LGBT rights in the Americas

LGBT rights in Americas
Americas
Same-sex sexual intercourse legal status Legal in 26 out of 35 states
Legal in all 21 territories
Gender identity/expression Legal in 13 out of 35 states
Legal in 8 out of 21 territories
Military service Allowed to serve openly in 15 out of 29 states that have an army
Allowed in all 21 territories
Discrimination protections Protected in 21 out of 35 states
Protected in 14 out of 21 territories
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 Recognized in 10 out of 35 states
Recognized in 17 out of 21 territories
Restrictions:
 Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states
Adoption Legal in 7 out of 35 states
Legal in 12 out of 21 territories

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex marriages have been legal in Canada (nationwide) since 2005, in Argentina since 2010, in both Brazil (nationwide) and Uruguay since 2013, in the United States (nationwide) since 2015 and in Colombia since 2016. In Costa Rica, it will become legal by 2020 at the latest. In Mexico, same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City and the states of Quintana Roo, Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Jalisco, Campeche, Colima, Chiapas, Morelos, Puebla and Michoacán, and in some jurisdictions in Querétaro. Those unions are recognized nationwide.

Among non-independent states, same-sex marriage is also legal in Greenland, the British Overseas Territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, all French territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, French Guiana, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and in the Caribbean Netherlands, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. More than 700 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.

In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights recognizes same-sex marriage as a human right. This has made the legalization of such unions mandatory in the following countries: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay are also under the court's jurisdiction but had already same-sex marriage before the ruling was handed down.

Furthermore, some other nations have laws recognizing other types of same-sex unions (Ecuador, Costa Rica and Chile), as well as LGBT adoption and military service by LGBT people.

However, nine other nations still have criminal punishment for "buggery" on their statute books.[1] These nine countries are Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Guyana, the last of which is on mainland South America. These nine countries are all former parts of the British West Indies.

Religion and LGBT acceptance

The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships followed by Eastern Orthodox church,[2] the Methodist Church,[3][4] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[5] and the American Baptist Church,[6] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance. The Southern Baptist Convention.[7][8][9] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,[10] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful.[11][12]

However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), and some congregations of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.). Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church in the US are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions.[13] In addition, in the United States Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.

State recognition of same-sex relationships in North America & Hawaii.1
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Same-sex marriages recognized, but not performed
  Binding judicial ruling against a ban on same-sex marriage2
1May include recent laws or court decisions which have created legal recognition of same-sex relationships, but which have not entered into effect yet.
2Some states in these categories also have a ban unions similar to marriage and binding judicial rulings against bans unions similar to marriage.
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Foreign same-sex marriages recognized
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal only for males
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal for males and females
Homosexuality legislation in Lesser Antilles.
  Same-sex marriage
  Same-sex marriage only recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unrecognized or unknown
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal


Legislation by country or territory

Tables:

North America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda Bermuda
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 1994;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Domestic partnerships since 2018[14] / Legal from May 2017 until May 2018; marriages performed during this period recognized[15] Legal since 2015[16] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[17]
Canada Canada Legal since 1969
+ UN decl. sign.[1][18]		 Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001);[19]
Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[20]
Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[21]
Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[22]		 Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005[23] Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2010[24] Since 1992[25] Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Manitoba, Ontario and Vancouver Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017[26][27][28][29]
Greenland Greenland
(constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)		 Legal since 1933
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Registered partnerships since 1996[30] Legal since 2016 Stepchild adoption since 2009;[31]
joint adoption since 2016[32]		 Since 1978 (Denmark responsible for defense) Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1]
Mexico Mexico Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 / Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[33] Colima (2013),[34] Campeche (2013),[35] Jalisco (2014),[36] Michoacán (2015) and Tlaxcala (2017) / Legal in Mexico City (2010),[37] Quintana Roo (2012),[38] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Nayarit (2015), Jalisco (2016), Campeche (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017) and Baja California (2017).
All states are obliged to honour same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[37][39][40]
The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[41] but as state laws were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the courts[42][43]		 / Legal in Mexico City (2010),[44] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017) and Puebla (2017)[45][46] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[47] / Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),[48] Michoacán (2017) and Nayarit (2017)[49]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50] Legal since 2013[51] Legal since 2013[52] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[53] Under French law[54]
United States United States Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003[1] Domestic partnerships in California (1999),[55] the District of Columbia (2002),[56] Maine (2004),[57] Oregon (2008),[58] Maryland (2008),[59] and Nevada (2009);[60]
Civil unions in New Jersey (2007),[61] Illinois (2011),[62] Hawaii (2012),[63] and Colorado (2013)[64]		 Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015[65] Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016[66] "Don't ask, don't tell" policy was abolished in 2011, meaning that since then LGB people have been allowed to serve openly in the military.[67]
Transgender people have been allowed to serve in the military since 2018[68][69][70]		 / Federal executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation for employees in the federal civilian workforce, along with government employment in the District of Columbia, and the United States Postal Service, since 1998 (see Executive Order 12968 and Executive Order 13087). Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation with minors by mental health professionals illegal in some states.
Included in the federal hate crime law since 2009.
Sexual orientation discrimination banned in public and private employment in 24 states + D.C.		 / Gender identity discrimination in healthcare insurance banned since 2012.[71][72]
Allowed to change gender under various conditions in 47 states + D.C.
Included in the federal hate crime law since 2009.
Gender identity discrimination banned in public and private employment in 23 states + D.C.

Central America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize Belize Legal since 2016[73] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[74][75][76] [77]
Costa Rica Costa Rica Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Unregistered cohabitation since 2014[78][79] / To become legal by 2020 at the latest Pending[80] Has no military Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1] Transgender persons can change their legal gender without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018[81]
El Salvador El Salvador Legal since the 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban pending;[82] court decision pending [83] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[83] [84]
Guatemala Guatemala Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Pending Bans some anti-gay discrimination [85]
Honduras Honduras Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 2005;[86][87] court decision pending Bans all anti-gay discrimination[88]
Nicaragua Nicaragua Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1]
Panama Panama Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Court decision pending Court decision pending Has no military Bans some anti-gay discrimination[89][90] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006[91][92]

Caribbean

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla Anguilla
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 UK responsible for defence
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Illegal
Penalty: 15-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[1]
Aruba Aruba
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Registered partnerships since 2016[93] / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[94] The Netherlands responsible for defence
The Bahamas Bahamas Legal since 1991;
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 [1]
Barbados Barbados Illegal
Penalty: Life imprisonment (Not enforced).[1] Legalization proposed
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[95]
Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands
(Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius; special municipalities of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 [96] Legal since 2012[97] [98] The Netherlands responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[99] [100]
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001; Age of consent discrepancy[1]
+ UN decl. sign.		 / Same-sex couples recognized for immigration purposed since 2016 Court decision pending[101] UK responsible for defence
Cuba Cuba Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 1976; legalization pending [1] Bans some anti-gay discrimination[102][103] Transgender people allowed to change gender after sex change operations[104]
Curaçao Curaçao
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Pending / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[94] The Netherlands responsible for defence
Dominica Dominica Illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution (Not enforced).
+ UN decl. sign.[1]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 2010[105] [106]
Grenada Grenada Male illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).
Female always legal[1]		 Has no military
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50] Legal since 2013[51] Legal since 2013[52] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[53] Under French law[54]
Haiti Haiti Legal since 1791 (as Saint-Domingue)[1] Has no military
Jamaica Jamaica Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years hard labor (Not enforced).
Female always legal.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 1962
Martinique Martinique
(Overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50] Legal since 2013[51] Legal since 2013[52] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[53] Under French law[54]
Montserrat Montserrat
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 2010[107] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[108]
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States)		 Legal since 2003 Since 2015 Legal since 2015[109] Legal since 2015 United States responsible for defense[67][70] Bans some anti-gay discrimination Gender change legal since 2018; does not require surgery
Saint Barthélemy
(Overseas collectivity of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50] Legal since 2013[51] Legal since 2013[52] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[53] Under French law[54]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years (Not enforced).
Female always legal[1]
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Male illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).
Female always legal[1]		 Has no military
Saint Martin
(Overseas collectivity of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50] Legal since 2013[51] Legal since 2013[52] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[53] Under French law[54]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[1]		 Has no military
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)		 Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[94] The Netherlands responsible for defence
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Legal since 2018[110]
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 2011[111] UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1]
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands
(Territory of the United States)		 Legal since 1985 Since 2015[66] Legal since 2015[66] Legal since 2015[66] United States responsible for defense[67][70]

South America

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina Argentina Legal since 1853
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil unions in Buenos Aires (2003),[112] Río Negro Province (2003),[113] Villa Carlos Paz (2007) and Río Cuarto (2009)
Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015[114]		 Legal since 2010[115] Legal since 2010 Since 2009[116] / Legal protection in some cities;[117]
pending nationwide
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010		 Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2012[118]
Bolivia Bolivia Legal since 1832
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban on free unions since 2009;[119]
Family life agreement pending[120]		 Constitutional ban since 2009[121] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[122] Since 2015[123][124][125] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[1] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2016[126][127][128][129]
Brazil Brazil Legal since 1831
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 "Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004; all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011[130][131] Legal in some states since 2012, nationwide since 2013[132][133] Legal since 2010[134] [135] / Banned in all Brazilian states (except Tocantins), as well as the Federal District; expansion of nationwide anti-discrimination laws pending[136] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[137][138] Transgender people can change their legal gender and name before a notary without the need of surgeries or judicial order since 2018[139][140][141]
Chile Chile Legal since 1999;
Aof consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil union agreement since 2015[142] Pending[143] Pending[144] Since 2012[145] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[146] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention and a judicial permission since 2007.[147] Currently, a broader gender identity law (which would not require any surgeries or judicial permission) is being discussed by the Congress[148]
Colombia Colombia Legal since 1981
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 De facto marital union since 2007[149] Legal since 2016[150] Stepchild adoption since 2014;[151] joint adoption since 2015[152] Since 1999[1] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[153] Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notar, no surgeries or judicial order required[154]
Ecuador Ecuador Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 De facto unions since 2009[155][156] Constitutional ban since 2009; court decision pending[157] LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[158] [159] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[160]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014		 Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity (instead of the sex assigned at birth) on legal documents; no surgeries or judicial order required[161][162][163]
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Legal since 1989
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil partnerships since 2017[164] Legal since 2017[164] Legal since 2017 UK responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[165]
French Guiana French Guiana
(Overseas department of France)		 Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50] Legal since 2013[51] Legal since 2013[52] France responsible for defence Bans all anti-gay discrimination[53] Under French law[54]
Guyana Guyana Illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[1]		 [166] [167]
Paraguay Paraguay Legal since 1880; Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Constitutional ban since 1992[168] Constitutional ban since 1992; court decision pending[169] Proposed[170]
Peru Peru Legal since 1924
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Pending[171] Court decision pending Since 2009[172] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[173][174][175][176][177] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention and a judicial permission since 2016[178][179]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.		 Legal since 2014[180] Legal since 2014[180] UK responsible for defence
Suriname Suriname Legal since 1869 (as Dutch Guiana);
Age of consent discrepancy
+ UN decl.		 Bans some anti-gay discrimination[181] Court decision pending[182][183]
Uruguay Uruguay Legal since 1934
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Concubinage union since 2008[184] Legal since 2013[185] Legal since 2009[186] Since 2009[187] Bans all anti-gay discrimination[188] Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 2009[189]
Venezuela Venezuela Legal since 1997
+ UN decl. sign.[1]		 Proposed Constitutional ban since 1999;
court decision pending[190]		 Bans some anti-gay discrimination[1]

See also

References

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  187. ↑ Rachel Weiner (15 May 2009). "Uruguay Lifts Ban On Gays In The Military". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  188. ↑ (in Spanish) Congress of Uruguay (18 August 2004). "Ley N° 17.817". Retrieved 1 January 2010.
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