上

See also: 丄
上 U+4E0A, 上
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0A
← 三
[U+4E09] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 下 →
[U+4E0B]

Translingual
Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

上 (radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜一 (YM), four-corner 21100, composition ⿱⺊一)

Derived characters

References

Wikidata

  • KangXi: page 76, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13
  • Dae Jaweon: page 145, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 5, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+4E0A

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 上
variant forms 丄
𠄞
尚 Min Nan “most”

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 上
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j00024

j00025

j00026

j00027

j00028

j00029

j00030

Bronze inscriptions

b00109

b00110

b00111

b00112

b00113

b00114

b00115

b00116

b00117

b00118

b00119

b00120

b00121

b00122

b00123

b00124

b00125

b00126

b00127

b00128

b00129

b00130

b00131

b00132

b00133

Small seal script

s00008

Transcribed ancient scripts

L35088

L35089

L35090

L35091

L35092

L35093

L35094

L17519

L17520

L17521

L17522

L17523

L17524

L17525

L17526

L17527

L17528

L17529

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (上) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
丄 *djaŋʔ, *djaŋs
上 *djaŋʔ, *djaŋs

Ideogram (指事) : a line above another (contrast 下) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr).

Etymology 1

From Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”).

Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin; pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻／叶韵 (xiéyùn), which artificially preserves classical poetry rhyming words' pronunciations.

Pronunciation 1
Note: Xiamen siāng - only used for “most”.
Note:
  • zion7/ziên7 - vernacular (“upper part; up; on; above; in”);
  • siang6 - literary (“superior; most”).
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: shan5 / shan4
      • IPA (key) (old-style): /ʂan²¹/, /ʂan⁴⁵/
      • IPA (key) (new-style): /san²¹/, /san⁴⁵/
Note:
  • shan5 - vernacular;
  • shan4 - literary.
Rime
Character 上
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 時亮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑiɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑɨaŋH/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiaŋH/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭaŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑi̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shàng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 上
Reading # 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shàng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyangH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*daŋʔ-s/
English top, above (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 上
Reading # 2/2
No. 11103
Phonetic
component		 上
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 尚
Old
Chinese		 /*djaŋs/
Definitions

上

  1. upper part; high position; up
    Antonyms: 下 (xià)
  2. † emperor
  3. on; above
  4. superior; senior; top
  5. preceding; previous; last; former
    • 上年  ―  shàngnián  ―  last year
    • 上集  ―  shàng jí  ―  last episode
    • 上世紀 / 上世纪  ―  shàngshìjì  ―  last century
  6. first of several (usually two or three) partitions
    Antonyms: 中 (zhōng), 下 (xià)
  7. within; in; from the standpoint of; according to
  8. (Min Nan) most; extremely

Pronunciation 2
Note:
  • sông / song1 - “to go up; to go; to attend” (major reading);
  • sóng / song3 - “to fit; to install; to apply”.
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: son3 / hon3
      • IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃⁴⁵/, /xɒ̃⁴⁵/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: siông / chiông
      • IPA (key): /suɔŋ²⁴²/, /t͡sʰuɔŋ²⁴²/
Note:
  • siông - “to go up” (major reading);
  • chiông - only in “to pull up”.
Note:
  • chiūⁿ/chiōⁿ/chiǔⁿ - “to go up” (major reading);
  • chhiūⁿ/chhiōⁿ/chhiǔⁿ - only in “to pull up; to grow; to pile up”.
Note:
  • shan5 - vernacular;
  • shan4 - literary.
Rime
Character 上
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 時掌切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑɨaŋX/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiaŋX/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shàng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 上 上
Reading # 1/3 2/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shàng shàng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyangX › ‹ dzyangX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*Cə-daŋʔ/ /*m-daŋʔ/
English ascend to put up

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 上
Reading # 1/2
No. 11102
Phonetic
component		 上
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 上
Old
Chinese		 /*djaŋʔ/
Definitions

上

  1. to go up; to ascend
  2. to charge; to advance
    • 上啊！  ―  Shàng a!  ―  Charge!
  3. to go to; to leave for (a place) (usually to a more developed place)
    • 上省城  ―  shàng xǐngchéng  ―  to go to province capital
  4. to board; to get on
    • 請上車。 / 请上车。  ―  Qǐng shàng chē.  ―  Please get into the car.
  5. to serve; to present; to offer
  6. to attend (class, work)
    • 上班  ―  shàngbān  ―  to go to work
    • 她上夜校。  ―  Tā shàng yèxiào.  ―  She goes to night school.
  7. to enter (a field); to appear (on stage, TV)
  8. to fit; to install; to apply
    • 上油漆  ―  shàng yóuqī  ―  to apply paint
  9. to screw; to tighten, to twist
  10. (colloquial) Short for 上線 (“to go online”).
  11. to connect to; browse (a website)
    • 上谷歌  ―  shàng Gǔgē  ―  to go on Google; to google
  12. (Min) to pull upwards or hang with a rope
  13. (Min Nan) to grow and attach
  14. (Xiamen Min Nan) to pile up
  15. (vulgar, of a male) to fuck; to have intercourse with a female
  16. Particle following verbs, indicating direction or achievement.
    • 安排上了。  ―  Ānpái shàng le.  ―  (please add an English translation of this example)
  17. 7th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ascension" (𝌌)

Pronunciation 3
Rime
Character 上
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 時掌切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑɨaŋX/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiaŋX/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shàng
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 上
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shàng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyangX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*Cə-daŋʔ/
English ascend

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 上
Reading # 1/2
No. 11102
Phonetic
component		 上
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 上
Old
Chinese		 /*djaŋʔ/
Definitions

上

  1. (～聲) (Chinese phonetics) rising tone in Chinese phonetics

Compounds
Derived terms from 上

Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 上 – see 緔 (“to sole a shoe”).
(This character, 上, is the second-round simplified form of 緔.)
Notes:

Etymology 3
For pronunciation and definitions of 上 – see 鞝 (“the piece of leather used for soles on Chinese shoes; a patch of leather”).
(This character, 上, is the second-round simplified form of 鞝.)
Notes:

Further reading

Japanese

Kanji
上

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. above, high, up
  2. earlier
  3. excellent, top
  4. certain time or place in the past
  5. limit
  6. climb, rise
  7. offer
  8. go to the center
  9. raise, bring up
  10. one of the four tones of Middle Chinese
  11. short for 上野国 (Kōzuke no kuni): Kōzuke Province

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
上
うえ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨upe2⟩ → /*upai̯/ → /upe/ → /ufe/ → /uwe/ → /ue/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *upay.

Bound apophonic form of uwa, ancient upa (see below), possibly by fusion with an emphatic nominal particle い (i).

Pronunciation

Noun

上 (hiragana うえ, rōmaji ue, historical hiragana うへ)

  1. the above
  2. the top (position or direction)
  3. the surface of
Antonyms
Derived terms
Derived terms
Idioms
Idioms
  • 上 (うえ)に立 (た)つ (ue ni tatsu)
  • 上 (うえ)には上 (うえ)がある (ue ni wa ue ga aru)
  • 上 (うえ)見 (み)ぬ鷲 (わし) (ue minu washi)
  • 上 (うえ)を行 (い)く (ue o iku)
  • 上 (うえ)を下 (した)へ (ue o shita e)
  • 上 (うえ)を見 (み)る (ue o miru)

Suffix

上 (hiragana うえ, rōmaji -ue, historical hiragana うへ)

  1. suffix addressing to a superior
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 姉上 (あねうえ) (ane-ue)
  • 父上 (ちちうえ) (chichi-ue)
  • 母上 (ははうえ) (haha-ue)

Proper noun

上 (hiragana うえ, rōmaji Ue, historical hiragana うへ)

  1. a surname

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
上
うわ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/upa/ → /ufa/ → /uwa/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *upa. The combining form of ue, ancient upe (see above).[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

上 (hiragana うわ, rōmaji uwa, historical hiragana うは)

  1. upper, over
Derived terms
Derived terms

Proper noun

上 (hiragana うわ, rōmaji Uwa, historical hiragana うは)

  1. a place name

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
上
へ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
Kanji in this term
上
え
Grade: 1
Irregular

⟨upe2⟩ → ⟨pe2⟩ → */pe/ → /fe/ → /he/

Short-form of or shift from ue, ancient upe (see above). Realized as -e in some compounds.

Pronunciation
  • (Irregular reading)
    • IPA(key): [e̞]
Usage notes

The senses are the same with ue.

Derived terms

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
上
かみ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨kami1⟩ → */kamʲi/ → /kami/

From Old Japanese. Already apparent in ancient texts such as the Kojiki (c. 712 CE) and the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).[1][4]

Distinct from 神 (⟨kami2⟩ → kami, “Shinto deity”).

Pronunciation

Noun

上 (hiragana かみ, rōmaji kami)

  1. the start
  2. a high place; the top
  3. one with higher rank
Antonyms
Derived terms
Derived terms
Idioms
Idioms
  • 上 (かみ)漏 (も)り下 (しも)潤 (うるお)う (kami mori shimo uruou)
  • 上 (かみ)を学 (まな)ぶ下 (しも) (kami o manabu shimo)

Proper noun

上 (hiragana かみ, rōmaji Kami)

  1. a place name
  2. a surname

Etymology 5
Kanji in this term
上
かん
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/kami/ → /kamʉ/ → /kaɴ/

Contraction of Old Japanese ⟨kami1⟩. Spelled in ancient works as かむ (kamu) prior to the development of the ん (n) kana.[1][4][5]

Pronunciation

Noun

上 (hiragana かん, rōmaji kan)

  1. (obsolete) Same as かみ (kami) above
Usage notes

Generally only found when followed by the genitive / possessive particles の (no) or つ (tsu).

Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 上達 (かんだち)部 (べ) (kandachibe), 上達部 (かんだちめ) (kandachime)
  • 上 (かん)林 (ばやし) (Kanbayashi)
  • 上牧 (かんまき) (Kanmaki)

Proper noun

上 (hiragana かん, rōmaji Kan)

  1. a place name

Etymology 6
Kanji in this term
上
じょう
Grade: 1
goon

/d͡ʑɨau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/

From Middle Chinese 上 (MC d͡ʑɨɐŋX, d͡ʑɨɐŋH).

Pronunciation

Noun

上 (hiragana じょう, rōmaji jō, historical hiragana じやう)

  1. the first volume in a two- or three-volume set
    Antonym: 下 (ge)

Suffix

上 (hiragana じょう, rōmaji -jō, historical hiragana じやう)

  1. from the standpoint of...
    理 (り)論 (ろん)上 (じょう)はありえないこと
    riron-jō wa arienai koto
    something that is impossible according to theory
    法 (ほう)律 (りつ)上 (じょう)の争 (そう)訟 (ちょう)
    hōritsu-jō no sōchō
    legal dispute
  2. aboard (a plane, ship, etc.)
  3. above, in, on
Derived terms
Derived terms

Proper noun

上 (hiragana じょう, rōmaji Jō, historical hiragana じやう)

  1. a surname

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  5. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

上 (eumhun 윗 상 (wit sang))

  1. Hanja form? of 상 (“top; first; best”).

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

上: Hán Việt readings: thượng (時(thì)亮(lượng)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4]
上: Nôm readings: thượng[1][3][4][5]

  1. Hán tự form of thượng (“upper; higher; top”).

Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. Trần (2004).
  3. Bonet (1899).
  4. Génibrel (1898).
  5. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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