正

See also: 企, 疋, 辵, and 乏
正 U+6B63, 正
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B63
← 止
[U+6B62] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 此 →
[U+6B64]

Translingual
Stroke order
Stroke order

Alternative forms

As a component of some complex characters, 正 is often written as 𤴓 with its last two strokes different. Compare 昰 and 是.

Han character

正 (radical 77, 止+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 一卜中一 (MYLM), four-corner 10101, composition ⿱一止)

Usage notes
  • (tally marks, 5): The successive strokes of 正 () are used in China, Japan, and Korea to designate tallies in votes, scores, points, sushi orders, and the like, much as is used in Europe, Africa, Australia, and North America. Tallies beyond five are written with a 正 for each group of five, followed by the remainder. For example, a tally of twelve is written as 正正丅.

Derived characters

References

Wikidata

  • KangXi: page 574, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16255
  • Dae Jaweon: page 962, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1436, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+6B63

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 正
variant forms 疋
𤴓
㱏
𣥔
𧾸

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 正
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (正) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
綻 *rdeːns
淀 *deːns
靛 *deːns
症 *tjɯŋs
竀 *rtʰeːŋ, *tʰeŋ
征 *tjeŋ
怔 *tjeŋ
正 *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs
鉦 *tjeŋ
鴊 *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs
眐 *tjeŋ
佂 *tjeŋ
整 *tjeŋʔ
政 *tjeŋs
証 *tjeŋs
定 *teːŋs, *deːŋs
顁 *teːŋs
錠 *teːŋs, *deːŋʔ, *deːŋs
掟 *deːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) : phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) + semantic 止 (“foot”) – to go on a long journey. Original form of 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go on long campaign”).

Etymology

Sino-Tibetan or area word: “centre; target; first (month); straight; correct”.

Compare Mizo dîng (“to go straight or direct (as person, arrow etc.); to go straight through without breaking the journey; straight; direct”). Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”) for this, which includes 正, 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”).

Additionally, Matisoff has Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(r)waŋ (“straight; straighten”), whence Chepang dʰeŋ- (“straight”), Jingpho ding (“straight”), Tibetan དྲང་པོ (drang po, “straight; correct; upright; just; fair”), Burmese တန်း (tan:, “straight; to head straight for”). Also compare Khmer ទៀង (tiəng, “accurate; correct; exact; precise; honest”).

Derivatives:

  • 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go straight > to go on a journey”)
  • 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “correct; to govern; government; to determine”)
  • 整 (OC *tjeŋʔ, “orderly; to arrange; to dispose”)

Pronunciation 1
Note:
  • zeng3 - vernacular;
  • zing3 - literary.
Note:
  • chang - vernacular;
  • chṳn - literary.
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: ciáng / céng
      • IPA (key): /t͡siɑŋ²¹³/, /t͡sɛiŋ²¹³/
Note:
  • ciáng - vernacular;
  • céng - literary.
Note:
  • chiàⁿ - vernacular;
  • chèng - literary.
Rime
Character 正
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 清 (121)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 之盛切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /t͡ɕiᴇŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /t͡ɕiɛŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /t͡ɕiæŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ciajŋH/
Li
Rong		 /t͡ɕiɛŋH/
Wang
Li		 /t͡ɕĭɛŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /t͡ɕi̯ɛŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 zhèng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 正
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 zhèng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tsyengH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*teŋ-s/
English correct (adj., v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 正
Reading # 2/2
No. 17178
Phonetic
component		 正
Rime
group		 耕
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 政
Old
Chinese		 /*tjeŋs/

Definitions

正

  1. straight; upright; central; in proper position
    Antonyms: 歪 (wāi)
  2. right; proper; correct
  3. exact; standardized; just so
  4. regular-shaped; regular; square
  5. primary; chief; main
  6. pure; unmixed; authentic; true
  7. pretty; attractive; beautiful
  8. honest; upright; honourable
  9. (Cantonese) awesome; fantastic
  10. just now; right now; in the process of
  11. to straighten; to make straight; to adjust
  12. to make right; to rectify; to correct
  13. (tally marks) 5
  14. (numismatics) obverse
  15. (numeral) ten duodecillion(1040)
  16. (mathematics) positive; plus
  17. (physics) positive
  18. (time) sharp
    而家係五點正。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    而家系五点正。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    Ji4 gaa1 hai6 ng5 dim2 zing3. [Jyutping]
    It is currently 5 o'clock.
  19. (Teochew) only; merely
  20. (Teochew) just; just now
  21. (Teochew) only then; only after
  22. (Teochew) Used to emphasize that something is/is not.
  23. (Teochew) right (direction)
  24. A surname​.

Compounds
Derived terms from 正

See also
Chinese numerals
104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044
萬／万 億／亿 兆 (Taiwan) 京 (Taiwan) 垓 秭 穰 溝／沟 澗／涧 正 載／载
萬億／万亿
(Mainland China)		 億億／亿亿
(Mainland China)

Pronunciation 2
Note:
  • ciăng - vernacular;
  • cĭng - literary.
Rime
Character 正
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 章 (23)
Final (韻) 清 (121)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 諸盈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /t͡ɕiᴇŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /t͡ɕiɛŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /t͡ɕiæŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ciajŋ/
Li
Rong		 /t͡ɕiɛŋ/
Wang
Li		 /t͡ɕĭɛŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /t͡ɕi̯ɛŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 zhēng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 正
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 zhēng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tsyeng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*C.teŋ/
English 1st (month)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 正
Reading # 1/2
No. 17171
Phonetic
component		 正
Rime
group		 耕
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 征
Old
Chinese		 /*tjeŋ/
Notes 甲文從止丁聲，
徵初文

Definitions

正

  1. first (month of the lunar year)
  2. † bull's eye; centre of target
  3. † target; goal
  4. † Original form of 征 (zhēng, “to levy”).
  5. † Original form of 征 (zhēng, “to go on a punitive expedition”).

Compounds
Derived terms from 正

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (正):

Others:

    • Lao: ຈຽງ (chīang, “first month of the lunar year”)
    • Lü: ᦵᦈᧂ (ṫseng, “first month in Dai lunar calendar, starting in November”)
    • Northern Thai: ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦ (“first month of the lunar year”)
    • Shan: ၸဵင် (tsěng, “first month of the Shan year, starting December-January”)

Japanese

Kanji
正

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Numeral

正 (hiragana せい, rōmaji sei)

  1. A number of ten-duodecillion(1040) in modern Japanese since 17th century.
  2. 5. Similar to four vertical lines followed by a slanted horizontal line crossing through them, this character is used to count to 5 stroke by stroke. Thus this kanji written up to the third stroke represents 3. After the fifth and final stroke, when this character is completed, one starts writing this character again to count to higher numbers.

Derived terms
Derived terms

Proper noun

正 (hiragana ただし, rōmaji Tadashi)

正 (hiragana まさし, rōmaji Masashi)

  1. A male given name

Korean

Hanja

正 (eumhun 바를 정 (bareul jeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 정 (“straight; upright; erect”).

Compounds
Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

正: Hán Việt readings: chính (之(chi)盛(thịnh)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], chánh[3][4]
正: Nôm readings: chính[1][2][3][4][6], chánh[1][2][3][4][5], chếnh[3][7][4][5][6], chiếng[1], chênh[3], chỉnh[3], giêtng[3]

  1. Hán tự form of chính (“main; major, chief; just, righteous”).
  2. Hán tự form of chánh (“chief; head”).
  3. Nôm form of chếnh.

Compounds
Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. Hồ (1976).
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