Violence against LGBT people
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| Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights |
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| Part of a series on |
| Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people |
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people can face violence motivated by hateful attitudes towards their sexuality or gender identity.[1] Violence may be executed by the state, as in laws prescribing corporal punishment for homosexual acts (see homosexuality laws), or by individuals engaging in intimidation, mobbing, assault, or lynching (see gay bashing, trans bashing). Violence targeted at people because of their perceived sexuality can be psychological or physical and can extend to murder. These actions may be motivated by homophobia, lesbophobia, biphobia, transphobia, and may be influenced by cultural, religious, or political mores and biases.[2]
Currently, homosexual acts are legal in almost all Western countries, and in many of these countries violence against LGBT people is classified as a hate crime,[3] with such violence often being connected with conservative or religious leaning ideologies which condemn homosexuality, or being perpetrated by individuals who associate homosexuality with being weak, ill, feminine, or immoral. Outside the West, many countries, particularly those where the dominant religion is Islam, most African countries (excluding South Africa), most Asian countries (excluding the LGBT-friendly countries of Israel, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines) and some former-Communist countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, such as Russia, Poland, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, are currently very dangerous for LGBT people because of discrimination against homosexuals which influences both discriminatory legislation and physical violence.[4]
In Europe, the European Union's Employment Equality Framework Directive and Charter of Fundamental Rights offer some protection against sexuality-based discrimination.
Historically, state-sanctioned persecution of homosexuals was mostly limited to male homosexuality, termed "sodomy". During the medieval and early modern period, the penalty for sodomy was usually death. During the modern period (from the 19th century to the mid-20th century) in the Western world, the penalty was usually a fine or imprisonment.
There was a drop in locations where homosexual acts remained illegal from 2009 when there were 80 countries worldwide (notably throughout the Middle East, Central Asia and in most of Africa, but also in some of the Caribbean and Oceania) with five carrying the death penalty[5] to 2016 when 72 countries criminalized consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex[6].
Brazil is reported to have the world's highest LGBT murder rate, with more than 380 murders in 2017 alone, an increase of 30% compared to 2016.[7]
State-sanctioned violence
Historic
The Middle East
An early law against sexual intercourse between men is recorded in Leviticus by the Hebrew people, prescribing the death penalty. A violent law regarding homosexual intercourse is prescribed in the Middle Assyrian Law Codes (1075 BCE), stating: "If a man lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch".
In the account given in Tacitus Germania, the death penalty was reserved for two kinds of capital offenses: military treason or desertion was punished by hanging, and moral infamy (cowardice and homosexuality: ignavos et imbelles at corpore infames); Gordon translates corpore infames as "unnatural prostitutes"; Tacitus refers to male homosexuality, see David F. Greenberg, The construction of homosexuality, p. 242 f. Scholarship compares the later Germanic concept of Old Norse argr, Langobardic arga, which combines the meanings "effeminate, cowardly, homosexual", see Jaan Puhvel, 'Who were the Hittite hurkilas pesnes?' in: A. Etter (eds.), O-o-pe-ro-si (FS Risch), Walter de Gruyter, 1986, p. 154.
Europe
In Republican Rome, the poorly attested Lex Scantinia penalized an adult male for committing a sex crime (stuprum) against an underage male citizen (ingenuus). It is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine. The law may also have been used to prosecute adult male citizens who willingly took a pathic role in same-sex acts, but prosecutions are rarely recorded and the provisions of the law are vague; as John Boswell has noted, "if there was a law against homosexual relations, no one in Cicero's day knew anything about it."[8] When the Roman Empire came under Christian rule, all male homosexual activity was increasingly repressed, often on pain of death.[9] In 342 CE, the Christian emperors Constantius and Constans declared same-sex marriage to be illegal.[10] Shortly after, in the year 390 CE, emperors Valentinian II, Theodosius I and Arcadius declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be publicly burned alive.[9] Emperor Justinian I (527–565 CE) made homosexuals a scapegoat for problems such as "famines, earthquakes, and pestilences."[11]
Laws and codes prohibiting homosexual practice were in force in Europe from the fourth[9] to the twentieth centuries, and Muslim countries have had similar laws from the beginnings of Islam in the seventh century up to and including the present day. Abbasid Baghdad, under the Caliph Al-Hadi (785–786 CE), punished homosexuality with death.
During the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of France and the City of Florence also instated the death penalty. In Florence, a young boy named Giovanni di Giovanni (1350–1365?) was castrated and burned between the thighs with a red-hot iron by court order under this law.[12][13] These punishments continued into the Renaissance, and spread to the Swiss canton of Zürich. Knight Richard von Hohenberg (died 1482) was burned at the stake together with his lover, his young squire, during this time. In France, French writer Jacques Chausson (1618–1661) was also burned alive for attempting to seduce the son of a nobleman.
In 17th century Malta, there was harsh prejudice and laws towards those who were found guilty or speak openly of being involved in same-sex activity. English voyager and author William Lithgow, writing in March 1616, says a Spanish soldier and a Maltese teenage boy were publicly burnt to ashes for confessing to have practiced sodomy together.[14] As a consequence, and fear to similar faith, about a hundred males involved in same-sex prostitution sailed to Sicily the following day. This episode, published abroad by a foreign writer, is the most detailed account of LGBT life during the rule of the Order. It represents that homosexuality was still a taboo, but a widespread practice, an open secret, and LGBT-related information was suppressed.[15]
In England, the Buggery Act of 1534 made sodomy and bestiality punishable by death. This act was replaced in 1828, but sodomy remained punishable by death under the new act until 1861. The last executions were in 1835.
In Nazi Germany, homosexuals were among the groups targeted by the Holocaust (See Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust). (In 1936, the homosexual Federico García Lorca was executed by right-wing rebels who became Franco's dictatorship in Spain, Hitler's ally.) Neo-Nazis generally oppose homosexuality to the extent of supporting a renewed persecution the way it took place in Nazi Germany. Being homosexual is equated with being unmasculine and the German word ″Schwul″ ('gay') is used by German Neonazis as a curse word.[16]
Contemporary
| Same-sex intercourse legal | |||
| | Marriage1 | | Marriage recognized but not performed1 |
| | Civil unions1 | | Unregistered cohabitation1 |
| | Same-sex unions not recognized | | Laws restricting freedom of expression and association |
| Same-sex intercourse illegal | |||
| | Unenforced penalty2 | | Imprisonment |
| | Up to life imprisonment | | Death penalty |
1Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other types of partnerships.
2No arrests in the past three years or moratorium on law.
As of August 2016, 72 countries criminalize consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex.[6] They are punishable by death in eight countries:
- Brunei
- Iran (fourth conviction)
- Mauritania
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia: Although the maximum punishment for homosexuality is execution, the government tends to use other punishments (fines, prison sentence, and whipping), unless it feels that homosexuals have challenged state authority by engaging in LGBT social movements.[17]
- Sudan
- Yemen
- Parts of Nigeria and Somalia[6]
Countries where homosexual acts are criminalized but not punished by death, by region, include:[18]
Africa
- Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria (death penalty in some states), Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia (death penalty in some states), South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Asia
- Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Kuwait, Malaysia, Aceh, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Gaza Strip under Palestinian Authority
America
- Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Pacific Islands
Afghanistan, where such acts remain punishable with fines and a prison sentence, dropped the death penalty after the fall of the Taliban in 2001, who had mandated it from 1996. India criminalized homosexuality until June 2, 2009, when the High Court of Delhi declared section 377 of the Indian Penal Code invalid.[19]
Jamaica has some of the toughest sodomy laws in the world, with homosexual activity carrying a 10-year jail sentence.[20][20][21][22]
International human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime.[23][24] Since 1994, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[25][26][27]
Level of criminalization
Worldwide, As of September 2018, homosexuality is ilegal in 70 or 71 countries (if we include Palestine, where homosexuality is illegal in Gaza but legal in West Bank), 2 disputed territories (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Somaliland) and 1 territory (Cook Islands) by a total of 73. However, all the countries and territories in The Americas and Oceania where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending, the same situation repeat itself in few countries in Asia and Africa:
- Unenforced penalty (30 countries and 1 territory).
- Imprisonment (28 countries and 2 disputed territories).
- Up to life imprisonment (7 countries).
- Death penalty (5 countries).
Africa
In Africa, homosexuality is illegal in 34 of 54 countries (Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros. Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and in 2 disputed territories (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Somaliland). However, is legal in 20 countries, in all 8 territories and in a few countries of Africa where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending.
| LGBT rights in: | Region | Same-sex sexual activity |
|---|---|---|
| Unenforced penalty (11 countries) | ||
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Northern Africa |  Penalty: Fine and up to 2 years imprisonment (Not enforced). |
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Southern Africa | Penalty: Fines, restrictions or penal labor (Not enforced). Legalization pending |
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Southern Africa | Penalty: Fine to up to 7 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Legalization pending |
 |
Southeast Africa | Penalty: 3 months to 2 years imprisonment (Not enforced). |
 |
Indian Ocean States | Penalty: 5 years imprisonment and fines (Not enforced). |
 |
Horn of Africa | Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Not enforced). |
 |
Western Africa | Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more (Not enforced).
|
 |
Indian Ocean States | Penalty: Up to 5 years imprisonment (not enforced).
+ UN decl. sign. |
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Southern Africa |
|
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Western Africa | Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).
|
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Western Africa | Penalty: Fine and 3 years imprisonment (Not enforced). |
| Imprisonment (17 countries and 2 disputed territories) | ||
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Central Africa | Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment. |
 |
Southern Africa | Penalty: 3 months to 2 years imprisonment. |
 |
Northern Africa |  Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.
|
 |
Horn of Africa | Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more. |
 |
Western Africa | Penalty: 6 months to 3 years imprisonment. |
 |
Southeast Africa | Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment. |
 |
Western Africa | Penalty: 1 year imprisonment. |
 |
Northern Africa | |
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Southern Africa | Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment and whippings (Law suspended from usage since 2012). |
 |
Northern Africa | Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment. |
 |
Western Africa | Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment. |
 |
Northern Africa | Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment. |
 |
Western Africa | Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment. |
 |
Horn of Africa |  Penalty: Up to death (no known cases of death sentences have been handed out for same-sex sexual activity). |
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Horn of Africa | Penalty: Up to death (no known cases of death sentences have been handed out for same-sex sexual activity). |
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Northern Africa | Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment. |
 |
Southern Africa |
|
 |
Northern Africa | Legalization proposed |
 |
Southern Africa |
|
| Up to life imprisonment (4 countries) | ||
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Western Africa | Penalty: Up to Iife imprisonment. |
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Southeast Africa | Illegal since 1899 Penalty: Up to life imprisonment. |
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Southeast Africa | Penalty: Up to life imprisonment. |
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Southern Africa | Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment. |
| Death penalty (2 countries) | ||
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Western Africa | Penalty: Death by stoning. |
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Northern Africa | Penalty: Death penalty on third offense for men and on fourth offense for women. |
The Americas
In The Americas, homosexuality is illegal in 9 of 35 countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). However is legal 26 countries, in all 21 territories, and in all the countries in The Americas where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending.
| LGBT rights in: | Region | Same-sex sexual activity |
|---|---|---|
| Unenforced penalty (9 countries) | ||
 |
Caribbean | Penalty: 15-year prison sentence (Not enforced). |
 |
Caribbean | Penalty: Life imprisonment (Not enforced). Legalization proposed |
 |
Caribbean | Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution (Not enforced). + UN decl. sign. |
 |
Caribbean | Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).
|
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South America | Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced). |
 |
Caribbean | Penalty: 10 years hard labor (Not enforced).
|
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Caribbean | Penalty: 10 years (Not enforced).
|
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Caribbean | Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).
|
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Caribbean | Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced). |
Asia
In Asia, homosexuality is illegal in 21 of 49 countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Iran, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan and Yemen). However is legal in 28 countries, in all 4 territories, and in a few countires of Asia where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending.
| LGBT rights in: | Region | Same-sex sexual activity |
|---|---|---|
| Unenforced penalty (4 countries) | ||
 |
South Asia | Penalty: Prison sentence up to 1 year (Not enforced). |
 |
West Asia | Legalization pending. |
 |
Southeast Asia | Penalty: up to 2 years prison sentence (Not enforced since 1999).
|
 |
South Asia | Legalization proposed |
| Imprisonment (11 countries) | ||
 |
Central Asia | Penalty: Long imprisonment or death penalty (No known cases of death sentences have been handed out for same-sex sexual activity after the end of Taliban rule). |
 |
Southeast Asia | Penalty: Fines and imprisonment up to 10 years or death by stoning (No known cases of death sentences have been handed out for same-sex sexual activity). |
 |
West Asia | Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
|
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Southeast Asia | Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2-20 years), or whippings. |
 |
South Asia | Penalty: For men, the punishment is banishment for nine months to one year or a whipping of 10 to 30 strokes. For women, it is house arrest for nine months to one year. |
 |
West Asia | Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal"). |
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West Asia | Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment, or death penalty (Not enforced). |
 |
West Asia | Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended) |
 |
Central Asia | Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.
|
 |
West Asia | Penalty: deportation, fines, prison sentences or death penalty (Not enforced). Illegal in the emirate of Dubai Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment. Illegal in the emirate of Abu Dhabi Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment. |
 |
Central Asia | Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment.
|
| Up to life imprisonment (3 countries) | ||
 |
South Asia | Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment. |
 |
Southeast Asia | Penalty: Up to life sentence (Not enforced). |
 |
South Asia | Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Not enforced). |
| Death penalty (3 countries) | ||
 |
West Asia | Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (although there are recorded cases of minors who were executed because of their sexual orientation). For women, 50 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction. |
 |
West Asia | Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines and/or whipping/flogging, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution. |
 |
West Asia | Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, married men with death by stoning. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention. |
Oceania
In Oceania, homosexuality is illegal in 6 of 14 countries (Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Tuvalu) and in 1 of 12 territories (Cook Islands). However, it is legal in 8 countries, in 11 territories and in all the countries and territories in Oceania where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending.
| LGBT rights in: | Region | Same-sex sexual activity |
|---|---|---|
| Unenforced penalty (6 countries and 1 territory) | ||
 |
Polynesia | Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
Legalization pending
|
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Micronesia | Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
|
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Melanesia | Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
|
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Polynesia | Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
|
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Melanesia | Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). |
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Polynesia | Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
|
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Polynesia | Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced).
|
Legal
Worldwide, as of September 2018, homosexuality is legal in 133 of 193 countries (in the UN), in 7 of 9 disputed territories (with the exceptions of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Somaliland) and in 50 of 51 territories (with the exception of the Cook Islands) by a total of 190. However, in various countries where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending.
Africa
In Africa, as of September 2018, homosexuality is legal in 20 of 54 countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles and South Africa) and in all 8 territories (Canary Islands, Ceuta, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Madeira, Mayotte, Melilla, Réunion and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha). However, in a few countries in Africa where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending.
| Northern Africa | |
|---|---|
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
| Western Africa | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
Age of consent discrepancy |
 |
|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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|
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Age of consent discrepancy |
| Central Africa | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
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|
 |
|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
Age of consent discrepancy |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
| Southeast Africa | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
| Horn of Africa | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
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|
| Indian Ocean states | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
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(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the territory) |
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(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country); Age of consent discrepancy |
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(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the region) |
|
|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
| Southern Africa | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
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Female always legal |
 |
|
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Female always legal + UN decl. sign. |
The Americas
In The Americas, as of September 2018, homosexuality is legal in 26 of 35 countries (Argentina, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela) and in all 21 territories (Anguilla, Aruba, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius), Cayman Islands, Curaçao, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Greenland, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Sint Maarten, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands and United States Virgin Islands). However, in all countries in The Americas where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending.
| North America | |
|---|---|
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
|
| Central America | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
|
 |
+ UN decl. sign |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
| Caribbean | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
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|
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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|
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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|
| South America | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
Aof consent discrepancy + UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
Age of consent discrepancy + UN decl. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
Asia
In Asia, as of September 2018, homosexuality is legal in 28 of 49 countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, East Timor, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Palestine, Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey and Vietnam) with 3 exceptions (in the provinces of Aceh, South Sumatra, and the city of Palembang (Applies only to Muslims) in Indonesia; in Gaza, Palestine; and Chechnya, Russia where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. See Gay concentration camps in Chechnya), but is also legal in all 4 disputed territories (Abkhazia, Artsakh, Northern Cyprus and South Ossetia) and in all 4 territories (Akrotiri and Dhekelia, British Indian Ocean Territory, Hong Kong and Macau). However, a few countries in Asia where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced de facto and in some cases the legalization has been proposed or is pending.
| Central Asia | |
|---|---|
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
|
 |
|
| Eurasia | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
|
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
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|
 |
|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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|
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|
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Female always legal |
 |
|
 |
|
| West Asia | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
|
 |
|
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
|
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West Bank:
|
| South Asia | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
| East Asia | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
|
 |
|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) |
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(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign. |
 |
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) |
| Southeast Asia | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
|
 |
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) |
 |
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign. |
Europe
Since 2014, homosexuality is legal in all 51 countries, 5 disputed territories and 6 dependencies and other territories of Europe, becoming in the first continent where homosexuality is legal completely.
| European Union | |
|---|---|
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
|
| Central Europe | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
Legal in West Germany since 1969 + UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798 + UN decl. sign. |
| Eastern Europe | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
|
|
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
|
|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
|
Female always legal |
|
|
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|
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+ UN decl. sign. |
| Northern Europe | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
(As part of Denmark) + UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
| Southern Europe | |
| LGBT rights in: | Same-sex sexual activity |
|
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
 |
+ UN decl. sign. |
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+ UN decl. sign. |
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Oceania
As of September 2018, homosexuality is legal in 8 of 14 countries (Australia (including territories of 
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Criminal assault
Even in countries where homosexuality is legal (most countries outside of Africa and the Middle East), there are reports of homosexual people being targeted with bullying or physical assault or even homicide.
According to the Grupo Gay da Bahia, Brazil's oldest gay rights NGO, the rate of murders of homosexuals in Brazil is particularly high, with a reported 3,196 cases over the 30-year period of 1980 to 2009 (or about 0.7 cases per 100,000 population per annum).[28] Brazilian gay group Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB) reported 190 documented alleged homophobic murders in Brazil in 2008, accounting for about 0.5% of intentional homicides in Brazil (homicide rate 22 per 100,000 population as of 2008). 64% of the victims were gay men, 32% were trans women or transvestites, and 4% were lesbians.[29] By comparison, the FBI reported five homophobic murders in the United States during 2008, corresponding to 0.03% of intentional homicides (homicide rate 5.4 per 100,000 population as of 2008).
The numbers produced by the Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB) have occasionally been contested on the grounds that they include all murders of LGBT people reported in the media — that is, not only those motivated by bias against homosexuals. Reinaldo de Azevedo, columnist of the right-wing Veja magazine, Brazil's most read weekly publication, called the GGB's methodology "unscientific" based on the above objection: that they make no distinction between murders motivated by bias and those that were not.[30] On the high level of murders of transsexuals, he suggested transsexuals' allegedly high involvement with the drug trade may expose them to higher levels of violence as compared to non-transgender homosexuals and heterosexuals.
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In many parts of the world, including much of the European Union and United States, acts of violence are legally classified as hate crimes, which entail harsher sentences if convicted. In some countries, this form of legislation extends to verbal abuse as well as physical violence.
Violent hate crimes against LGBT people tend to be especially brutal, even compared to other hate crimes: "an intense rage is present in nearly all homicide cases involving gay male victims". It is rare for a victim to just be shot; he is more likely to be stabbed multiple times, mutilated, and strangled. "They frequently involved torture, cutting, mutilation... showing the absolute intent to rub out the human being because of his (sexual) preference".[31] In a particularly brutal case in the United States, on March 14, 2007, in Wahneta, Florida, 25-year-old Ryan Keith Skipper was found dead from 20 stab wounds and a slit throat. His body had been dumped on a dark, rural road less than 2 miles from his home. His two alleged attackers, William David Brown, Jr., 20, and Joseph Eli Bearden, 21, were indicted for robbery and first-degree murder. Highlighting their malice and contempt for the victim, the accused killers allegedly drove around in Skipper's blood-soaked car and bragged of killing him. According to a sheriff's department affidavit, one of the men stated that Skipper was targeted because "he was a faggot."[32]
In Canada in 2008, police-reported data found that approximately 10% of all hate crimes in the country were motivated by sexual orientation. Of these, 56% were of a violent nature. In comparison, 38% of all racially motivated offenses were of a violent nature.[32]
In the same year in the United States, according to Federal Bureau of Investigation data, though 4,704 crimes were committed due to racial bias and 1,617 were committed due to sexual orientation, only one murder and one forcible rape were committed due to racial bias, whereas five murders and six rapes were committed based on sexual orientation.[33] In Northern Ireland in 2008, 160 homophobic incidents and 7 transphobic incidents were reported. Of those incidents, 68.4% were violent crimes; significantly higher than for any other bias category. By contrast, 37.4% of racially motivated crimes were of a violent nature.[32]
People's ignorance of and prejudice against LGBT people can contribute to the spreading of misinformation about them and subsequently to violence. In 2018, a transgender woman was killed by a mob in Hyderabad, India, following false rumors that transgender women were sex trafficking children. Three other transgender women were injured in the attack.[34]
Recent research on university-level students indicated the importance of queer visibility and its impact in creating a positive experience for LGBTIQ+ members of a campus community, this can reduce the impact and effect of incidents on youth attending university. When there is a poor climate - students are much less likely to report incidents or seek help.[35]
Legislation against homophobic hate crimes
Members of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe began describing hate crimes based on sexual orientation (as opposed to generic anti-discrimination legislation) to be counted as aggravating circumstance in the commission of a crime in 2003.[36]
The United States does not have federal legislation marking sexual orientation as criteria for hate crimes, but several states, including the District of Columbia, enforce harsher penalties for crimes where real or perceived sexual orientation may have been a motivator. Among these 12 countries as well, only the United States has criminal law that specifically mentions gender identity, and even then only in 11 states and the District of Colombia.[32] In November 2010, the United Nations General Assembly voted 79-70 to remove "sexual orientation" from the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, a list of unjustified reasons for executions, replacing it with "discriminatory reasons on any basis".[37] The resolution specifically mentions a large number of groups, including race, religion, linguistic differences, refugees, street children and indigenous peoples.[38]
Legal and police response to these types of hate crimes is hard to gauge, however. Lack of reporting by authorities on the statistics of these crimes and under-reporting by the victims themselves are factors for this difficulty.[32] Often a victim will not report a crime as it will shed unwelcome light on their orientation and invite more victimization.[39]
Alleged judicative bias
Canadian MLA Spencer Herbert[39]
Legal defenses like the gay panic defense allow for more lenient punishments for people accused of beating, torturing, or killing homosexuals because of their orientation. These arguments posit that the attacker was so enraged by their victim's advances as to cause temporary insanity, leaving them unable to stop themselves or tell right from wrong. In these cases, if the loss of faculties is proven, or sympathized to the jury, an initially severe sentence may be significantly reduced. In several common law countries, the mitigatory defense of provocation has been used in violent attacks against LGBT persons, which has led several Australian states and territories to modify their legislation, in order to prevent or reduce the using of this legal defense in cases of violent responses to non-violent homosexual advances.
There have been several highly publicized cases where people convicted of violence against LGBT people have received shorter sentences. One such case is that of Kenneth Brewer. On 30 September 1997, he met Stephen Bright at a local gay bar. He bought the younger man drinks and they later went back to Brewer's apartment. While there, Brewer made a sexual advance toward Bright, and Bright beat him to death. Bright was initially charged with second-degree murder, but he was eventually convicted of third-degree assault and was sentenced to one year in prison.[40][41] Cases like Bright's are not isolated. In 2001, Aaron Webster was beaten to death by a group of youths armed with baseball bats and a pool cue while hanging around an area of Stanley Park frequented by gay men. Ryan Cran was convicted of manslaughter in the case in 2004 and released on parole in 2009 after serving only 4 years of his six-year sentence.[39] Two youths were tried under Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act and sentenced to three years after pleading guilty. A fourth assailant was acquitted.[39]
Judges are not immune to letting their own prejudices affect their judgment either. In 1988, Texas Judge Jack Hampton gave a man 30 years for killing two gay men, instead of the life sentence requested by the prosecutor. After handing down his judgment, he said: "I don't much care for queers cruising the streets picking up teenage boys ...[I] put prostitutes and gays at about the same level ... and I'd be hard put to give somebody life for killing a prostitute."[40]
In 1987, a Florida judge trying a case concerning the beating to death of a gay man asked the prosecutor, "That's a crime now, to beat up a homosexual?" The prosecutor responded, "Yes, sir. And it's also a crime to kill them." "Times have really changed," the judge replied. The judge, Daniel Futch, maintained that he was joking, but was removed from the case.[31][40]
Attacks on gay pride parades
Moscow police to women arrested at a demonstration[32]
LGBT Pride Parades often attract violence because of their public nature. Though many countries where such events take place attempt to provide police protection to participants, some would prefer that the parades not happen, and police either ignore or encourage violent protesters. The country of Moldova has shown particular contempt to marchers, shutting down official requests to hold parades and allowing protesters to intimidate and harm any who try to march anyway. In 2007, after being denied a request to hold a parade, a small group of LGBT people tried to hold a small gathering. They were surrounded by a group twice their size who shouted derogatory things at them and pelted them with eggs. The gathering proceeded even so, and they tried to lay flowers at the Monument to the Victims of Repression. They were denied the opportunity, however, by a large group of police claiming they needed permission from city hall.[32]
The following year, a parade was again attempted. A bus carried approximately 60 participants to the capital, but before they could disembark, an angry crowd surrounded the bus. They shouted things like "let's get them out and beat them up", and "beat them to death, don't let them escape" at the frightened passengers. The mob told the activists that if they wanted to leave the bus unharmed, they would have to destroy all of their pride materials. The passengers complied and the march was called off. All the while, police stood passively about 100 meters away, taking no action even though passengers claimed at least nine emergency calls were made to police while on the bus.[32][42][43]
Russia's officials are similarly averse to Pride Parades. Mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov has repeatedly banned marches, calling them "satanic".[44] Pride participants instead tried to peacefully assemble and deliver a petition to city hall regarding the right of assembly and freedom of expression. They were met by skinheads and other protesters, and police who had closed off the square and immediately arrested activists as they entered. As some were being arrested, other participants were attacked by protesters. Police did nothing. Around eleven women and two men were arrested and left in the heat, denied medical attention, and verbally abused by police officers. The officers told the women, "No one needs lesbians, no one will ever get you out of here." When participants were released from custody hours later, they were pelted by eggs and shouted at by protesters who had been waiting.[32][45]
Hungary, on the other hand, has tried to afford the best protection they can to marchers, but cannot stem the flow of violence. In 2008, hundreds of people participated in the Budapest Dignity March. Police, on alert due to attacks on two LGBT-affiliated businesses earlier in the week, erected high metal barriers on either side of the street the march was to take place on. Hundreds of angry protesters threw petrol bombs and rocks at police in retaliation. A police van was set on fire and two police officers were injured in the attacks. During the parade itself, protesters threw Molotov cocktails, eggs and firecrackers at marchers. At least eight participants were injured.[46] Forty-five people were detained in connection with the attacks, and observers called the spectacle "the worst violence during the dozen years the Gay Pride Parade has taken place in Budapest".[32][47]
In Israel, three marchers in a gay pride parade in Jerusalem on June 30, 2005 were stabbed by Yishai Shlisel, a Haredi Jew. Shlisel claimed he had acted "in the name of God". He was charged with attempted murder.Ten years later, On 30 July 2015, six marchers were injured, again by Yishai Shlisel when he stabbed them. It was three weeks after he was released from jail. One of the victims, 16-year-old Shira Banki, died of her wounds at the Hadassah Medical Center three days later, on 2 August 2015. Shortly after, Prime Minister Netanyahu offered his condolences, adding "We will deal with the murderer to the fullest extent of the law."
Advocacy in song lyrics
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As a result of the strong anti-homosexual culture in Jamaica, many reggae and dancehall artists, such as Buju Banton, Elephant Man, Sizzla, have published song lyrics advocating violence against homosexuals. Similarly, hip-hop music occasionally includes aggressively homophobic lyrics,[48] but has since appeared to reform.
Banton wrote a song when he was 15 years old that became a hit when he released it years later in 1992 called "Boom Bye Bye". The song is about murdering homosexuals and "advocated the shooting of gay men, pouring acid on them and burning them alive."[21] A song by Elephant Man proclaims: "When you hear a lesbian getting raped/It's not our fault ... Two women in bed/That's two sodomites who should be dead."[20]
Canadian activists have sought to deport reggae artists from the country due to homophobic content in some of their songs, which they say promote anti-gay violence. In the UK, Scotland Yard has investigated reggae lyrics and Sizzla was barred from entering the United Kingdom in 2004 over accusations his music promotes murder.[21][49]
Gay rights advocates have started the group Stop Murder Music to combat what they say is the promotion of hate and violence by artists. The group organized protests, causing some venues to refuse to allow the targeted artists to perform, and the loss of sponsors. In 2007, the group asked reggae artists to promise "not to produce music or make public statements inciting hatred against gay people. Neither can they authorise the re-release of previous homophobic songs." Several artists signed that agreement, including Buju Banton, Beenie Man, Sizzla and Capleton,[21] but some later denied signing it.[20][50]
During the 1980s, skinheads in North America who promoted emerging neo-Nazi pop culture and racist rock songs increasingly went to punk rock concerts that with anti-gay music advocating violence.
Motivations
Macho culture and social homophobia
The vast majority of homophobic criminal assault is perpetrated by male aggressors on male victims, and is connected to aggressive heterosexual machismo or male chauvinism. Theorists including Calvin Thomas and Judith Butler have suggested that homophobia can be rooted in an individual's fear of being identified as gay. Homophobia in men is correlated with insecurity about masculinity.[48][51][52] For this reason, allegedly homophobia is rampant in sports, and in the subculture of its supporters, that are considered stereotypically "male", such as football and rugby.[53]
These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexual in a heteronormative culture, thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled and treated as a gay person.
Various psychoanalytic theories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. This threat causes repression, denial or reaction formation.[54]
Religious
Religious texts
Some verses of the Bible are often interpreted as forbidding homosexual relations.[55][56]
Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination.
— Leviticus 18:22
And if a man lie with mankind, as with womankind, both of them have committed abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them.
— Leviticus 20:13
The above verses are the cause of tension between the devout of the Abrahamic religions and members of the LGBT community. It is viewed by many as an outright condemnation of homosexual acts between men, and, more commonly in ancient times than today, justification for violence.
In Religion Dispatches magazine, Candace Chellew-Hodge argues that the six or so verses that are often cited to condemn LGBT people are referring instead to "abusive sex." She states that the Bible has no condemnation for "loving, committed, gay and lesbian relationships" and that Jesus was silent on the subject.[57]
Christianity
In today's society, many Christian denominations welcome people attracted to the same sex, but teach that same sex relationships and homosexual sex are sinful.[58][59] These denominations include the Roman Catholic Church,[59][60] the Eastern Orthodox church,[61] the Methodist Church,[58][62][63][64] and many other mainline denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[65] and the American Baptist Church,[66] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance,[67] and the Southern Baptist Convention.[68][69][70] Likewise, Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[71] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also take the position that homosexual activity is immoral.[72][73]
Some Christian groups advocate conversion therapy and promote ex-gay groups. One such group, Exodus International, argued that conversion therapy may be a useful tool for decreasing same-sex desires,[74] and, while former affiliates of Exodus continue with such views, Exodus has since repudiated the organization's mission [75] and apologised for the pain and hurt and promoting "sexual orientation change efforts and reparative theories about sexual orientation that stigmatized parents."[76][77] The medical and scientific consensus in the United States is that conversion therapy is likely harmful and should be avoided because it may exploit guilt and anxiety, thereby damaging self-esteem and leading to depression and even suicide.[78][79][80] There is a broad concern in the mental health community that the advancement of conversion therapy itself causes social harm by disseminating inaccurate views about sexual orientation and the ability of gay, lesbian and bisexual people to lead happy, healthy lives.[78] This promotion of the idea that homosexuality is immoral and can be corrected may make would-be attackers of homosexuals feel justified in that they are "doing God's work" by ridding the world of LGBT people.[81]
The Catholic Church teaches that a homosexual orientation is not sinful and that LGBT people are to be treated with compassion and respect, as all others are. It also teaches that sex is meant to be had between opposite sex spouses. A 1992 letter from Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI, condemned gay bashing.[82] It said that LGBT people "have the same rights as all persons including the right of not being treated in a manner which offends their personal dignity."[83] It adds that
It is deplorable that homosexual persons have been and are the object of violent malice in speech or in action. Such treatment deserves condemnation from the Church's pastors wherever it occurs. It reveals a kind of disregard for others which endangers the most fundamental principles of a healthy society. The intrinsic dignity of each person must always be respected in word, in action and in law.[83][84]
However, in the same letter Ratzinger suggested that anti-gay violence could be the fault of victims if they push too hard to seek equal rights, thereby absolving responsibility by those who conduct violent behaviour:
When civil legislation is introduced to protect behavior to which no one has any conceivable right, neither the church nor society at large should be surprised when other distorted notions and practices gain ground and irrational and violent reactions increase.[83]
Pope Benedict XVI, then the leader of the Roman Catholic Church stated that "protecting" humanity from homosexuality was just as important as saving the world from climate change and that all relationships beyond traditional heterosexual ones are a "destruction of God's work."[81] Pope Francis has been seen as more welcoming to LGBT people, saying to a gay man that "God made you like this. God loves you like this. The Pope loves you like this and you should love yourself and not worry about what people say."[85][86][87][88]
Evangelicals in Africa sometimes use religion to justify violence against LGBT people and criminalizing homosexual behavior. Archbishops Peter Akinola of Nigeria and Henry Orombi of Uganda would not condemn violence against gays and lesbians when questioned on the issue at the Global Anglican Future Conference.[89] Mark Russell, Chief Executive of Church Army, expressed outrage over their resistance, stating "Quite honestly [refusal to condemn violence against gay people in their home countries] is disgraceful, it sullies their cause, and is totally un-Christian. You cannot justify violence in God's name. Period. [...] Those who perpetrate violence against gay people in Africa now can use this silence to justify their behaviour. Christians must speak up and say this is wrong."[89]
Islam
The Quran, the book of Islam, cites the story of the "people of Lot" (also known as the people of Sodom and Gomorrah), destroyed by the wrath of Allah because they engaged in lustful carnal acts between men.
Scholars of Islam, such as Shaykh al-Islām Imam Malik, and Imam Shafi amongst others, ruled that Islam disallowed homosexuality and ordained capital punishment for a person guilty of it.[90]
The legal punishment for sodomy has varied among juristic schools: some prescribe capital punishment; while other prescribe a milder discretionary punishment. Homosexual activity is a crime and forbidden in most Muslim-majority countries. In some relatively secular Muslim-majority countries such as Indonesia,[91] Jordan and Turkey, this is not the case.
The Quran, much like the Bible and Torah, has a vague condemnation of homosexuality and how it should be dealt with, leaving it open to interpretation. For this reason, Islamic jurists have turned to the collections of the hadith (sayings of Muhammad) and Sunnah (accounts of his life). These, on the other hand, are perfectly clear and particularly harsh.[92] Ibn al-Jawzi records Muhammad as cursing sodomites in several hadith, and recommending the death penalty for both the active and passive partners in same-sex acts.[93]
Sunan al-Tirmidhi again reports Muhammad as having prescribed the death penalty for both the active and the passive partner: "Whoever you find committing the sin of the people of Lot, kill them, both the one who does it and the one to whom it is done."[90] The overall moral or theological principle is that a person who performs such actions challenges the harmony of God's creation, and is therefore a revolt against God.[94]
Though it must be noted that these views vary depending upon sect. It is noteworthy to point out that Quranists (those who do not integrate the aforementioned Hadiths into their belief system) do not advocate capital punishment.[95]
Some imams still preach their views, stating that homosexuals and "women who act like men" should be executed under the Islamic law. Abu Usamah at Green Lane Mosque in Birmingham defended his words to followers by saying "If I were to call homosexuals perverted, dirty, filthy dogs who should be executed, that's my freedom of speech, isn't it?"[96]
Other contemporary Islamic views are that the ″crime of homosexuality is one of the greatest of crimes, the worst of sins and the most abhorrent of deeds″.[97] Homosexuality is considered the 11th major sin in Islam, in the days of the companions of Muhammad, a slave boy was once forgiven for killing his master who sodomized him.[98]
The 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting was at the time the deadliest mass shooting by an individual and remains the deadliest incident of violence against LGBT people in U.S. history.[99][100][101] On June 12, 2016, Omar Mateen killed 49 people and wounded more than 50 at Pulse gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida.[102] The act has been described by investigators as an Islamic terrorist attack and a hate crime.[103][104]
Judaism
In Judaism, the death penalty against homosexuality has not been used in practice for more than 2000 years, though many movements still view homosexual acts as sinful. Orthodox Judaism generally prohibits homosexual conduct. While there is disagreement about which acts come under core prohibitions, all of Orthodox Judaism puts certain core homosexual acts, including sodomy in the category of yehareg ve'al ya'avor—"die rather than transgress"—the small category of Biblically-prohibited acts (also including murder, idolatry, adultery, and incest) which an Orthodox Jew is obligated under the laws of self-sacrifice under Jewish Law to die rather than do.
See also
- Prejudicial attitudes
- Violence
- See also
References
- ↑ Meyer, Doug (December 2012). "An Intersectional Analysis of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People's Evaluations of Anti-Queer Violence". Gender & Society. 26 (6): 849–873. doi:10.1177/0891243212461299.
- ↑ Meyer, Doug (2015). Violence against Queer People. Rutgers University Press.
- ↑ Stotzer, R.: Comparison of love Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups, Williams Institute, 2007–06. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
- ↑ Stewart, Chuck (2010). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34231-8.
- ↑ "New Benefits for Same-Sex Couples May Be Hard to Implement Abroad"ABC News. June 22, 2009. 2009 Report on State Sponsored Homophobia (2009) Archived 2011-01-31 at the Wayback Machine., published by The International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association.
- 1 2 3 "ILGA publishes 2010 report on State sponsored homophobia throughout the world". International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-03-23.
- ↑ "Brazil has world's highest LGBT murder rate, with 100s killed in 2017 - MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
- ↑ John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 63, 67–68, quotation on p. 69. See also Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 116; Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992), p. 106ff.; Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 140–141; Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 86, 224; Jonathan Walters, "Invading the Roman Body," in Roman Sexualites (Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 33–35, noting particularly the overly broad definition of the Lex Scantinia by Adolf Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (American Philosophical Society, 1953, reprinted 1991), pp. 559 and 719. Freeborn Roman men could engage in sex with males of lower status, such as prostitutes and slaves, without moral censure or losing their perceived masculinity, as long as they took the active, penetrating role; see Sexuality in ancient Rome.
- 1 2 3 (Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.
- ↑ Theodosian Code 9.8.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.
- ↑ Justinian Novels 77, 144; Michael Brinkschröde, "Christian Homophobia: Four Central Discourses," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 166.
- ↑ Rocke, Michael (1996). Forbidden Friendships, Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. Oxford University Press. pp. 24, 227, 356, 360. ISBN 0-19-512292-5.
- ↑ Meyer, Michael J (2000). Literature and Homosexuality. Rodopi. p. 206. ISBN 90-420-0519-X.
- ↑ Brincat, Joseph M. (2007). "Book reviews" (PDF). Melita Historica. 14: 448.
- ↑ Buttigieg, Emanuel (2011). Nobility, Faith and Masculinity: The Hospitaller Knights of Malta, c.1580-c.1700. A & C Black. p. 156. ISBN 9781441102430.
- ↑ "Schwule Nazis? Ein brisantes Thema für die rechtsextreme Szene". Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ↑ "Is Beheading Really the Punishment for Homosexuality in Saudi Arabia?". Archived from the original on 2003-02-07.
- ↑ 2011 Report on State-sponsored Homophobia Archived 2011-12-19 at the Wayback Machine.
- 1 2 Ottosson, Daniel (May 2010). "State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22.
- 1 2 3 4 "Jamaica: Homophobia and hate crime is rife". Belfast Telegraph. September 12, 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 Funkeson, Kristina (August 9, 2007). "Dancehall star signs Reggae Compassionate Act". Freemuse. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012.
- ↑ Padgett, Tim (April 12, 2006). "The Most Homophobic Place on Earth?". Time.
- ↑ Love, Hate and the Law: Decriminalizing Homosexuality; Amnesty International (2008) Archived 2014-03-29 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Burundi: Repeal Law Criminalizing Homosexual Conduct - Human Rights Watch". Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- ↑ "United Nations: General assembly to address sexual orientation and gender identity – Statement affirms promise of Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (Press release). Amnesty International. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ↑ "UN: General Assembly statement affirms rights for all" (PDF) (Press release). Amnesty International. 12 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ↑ Pleming, Sue (18 March 2009). "In turnaround, U.S. signs U.N. gay rights document". Reuters. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ↑ "Número de assassinatos de gays no país cresceu 62% desde 2007, mas tema fica fora da campanha - Jornal O Globo". Oglobo.globo.com. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
- ↑ Gay-Bashing Murders Up 55 Percent Archived 2010-10-30 at the Wayback Machine. (ipsnews.net, 22 April 2009)
- ↑ UM VERMELHO-E-AZUL PARA DISSECAR UMA NOTÍCIA. OU COMO LER UMA FARSA ESTATÍSTICA. OU AINDA: TODO BRASILEIRO MERECE SER GAY (in Portuguese). Veja. 2009. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
- 1 2 Altschiller, Donald (2005). "Hate Crimes: a reference handbook". ABC-CLIO: 26–28.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Stahnke, Tad; et al. (2008). "Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Bias: 2008 Hate Crime Survey" (PDF). Human Rights First. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-27.
- ↑ "Hate Crime Statistics: Offense Type by Bias Motivation". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2008.
- ↑ Suri, Manveena (28 May 2018). "Indian mob kills transgender woman over fake rumors spread on WhatsApp". CNN. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
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Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 38622 - ↑ "Eleventh Greater sin: Sodomy". Al-Islam.org. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
- ↑ Stack, Liam (June 13, 2016). "Before Orlando Shooting, an Anti-Gay Massacre in New Orleans Was Largely Forgotten". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
The terrorist attack ... was the largest mass killing of gay people in American history, but before Sunday that grim distinction was held by a largely forgotten arson at a New Orleans bar in 1973 that killed 32 people at a time of pernicious anti-gay stigma.
- ↑ Ingraham, Christopher (June 12, 2016). "In the modern history of mass shootings in America, Orlando is the deadliest". Washington Post.
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External links
- Barry Yeoman, Murder on the Mountain, Out Magazine
- Gay Bashings In Schools- A survey released in 2006 shows that gay teens still experience homophobic attacks in their schools
- Pictures from Belgrade (Serbian) Pride Parade 30 June 2001
- Abuse is Not a Form of Love
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