 2016). "The Stop Trump Movement Got New Life In Ohio". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  14. ↑ Hohmann, James (March 16, 2016). "The Daily 202: The Stop Trump movement's last realistic hope is now a contested convention in Cleveland". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  15. 1 2 Grier, Peter (March 17, 2016). "A contested GOP convention? History offers some unusual clues". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  16. 1 2 Bradner, Eric. "5 takeaways from the Indiana primary". CNN. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  17. ↑ Mattingly, Terry (October 7, 2005). "American Solidarity Party seeks to spread its ideas, change". Go Knoxville. Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  18. ↑ Lawler, Peter Augustine (October 13, 2005). "Dylan, Never Trump, and Mike Maturen". National Review. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  19. ↑ Goldmacher, Shane; Glueck, Katie & McCaskill, Nolan (March 17, 2016). "Conservatives call for 'unity ticket' to stop Trump". Politico. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  20. ↑ Costa, Robert (March 17, 2017). "GOP operatives, conservative leaders meet to thwart Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  21. 1 2 Isenstadt, Alex (March 18, 2016). "Anti-Trump forces contemplate the end". Politico. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  22. ↑ Goldmacher, Shane (March 15, 2016). "Top conservatives gather to plot third-party run against Trump". Politico. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  23. ↑ Gold, Matea (March 16, 2016). "Stop Trump campaign plans to push forward in hopes of denying him the nomination". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  24. ↑ Caldwell, Leigh Ann (March 17, 2016). "The Stop Trump Movement Limps Forward". NBC News. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  25. ↑ Johnson, Eliana (May 26, 2016). "#NeverTrump Club for Growth Plots Path Forward". National Review. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  26. ↑ LoBianco, Tom; Kopan, Tal (June 17, 2016). "RNC delegates launch 'Anybody but Trump' drive". CNN. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
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  28. ↑ O'Keefe, Eric; Rivkin, David (June 13, 2016). "Release the GOP Delegates". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Delegates Unbound". Delegates Unbound. Archived from the original on June 20, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  30. ↑ Livengood, Chad (June 17, 2016). "Two Mich. GOP delegates join new plot to dump Trump". The Detroit News. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  31. ↑ Jaffe, Alexandra (June 17, 2016). "Campaign to Dump Trump at Republican Convention Emerges". NBC News. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  32. ↑ O'Keefe, Ed (June 17, 2016). "Dozens of GOP delegates launch new push to halt Donald Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  33. ↑ O'Keefe, Ed (June 19, 2016). "Anti-Trump delegates raising money for staff and a legal defense fund". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  34. ↑ CNN, Tom LoBianco and Tal Kopan. "RNC delegates launch 'Anybody but Trump' drive".
  35. ↑ Scott Detrow. "'Never Trump Is Nevermore': Anti-Trump Forces Fail To Force RNC Floor Fight". NPR. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  36. ↑ Burns, Alexander; Haberman, Maggie & Martin, Jonathan (February 27, 2016). "Inside the Republican Party's Desperate Mission to Stop Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  37. ↑ Collins, Eliza (February 25, 2016). "Rove: Time's running out to stop Trump". Politico. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  38. 1 2 3 Gangel, Jamie & Bradner, Eric (March 3, 2016). "First on CNN: Team Romney explores blocking Trump at RNC". CNN. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  39. ↑ Taylor, Jessica (March 18, 2016). "Mitt Romney Will Vote For Ted Cruz In Hopes Of Stopping Trump". NPR. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  40. ↑ "Aiming to stop Trump, Romney says he'll vote for Cruz in Utah caucuses". Chicago Tribune. March 18, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
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  42. ↑ Ball, Molly (September 30, 2015). "Mitt Romney Surveys the 2016 Field". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  43. 1 2 Collinson, Stephen (March 18, 2016). "Is the GOP's stop Trump campaign too late?". CNN. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  44. ↑ Phillips, Amber (March 2, 2016). "Why even Lindsey Graham might be a Ted Cruz voter now". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  45. ↑ Bash, Dana. "Lindsey Graham won't vote for Trump or Clinton in 2016". CNN. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  46. ↑ Third-party voters are "trading votes" with Clinton voters to defeat Trump Vox November 3, 2016
  47. ↑ Gangel, Jamie; Bradner, Eric (September 21, 2016). "Sources: Bush 41 says he will vote for Clinton". CNN. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  48. ↑ Gibbs, Nancy (November 8, 2016). "The Other Reason George W. Bush Couldn't Bring Himself to Vote for Donald Trump". Time. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Joe Scarborough leaves the Republican Party". CBS NEWS. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  50. ↑ KELLEHER, KEVIN. "George Will, Having Left Republican Party, Urges Conservatives to Vote Against Donald Trump". Fortune. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  51. ↑ Boot, Max. "I was a member of the Republican Party before Trump – now I want the Democrats to take over". INDEPENDENT. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  52. ↑ Estepa, Jessica. "Richard Painter, former Bush ethics lawyer, will run for Congress — as a Democrat". USA TODAY. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  53. ↑ Chokshi, Niraj. "Steve Schmidt, Longtime G.O.P. Strategist, Quits 'Corrupt' and 'Immoral' Party". New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  54. ↑ EDWARD-ISAAC, DOVERE. "The GOP 'Has Become the Caricature the Left Always Said It Was'". Politico. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  55. ↑ Swan, Jonathan; Easley, Jonathan (May 3, 2016). "Never Trump groups insist they will keep fighting". The Hill. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Rucker, Philip; Costa, Robert (May 14, 2016). "Inside the GOP effort to draft an independent candidate to derail Trump". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  57. ↑ Easley, Jonathan (May 6, 2016). "Libertarian looks for anti-Trump bump". The Hill. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Republican Leaders Map a Strategy to Derail Donald Trump". The New York Times. March 20, 2016.
  59. ↑ "The GOP's Nuclear Option to Stop Donald Trump: A Third-Party Candidate". The Daily Beast.
  60. ↑ Borchers, Callum (May 4, 2016). "Some #NeverTrump types are now leaving the GOP and even backing Hillary Clinton". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  61. ↑ Lim, Kenneth (May 5, 2016). "'Never Trump' Stumped After Cruz Bows Out Tuesday And Kasich Wednesday". Inquisitr. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  62. ↑ Becker, Olivia; Mimms, Sarah (May 4, 2016). "The 'Never Trump' Movement Won't Give Up Even Though Trump Won". VICE News. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  63. ↑ "#NeverTrump". Never Means Never Pac. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
  64. ↑ "The Third Party Dilemma". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  65. ↑ "nti-Trump Republicans Call for a Third-Party Option". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  66. ↑ Gillespie, Nick (January 6, 2016). "Exclusive: Gary Johnson Running For President, Call Trump's Plans "Just Whacked – Just Nuts!" – Hit & Run". Reason. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  67. ↑ Charlotte, Alter (June 8, 2016). "Why This Republican Created a PAC to Help Elect Hillary Clinton". Time. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
  68. ↑ Rubin, Jennifer (September 7, 2016). "Republicans for Clinton join the fray". Washington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
  69. ↑ Epstein, Reid J.; O'Connor, Patrick (June 2, 2016). "David French, Proposed Conservative Alternative to Trump, Draws Tepid Response". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  70. ↑ Halperin, Mark; Heilemann, John. "Kristol Eyes Conservative Lawyer David French for Independent Presidential Run". Bloomberg Politics. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  71. ↑ Ross, Janell (June 1, 2016). "Who, exactly, is David French, the 'Never Trump' white knight candidate?". Washington Post. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  72. ↑ Master, Cyra (June 6, 2016). "David French: 'I'm not running for president'". The Hill.
  73. ↑ "David French: Trump campaign tried to intimidate me". Politico.
  74. 1 2 Gold, Matea (August 8, 2016). "New super PAC launching to support Evan McMullin's independent White House bid". Washington Post. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  75. ↑ Gambino, Sabrina Siddiqui Lauren; Jamieson, Amber (August 8, 2016). "Republican Evan McMullin to launch presidential run against Trump" – via The Guardian.
  76. ↑ Borger, Gloria & LoBianco, Tom (March 17, 2017). "Conservatives pin hopes on convention fight to stop Donald Trump". CNN. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  77. ↑ Mindock, Clark (March 16, 2016). "Brokered Convention: Paul Ryan Could Kill The Republican Party If Nominated For President Over Trump". International Business Times. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  78. ↑ Isenstadt, Alex (March 18, 2016). "Anti-Trump forces contemplate the end". Politico. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  79. ↑ "Christie: Republican 'Stop Trump' movement will fail". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  80. ↑ Pace, Julie & Peoples, Steve (March 16, 2016). "Trump: Time to rally around me _ or expect voter riots". Associated Press. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  81. ↑ Sargent, Greg (March 16, 2016). "Donald Trump just threatened more violence. Only this time, it's directed at the GOP". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  82. ↑ Philip Rucker & Robert Costa, While the GOP worries about convention chaos, Trump pushes for 'showbiz' feel, The Washington Post (April 17, 2016).
  83. ↑ Jenna Johnson, Again: Nothing is off limits for Donald Trump, including spouses, The Washington Post (March 23, 2016).
  84. ↑ Jim DeFede, Roger Stone: Inside the World of a Political Hitman, CBS Miami (April 17, 2016).
  85. 1 2 While the GOP worries about convention chaos, Trump pushes for 'showbiz' feel, The Washington Post (April 17, 2016).
  86. ↑ Hensch, Mark (November 14, 2016). "Two presidential electors to colleagues: Dump Trump". The Hill. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  87. ↑ "Jim Himes on Twitter" – via Twitter.
  88. ↑ Halper, Daniel (December 12, 2016). "Congressman begs Electoral College voters to block Trump". New York Post. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  89. ↑ Detrow, Scott (December 19, 2016). "Donald Trump Secures Electoral College Win, With Few Surprises". NPR. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  90. ↑ Goldberg, Jonah (2016-12-17). ""Never Trump" Finished & Russia Election Hacking Criticism". National Review. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
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