ik

See also: IK, Ik, -ik, ik', and ik-

English
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Some information about this term is available in Wiktionary's entry on the Southern dialectal variant of this pronoun, ich, and in Wiktionary's entry on I.
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Angguruk Yali

Noun

ik

  1. water

References

Danish

Adverb

ik

  1. Alternative form of ik'

Dutch

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle Dutch ic, from Old Dutch ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Low German ik, West Frisian ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg. See I (English, etymology 3).[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): (stressed) /ɪk/, (unstressed) /ək/
  • audio(file)
  • Hyphenation: ik
  • Rhymes: -ɪk

Pronoun

ik

  1. First-person singular, subjective: I.

Inflection
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner
plural
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner
1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).		 5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.


Descendants
  • Afrikaans: ek

References
  1. Kluge, Friedrich (1989), Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological dictionary of the German language] (in German), 22nd edition, →ISBN

German Low German

Alternative forms
  • (enclitic) 'k, 'ck
  • ick
  • (Eastphalia, Lippe, County of Mark, Ruhr area) ek, eck
  • (Waldeckisch, when strongly emphasised) ikə
  • (Low Prussian) öck, eck

Etymology

From Middle Low German ik, from Old Saxon ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɪk/, /ek/

Pronoun

ik

  1. (most northern and western dialects) I (first person singular pronoun)
    Ik kem, ik sach, ik wünd.
    I came, I saw, I conquered. (Veni, vidi, vici. Attributed to Julius Caesar.)
    • 2012, Wilma Schlüter, Ik küer Platt: de Johrestieten int Münsterland →ISBN
  • mien (“my, mine”, possessive); mi (“me”, dative (also generally used in place of the accusative)); mik; wi pl (“we”)

See also
  • (Plautdietsch) ekj, etj

Gothic

Romanization

ik

  1. Romanization of 𐌹𐌺

Kaqchikel

Noun

ik

  1. sun
  2. chili

Latvian

Adverb

ik

  1. every

Marshallese

Noun

ik

  1. Alternative spelling of ek

Middle English

Etymology

From Old English ic, perhaps with influence from Old Norse ek; both from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ (“I”).

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ik

  1. (chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of I
    • circa 1300, Homilies:
      Forthi wil I of my pouert, Schau sum thing that ik haf in hert, [...]
    • circa 1300, Cursor Mundi:
      Her ik haf a litil spend, In word eftir þat ik entend, [...]
    • circa 1390, Chaucer:
      But ik am oold me list not pleye for age.

Descendants

Middle Low German

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Saxon ik, from Proto-Germanic *ik.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɪk/

Pronoun

ik

  1. I (first person singular nominative)

Declension
Middle Low German personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative genitive
1st person singular ik (ek)mî (mê, mik, mek)mîn (mîner)
2nd person singular dûdî (dê, dik, dek)dîn (dîner)
3rd person singular
m hê (hî, hie)ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn)ēme, em (ȫme, en)sîn (sîner)
n it (et)
f sê (sî, sie, sü̂)ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural wî (wê, wie)uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik)unser (ûser)
2nd person plural gî (jê, î)jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik)jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural sê (sî, sie)em, öm, jüm (en; ehnen, ohnen, öhnen)ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

Descendants

North Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Dutch ik, German Low German ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɪk/

Pronoun

ik

  1. I

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronoun

ik

  1. I

Declension
Old Dutch personal pronouns
1st person Singular Plural
Nominative ik, ic, ih wī, wīr
Accusative mī, mik, *mic uns, unsig
Genitive mīn unsa, *unser
Dative mī uns, unsig
2nd person Singular Plural
Nominative thu, tu gī, ir
Accusative thī, thik, *thic iu,
Genitive thīn iuwa, *iuwer
Dative thī iu
3rd person Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative hē, hie sia it
Accusative imo sia it
Genitive sīn, is iro is
Dative imo iro imo
Plural
Nominative sia, sie (masc. plur.)
Accusative sia, sie (masc. plur.)
Genitive iro
Dative im

Descendants
  • Middle Dutch: ic
    • Dutch: ik
      • Afrikaans: ek

Further reading
  • “ik”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old Frisian

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Old Saxon ik, Old English iċ, Old Dutch ik, Old High German ih, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

Pronoun

ik

  1. I

Inflection
Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
nominative ik thū hī hiū, hiō hit wī jī hiā
accusative mī thī hine hiā hit ūs jū, jō hiā
dative mī thī him hire, hiāre him ūs jū, jō him, hirem, hiārem
genitive mīn thīn sīn hire, hiāre sīn ūser jūwer hira, hiāra

Descendants
  • North Frisian: ick, ik
  • Saterland Frisian: iek
  • West Frisian: ik

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Old Frisian ik, Old English iċ, Old Dutch ik, Old High German ih, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

Pronoun

ik

  1. I

Declension
Old Saxon personal pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative ik thū hē siu it
Accusative mī, me, mik thī, thik ina sia
Dative mī thī imu iru it
Genitive mīn thīn is ira is
Dual 1. 2. - - -
Nominative wit git - - -
Accusative unk ink - - -
Dative
Genitive unkero - - -
Plural 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative wī, we gī, ge sia sia siu
Accusative ūs, unsik eu, iu, iuu
Dative ūs im
Genitive ūser euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera iro

Descendants
  • German Low German: ik

Pass Valley Yali

Noun

ik

  1. water

References

Pwaamei

Noun

ik

  1. louse

References
  • Jim Hollyman, K. J. Hollyman, Études sur les langues du Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1999), page 52

Scots

Etymology

From Middle English ik, from Old English ic (“I”, pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *ek (“I”, pronoun).

Pronoun

ik

  1. (rare) I. Now mostly used to be emphatical.
    Wha did that? Ik! ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    • 1375, John Barbour, The Brus:
      For Ik am he, I say the soithly, [...]
      (please add an English translation of this quote)
Synonyms

See also

West Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɪk/
  • (unstressed) IPA(key): /k/

Pronoun

ik

  1. I (first person singular nominative pronoun)

Inflection
West Frisian personal pronouns
Number Person Nominative Objective Possessive
Normal Reflexive Determiner Pronoun
Singular First ik my mysels myn mines
Second Informal do/dû1 dy dysels dyn dines
Formal jo jo josels jo jowes
Third Masculine hy him himsels syn sines
Feminine sy/hja1 har harsels har harres
Neuter it it himsels syn sines
Plural First wy ús ússels ús uzes
Second jim(me) jim(me) jimmes jimsels/jinsels jim(me)
Third sy/hja1 har(ren) harsels har(ren) harres
1. Now mostly archaic and unused

Further reading
  • “ik (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
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