ze
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ze"
English
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /zə/
Article
ze
- Nonstandard spelling of the (usually signifying a foreign accent, often French or German).
- 1992, Tristan Jones, Adrift, page 257:
- Then one French-American sous-chef, still in his white kitchen gear, climbed down from the cockpit, where he had been inspecting the cabin, peering inside, murmuring, "wonderfool–wonderfool, ze workmansheep!"
- 1992, Tristan Jones, Adrift, page 257:
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /zi/
Pronoun
ze
- (rare, nonstandard) a Gender-neutral third-person singular subject pronoun, equivalent to singular they, and coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
- 1996 June, Sullivan, Caitlin; Bornstein, Kate, Nearly Roadkill: an Infobahn erotic adventure, New York: Serpent's Tail, →ISBN, LCCN 95072971, OL 820831M, LCC PS3569.U3449 N43 1996, page 10:
- But I do know what sex ze is. It used to influence me. But now I talk to hir like a normal person. I mean, without thinking about what ze is.
- 1997 December 18, Bornstein, Kate, My Gender Workbook: How to Become a Real Man, a Real Woman, the Real You, or Something Else Entirely, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, LCCN 98134184, OL 7495768M, LCC HQ1075.B69 1998, page 130:
- A case in point is Tula, a transgendered woman who for years lived well as a model and actress until ze was outed in both national and international media.
- 2006 March 22, Feinberg, Leslie, Drag King Dreams, New York: Carroll & Graf, →ISBN, LCCN 2006297545, OL 17890120M, LCC PS3556.E427 D73 2006, page 205:
- Ze takes my right hand in hirs and folds it into a fist.
- 2010 October 12, Lopez, Erika, The Girl Must Die: A Monster Girl Memoir, Hicken, Jeffrey, San Francisco: Monster Girl Media, →ISBN, LCCN 21010902427, page 143:
- Ze changed hir name to one of those New Testament names, and re-fashioned hirself into a soft, puffy, half-finished hermaphrodite nicknamed, The Pop n' Fresh Doe.
- 2011 March 15, Locke, M. J., Up Against It, New York: Tor, →ISBN, LCCN 2010036538, OL 24494916M, LCC PS3612.O249 U7 2011, page 361:
- Hir face was implacable, but ze dashed away in tears.
-
Usage notes
- The genderqueer community are the primary proponents of ze. One refers to a person with ze and hir or zir typically (a) when their gender is unknown, and one wishes to avoid assuming their gender, or (b) when they are neither male nor female in gender, making he and she (and also either/or terms like s/he or (s)he) inappropriate and potentially hurtful.
Synonyms
- see Appendix:English third-person singular pronouns
See also
- other attested and proposed gender-neutral pronouns
Albanian
Etymology
A Gheg dialect word, of unclear origin.
Aukan
Cimbrian
Etymology 1
From Middle High German si(e) (“they”), merged from Old High German sie m pl, sio f pl, siu n pl, from Proto-Germanic *īz m, *ijôz f, *ijō n, the nominative plural forms of *iz. Cognate with German sie, Dutch zij.
Alternative forms
Inflection
Cimbrian personal pronouns
nominative | accusative | dative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich | mich | miar | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich | diar |
polite | iart | ach | òich | |
3rd person singular | m | èar, ar | in, en | iime |
f | zi, ze | iar | ||
n | es, is | es, 's | iime | |
1st person plural | bar, bandare | zich | izandarn | |
2nd person plural | iart, artandare, iart-andare | òich, ach | ogandarn | |
3rd person plural | ze, zòi, zandare | zich | innandarn |
Etymology 2
References
- “ze” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Czech
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /zɛ/
audio (file)
Usage notes
This preposition is followed by the genitive case.
Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /zə/
Audio (file)
Pronoun
ze
- Unstressed form of zij (feminine singular subject)
- Daar zit ze. ― There she is sitting.
- Unstressed form of zij (plural subject)
- Daar zitten ze. ― There they are sitting.
- Unstressed form of haar (feminine singular object)
- Ik zie ze. ― I see her.
- Unstressed form of hen, hun (plural object)
- Ik zie ze. ― I see them.
Usage notes
- In the Netherlands, ze is used as a reduced form of haar chiefly when referring to feminine inanimate things:
- Ik wist de waarheid niet en ik wilde ze ook niet weten.
- I didn’t know the truth and didn’t wish to know it either.
- Even in this case, it is often avoided by using the masculine form hem or, in formal style, the full form haar.
- In Belgium, ze is usual as a reduced form of haar even when referring to persons (as in the example further above).
Inflection
Dutch personal pronouns
subject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
Adverb
ze
- (following an imperative) break a leg, go get 'em, do well, good luck
- Werk ze vanavond!
- Good luck working tonight!
- Werk ze vanavond!
Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ze/, /zɛ/
Lower Sorbian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /zɛ/
Preposition
ze
- Alternative form of z (both meanings; used before sibilants and certain consonant clusters)
- Stej bratš ze sotšu. ― They are brother and sister(lit. ‘brother with sister’).
Luxembourgish
Alternative forms
- zu (for the adverb, when stressed)
Etymology
From Middle High German ze, from Old High German zi, from Proto-Germanic *ta, reduced form of *tō, whence Luxembourgish zu and zou.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /tsə/
Preposition
ze
- to (with a following infinitive)
- De Kaffi ass ze waarm fir ze drénken.
- The coffee is too hot to drink.
- De Kaffi ass ze waarm fir ze drénken.
Adverb
ze
- too (more than enough, when unstressed)
- De Kaffi ass ze waarm fir ze drénken.
- The coffee is too hot to drink.
- De Kaffi ass ze waarm fir ze drénken.
Mandarin
Usage notes
- English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.
Middle English
Etymology
From Old English sǣ.
Turkish
Turkmen
Xhosa
Etymology
Inflection
This entry needs an inflection-table template.
Zazaki
Zulu
Etymology 1
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /zé/
Inflection
Relative concord, tone class H | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Modifier | Copulative | |||
positive | negative | positive | negative | |
1st singular | engize | engingeze | ngize | angize |
2nd singular | oze | ongeze | uze | awuze |
1st plural | esize | esingeze | size | asize |
2nd plural | enize | eningeze | nize | anize |
Class 1 | oze | ongeze | uze | akaze |
Class 2 | abaze | abangeze | baze | abaze |
Class 3 | oze | ongeze | uze | awuze |
Class 4 | eze | engeze | ize | ayize |
Class 5 | elize | elingeze | lize | alize |
Class 6 | aze | angeze | aze | awaze |
Class 7 | esize | esingeze | size | asize |
Class 8 | ezize | ezingeze | zize | azize |
Class 9 | eze | engeze | ize | ayize |
Class 10 | ezize | ezingeze | zize | azize |
Class 11 | oluze | olungeze | luze | aluze |
Class 14 | obuze | obungeze | buze | abuze |
Class 15 | okuze | okungeze | kuze | akuze |
Class 17 | okuze | okungeze | kuze | akuze |
Derived terms
- ize
- ubuze
Etymology 2
From -za (“to come”).
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ze/
Verb
-ze
- (auxiliary, in positive) until [+subjunctive]
- Sizolinda baze bafike.
- We will wait until they arrive.
- Sakhuluma waze wafika uthisha.
- We talked until the teacher arrived.
- Sizolinda baze bafike.
- (auxiliary, in positive, past) used in exclamations [+subjunctive]
- Waze wamuhle umakoti!
- Oh how beautiful the bride is!
- Waze wamuhle umakoti!
- (auxiliary, in negative, present) never [+potential]
- Angize ngingadla inyama.
- I never eat meat.
- Angize ngingadla inyama.
- (auxiliary, in negative, past) never [+subjunctive]
- Akazange agibele ihhashi.
- He has never ridden a horse.
- Akazange agibele ihhashi.
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
References
C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “-ze”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-ze”
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