LGBT rights in Indonesia

LGBT rights in Indonesia
Indonesia
Same-sex sexual intercourse legal status Legal nationwide, except the provinces of Aceh and for Muslims in the city of Palembang in South Sumatra.
Gender identity/expression Transgender people are allowed to change their sex with several conditions
Military service No
Discrimination protections No
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 No recognition of same-sex couples
Adoption No

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Indonesia face legal challenges and prejudices not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Traditional mores disapprove of homosexuality and cross-dressing, which impacts public policy. Indonesian same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for any of the legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples. Most parts of Indonesia do not have a sodomy law and do not currently criminalize private, non-commercial homosexual acts among consenting adults, yet Indonesian law does not protect LGBT community against discrimination and hate crimes. In Aceh, and for Muslims in the city of Palembang, homosexuality is illegal under Islamic Sharia law, and punishable by flogging. Currently, Indonesia does not recognize same-sex marriage. In July 2015, the Indonesian Religious Affairs Minister stated that it is unacceptable in Indonesia, because strongly held religious norms speak strongly against it.[1] The importance in Indonesia for social harmony leads to duties rather than rights to be emphasized, which means that human rights along with LGBT rights are very fragile.[2] Yet, the LGBT community in Indonesia has steadily become more visible and politically active.[2]

Coming out to family and friends is seldom carried out by LGBT people in Indonesia, as they are afraid of rejection and social backlash. Nevertheless, there are some rare examples of understanding and acceptance of the family of LGBT persons.[3]

Despite Indonesia's reputation as a somewhat moderate Muslim country, in recent years, sharia-supporting terrorist fundamentalist Muslim groups have gained more and more support.[4] As a result, LGBT people and non-Muslims (including Christians and Buddhists) have faced growing hostility and intolerance including attacks and discrimination.[5] In early 2016, LGBT people and activists in Indonesia faced fierce opposition, homophobic attacks, and hate speech, even launched by Indonesian authorities.[6] In February 2016, Human Rights Watch urged the Indonesian Government to defend the rights of LGBT people and publicly condemn officials' discriminatory remarks.[7] In 2017, two young gay men (aged 20 and 23) were sentenced to being caned in front of public in the Aceh province.[8][9] In 2017, police launched multiple raids on gay saunas under the pretext of pornography-related offences. In May 2017, 141 men were arrested for a "gay sex party" in the capital Jakarta.[10] Another raid took place in October 2017, when Indonesian police raided a sauna in Central Jakarta popular with gay men, arresting 51 people. An over-broad interpretation of the Pornography Act, coupled with government inaction, has enabled the police to use it in targeting LGBT people.[11]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Currently, unlike neighboring Malaysia, Indonesia does not specifically have a sodomy law. The national Criminal Code does not prohibit private, non-commercial homosexual relations between consenting adults. A national bill to criminalise homosexuality, along with cohabitation, adultery and the practice of witchcraft, failed to be enacted in 2003 and no subsequent bill has been reintroduced.[12]

Indonesia allows its provincial governments to establish certain Islamic-based laws, such as criminal sanctions for homosexuality. These local penalties exist in Aceh province and in the city of Palembang (South Sumatra), where bylaws against LGBT rights have been passed.[13] The bylaws criminalize consensual same-sex sexual acts; these sharia-based criminal codes permit as punishment up to 100 lashes and up to 100 months in prison for consensual same-sex sex acts.[13] In May 2017, two gay men, aged 20 and 23, in the Aceh province were each sentenced to a public caning of 85 lashes for having consensual sex in private.[8]

While Indonesia has allowed private and consensual sexual relations between persons of the same sex since 1993, it has a higher age of consent for same-sex relations than for heterosexual relations (17 for heterosexuals and 18 for homosexuals).[14]

The Constitution does not explicitly address sexual orientation or gender identity. It does guarantee all citizens various legal rights, including equality before the law, equal opportunity, humane treatment in the workplace, religious freedom, freedom of opinion, peaceful assembly, and association. Such legal rights are all expressly limited by the laws designed to protect public order and religious morality.[15]

While homosexuality itself is legal, the Government has taken certain steps to censor films and other media content that is deemed to be "promoting" homosexuality. In 2016, the Government announced plans to ban several LGBT websites and computer applications.

Call for discrimination and criminalisation

The strongest opposition against the recognition of LGBT rights in Indonesia has come from religious authorities and pressure-groups, especially Islamic organisations. Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia or MUI) has made a statement, which stigmatised the LGBT population by declaring them "deviant" and an affront to the "dignity of Indonesia".[13]

In 2002, the Indonesian Government gave Aceh Province the right to introduce Sharia Law, albeit only to Muslim residents. The northernmost province of Aceh proceeded to enact a sharia-based anti-homosexuality law that punishes anyone caught having gay sex with 100 lashes. The law was set for enforcement by the end of 2015.[16] Another example is the city of Palembang which introduced jail and fines for homosexual sex.[17] Under the law, homosexuality is defined as an act of "prostitution that violates the norms of common decency, religion, and legal norms as they apply to societal rule."[18] The following acts are defined as acts of prostitution: homosexual sex, lesbians, sodomy, sexual harassment and other pornographic acts.

In March 2015, Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia or MUI) issued fatwa, or religious edict, called for same-sex acts to be punished by caning, and in some instances, the death penalty.[13] The fatwa considers homosexuality a curable disease and says homosexual acts "must be heavily punished."[13]

Indonesian People's Representative Council (DPR) has dismissed that the death penalty law against same-sex acts would be passed, citing that it is quite impossible to implement that policy in Indonesia. The DPR said that the MUI fatwa is only served as a moral guidance for its adherent, not as positive law with legal power that only possessed by the state.[19]

In March 2016, the wake of surging anti-LGBT sentiments which started in early in 2016, Islamist parties like Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and United Development Party (PPP), proposed an anti-LGBT bill to ban LGBT rights activism, and criminalise LGBT behaviour.[20] Various politicians have made statements against the LGBT community in recent months.[21]

In late November 2016, the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) tipped off police in Jakarta that there was a "sex party". The police then raided the gay gathering, charging the men with violating the national law against pornography, which is very broadly written.[22]

On 21 May 2017, police detained 144 people in a raid on a gay sauna, Atlantis Gym Jakarta.[23] The Indonesian Ulema Council made a statement that this kind of activity in gay sauna is blasphemy against religion and an insult against Indonesian culture. "What kind of logic that able to accept this kind of sexual deviation, even animals are not gay. This is clearly not about equality," as stated by Head of Law Department of MUI.[24] He made his remarks despite the fact that homosexuality has been observed in more than 1'500 animal species. Earlier in the same month, 14 men were arrested at a "gay party" in Surabaya.[25]

On 14 December 2017, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia issued a 5-4 ruling rejecting a petition by the conservative Family Love Alliance which sought to amend the Indonesian Criminal Code to make gay sex and sex outside of marriage illegal.[26] There were three articles of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) petitioned for review, namely article 248 on adultery, article 285 on rape, and article 292 on child abuse.[27] Under article 292 of the Criminal Code, child sexual abuse is a crime, both heterosexual or homosexual conducts. The petitioner sought to erase the term "underage" in article 292, in order to persecute all same-sex sexual conducts of all ages, including among consenting adults.[28] Which meant the petitioner sought to criminalize homosexuality. The court rejected to amend the law, and held that the issue was a matter for the Indonesian Legislature.[29] A criminal code draft is to be tabled in 5 Feb 2018.[30]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Indonesian law does not recognise same-sex marriage, civil unions or domestic partnership benefits.[1]

Adoption and family planning

Same-sex couples are not eligible to adopt a child in Indonesia. Only married couples consisting of a husband and a wife can adopt.[31]

Discrimination protections

As of 2017, no law exists to protect Indonesia citizens from discrimination or harassment on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity.[1] In the judicial realm, however, an effort by the Family Love Alliance (an Indonesian counterpart to Focus on the Family) to declare homosexuality and sex outside marriage failed in the Indonesian Constitutional Court, with five out of nine judges ruling against the motion.[32] Furthermore, government agencies are slowly starting to enact anti-discrimination policies. The Office of the Attorney-General recently rescinded a public job offer declaring LGBT persons need not apply by reason of mental insanity after being advised by the National Human Rights Commission.[33]

In January 2018, the Aceh police ransacked a parlor with support from the Aceh autonomous government. The police tortured all LGBT citizens within the premises of the parlor, shaved the heads of transgender women, stripped their shirts and bras, and paraded them in the street while forcing to shout 'to become men'. The event caused massive outrage from human rights organization throughout the world, from Europe, Australia, the Americas, and to liberal sections of Asia. In February 2018, the Indonesian government planned to pass a legislation that would criminalize gay sex. The legislation is supported by all of the 10 political parties of the country, and is expected to pass before Valentines Day. Indonesia has been branded as the most homophobic country in core Asia, along with Malaysia.[34]

Gender identity/expression

Transgender identity (also called waria) has long been part of Indonesian culture and society.[35] While transgender people in Indonesia are generally more accepted than gays, lesbians and bisexuals, they have, in recent years, faced growing discrimination and rejection, mostly from sharia-supporting Muslim groups, which have become more and more popular in Indonesia.[4]

The status of transvestite, transsexual or other transgender persons in Indonesia is complex. Cross-dressing is not, per se, illegal and some public tolerance is given to some transgender people working in beauty salons or in the entertainment industry, most notably the celebrity talk show host Dorce Gamalama. Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender on official documents after undergoing sex reassignment surgery and after receiving a judge's approval. Individuals who undergo such surgery are later capable of marrying people of the same biological sex.[35]

Discrimination, harassment, even violence directed at transgender people is not uncommon. Indonesian law does not protect transgender people from discrimination or harassment.[36] Transgender people who do not hide their gender identity often find it difficult to maintain legitimate employment and thus are often forced into prostitution and other illegal activities to survive.

The Islamic Indonesian Ulema Council ruled that transgender persons must live in the gender that they were born with. "If they are not willing to cure themselves medically and religiously", said a Council member, they must be willing "to accept their fate to be ridiculed and harassed."[37]

In 2012, Yuli Retoblaut, a fifty-year-old transgender person and U.S. President Barack Obama's nanny for two years, publicly applied to be the head of the nation's National Commission on Human Rights.[38] The city of Yogyakarta has the only madrasa for transgender people in the world.[39]

In January 2018, transgender women were arrested, stripped naked, had heads shaved, and publicly shamed in the province of Aceh.[40] Later in March 2018, the Jakarta Social Agency declared waria to be socially dysfunctional. Sources reported that "the agency regularly conducted raids against transgender women". Detained trans individuals are taken by the agency to city-owned "rehabilitation" centers, where they are incarcerated, along with homeless people, beggars, and street buskers, and only released if documentation stating their lack of homelessness was received and a statement is signed where the individual promises not to repeat their "offense". Officials have stated this is being done to create a deterrent against being transgender, and that continual violations will result in jail time.[41][42][43]

Living conditions

Indonesia contains the most Muslim people in the world with 87% of its citizens identifying themselves as Muslim.[44] The family policy of the Indonesian authorities, the social pressure to marry and religion means that homosexuality is generally not supported.[44] Both modernist and traditionalist Muslims as well also other religious groups such as Christians, especially Roman Catholics, generally oppose homosexuality. Many Islamic fundamentalist groups such as the FPI (the Front of Supporters of Islam) and the FBR (Betawi Council Forum) are openly hostile towards LGBT people by attacking the home or work of those they believe are a threat to the values of Islam.[18]

Explicit discrimination and violent homophobia is carried out mainly by religious extremists, while subtle discrimination and marginalization occurs in daily life among friends, family, at work or school.[44] LGBT people often suffer abuse by the hands of the police but it is hard to document due to victims refusing to give statements due to their sexuality.[44] LGBT people are often arrested or charged due to their sexual orientation.[44] Gays in jails are often sexually abused due to their sexual orientation, and often do not report it due to being traumatized and fear of being sent back to prison to suffer further abuse.[44]

Indonesia does have a reputation as being a relatively moderate and tolerant Muslim nation, which does have some application to LGBT people. There are some LGBT people in the media and the national Government has allowed a discreet LGBT community to exist, who sometimes organizes public events. However, conservative Islamic social mores tend to dominate within the broader society. Homosexuality and cross-dressing remain taboo and periodically LGBT people become the targets of local religious laws or fanatical vigilante groups.[45]

Media

The Law Against Pornography and Pornoaction (2006) prohibits "…any writing or audio-visual presentation – including songs, poetry, films, paintings, and photographs that show or suggest sexual relations between persons of the same sex."[46] Those in violation of the law could be fined or sentenced to prison for up to seven years.[18] However, the media is now giving homosexuality more media coverage in Indonesia.[2]

In February 2016, the public discourse and debates on homosexuality and LGBT issues intensified with the occurrence of high-profile cases of alleged homosexual misconducts, involving Indonesian celebrities. First, an accusation of sexual approach and harassment done by TV personality Indra Bekti upon several men. Followed by the case of dangdut singer Saiful Jamil, who has been named a suspect in a sexual assault involving an underage male fan.[47]

Until recently, the depiction of LGBT people was quite visible in Indonesian media, especially in television, with popular TV personalities, hosts, artist and celebrities with effeminate demeanors, or even cross-dressers, were quite common in Indonesian television shows. However, after the alleged homosexual scandals involving Indonesian celebrities, in March 2016, the national broadcasting commission emphasized a policy banning TV and radio programs that make LGBT behavior appear "normal", saying this was to protect children and teenagers who are "susceptible to imitating deviant LGBT behaviors".[6] This meant that broadcast companies, especially television stations, are discouraged from featuring effeminate figures, transgender people or cross-dressing in their programs, although such practices were previously quite common in Indonesian TV shows, especially TV variety shows and lawak (comedy) performances.[6]

Political party opinions

Most of major political parties and politicians remain silent in the cause of LGBT rights. Islamist parties like PKS (Prosperous Justice Party) and PPP (United Development Party) speak strongly against LGBT rights, and went further to propose a national bill to criminalise LGBT. In March 2016, PKS and PPP have proposed an anti-LGBT bill to ban LGBT activism, and criminalise LGBT rights and behaviour.[20] PAN (National Mandate Party), despite sharing anti-LGBT right sentiments with PKS and PPP however, has asked people not to discriminate and harassed LGBT community. But in return, urged LGBT people not to promote LGBT rights in Indonesia.[48]

Currently, no political party in Indonesia has openly supported the LGBT rights movement. However, in October 2016, President Joko Widodo, stated that he is a defender of LGBT rights and that LGBT people should have the right to not be discriminated against.[49] Also, some politicians from the PDI-P (Party for the Indonesian Democracy Struggle) and the moderately conservative PKB (National Awakening Party) has sympathized support for LGBT rights.[18] PDI-P further stated that as a pluralist party, they can accept the existence of LGBT people. Despite holds that it is a deviant behaviour, PDI-P have urged people to tolerate LGBT people and not extend hostile sentiments against them.[50]

LGBT rights movement in Indonesia

In 1982, the first gay rights interest group was established in Indonesia. "Lambda Indonesia" and other similar organisations arose in the late 1980s and 1990s.[51] Today, some of the major LGBT associations in the nation include "GAYa NUSANTARA" and "Arus Pelangi".

The gay and lesbian movement in Indonesia is one of the oldest and largest in Southeast Asia.[44] Lambda Indonesia activities included organising social gatherings, consciousness-raising and created a newsletter, but the group dissolved in the 1990s. Gaya Nusantara is a gay rights group which focuses on homosexual issues such as AIDS. Another group is the Yayasan Srikandi Sejati, which was founded in 1998. Their main focus is health issues pertaining to transgender people and their work includes providing HIV/AIDS counselling and free condoms to transgender sex workers at a free health clinic.[18] There are now over thirty LGBT groups in Indonesia.[18]

Yogyakarta, Indonesia, hosted a 2006 summit on LGBT rights that produced the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.[52] However, a summit in March 2010 in Surabaya was met with condemnation from the Indonesian Ulema Council and was disrupted by conservative protesters.[53]

By 2015, the victory of LGBT rights movement in Western countries has had significant implications in Indonesia. As numerous influential Western countries like European nations and the United States began legalizing same-sex marriage in 2015, the LGBT rights issue has caught the attention and awareness of the general public in Indonesia and generated public discourse. The popular opinion split into several stances, and the reaction mainly was not positive. The right-wing elements in Indonesian politics, especially religious-based political parties and organization have publicly condemned LGBT rights. Some argued that currently Indonesia is under the threat of global LGBT "propaganda", which promotes an "LGBT lifestyle".[54] Same-sex marriage or civil union became the main issue discussed on public regarding LGBT rights, although LGBT activist have argued that currently they do not fight for same-sex marriage, but simply seek the fundamental human rights of security, freedom from fear and freedom of assembly.[5]

HIV/AIDS

Legal guidelines regarding HIV/AIDS do not exist, although AIDS is a major problem in most countries in the region. Those infected with HIV travelling to Indonesia can be refused entry or threatened with quarantine. Due to the lack of sex education in Indonesian schools, there is little knowledge of the disease among the general population. Some organisations, however, do offer sex education, though they face open hostility from school authorities. In the beginning of the gay rights movement in Indonesia, LGBT organisations focused exclusively on health issues which led to the public believing that AIDS was a "gay disease" and led to LGBT people being stigmatised.[18]

Opposition

Traditionally, Indonesians are quite tolerant towards LGBT people who keep quiet and stay discreet about their private lives.[55] However, this level of tolerance is not extended towards the LGBT rights movements, which has faced fierce condemnation in the public sphere from Indonesian authorities. A wave of anti-LGBT rhetoric began in January 2016 when Higher Education Minister Muhammad Nasir said LGBT people should be barred from university campuses.[6] The Minister called for a ban on gay groups on university campuses, after a group of University of Indonesia (UI) students established a counselling and support group called the Support Group and Resource Center on Sexuality Studies (SGRC).[56] The group was meant as a counseling service, resource center and support group on sexuality and gender issues, especially for LGBT youth and students, who often suffer from abuses, harassment, violence and discrimination regarding their gender and sexuality. SGRC sees LGBT people as human beings who need a friend and protection. The group, which sought to advocate for those who suffer from gender-based violence, explained that they do not "turn" or "encourage" people to be gay, nor had they tried to "cure" gay people.[57] Amid the heat of the issue, the University of Indonesia refused to be held responsible for SGRC's actions and announced the group was not an officially registered student organization.[56] Another official pressured smartphone instant-messaging services to drop gay and lesbian-themed emoji, prompting one company to comply.[5]

Generally, religious authorities in Indonesia condemn homosexual acts and are fiercely against the LGBT rights movement. Strongest opposition has come from majority-Islamic groups, with Majelis Ulama Indonesia, the country's top Muslim clerical body, calling for criminalization of homosexuality.[13] Other religious groups, such as Christianity and specifically Roman Catholicism, have expressed their rejection of LGBT rights in Indonesia. Indonesian Catholic authorities have reiterated that Catholicism does not recognize same-sex marriage but assured that, despite their perceived transgressions, LGBT people should be protected and not harmed.[58]

The Indonesia Psychiatric Association (PDSKJI) classifies homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism as mental disorders. Referring to Law No.18/2014 on Mental Health and the association's Mental Health and Mental Disorder Diagnostic Guidelines, the PDSKJI categorizes homosexual and bisexual Indonesians as "people with psychiatric problems" and transgender people as having "mental disorders".[59]

Some military figures have used conspiracy theory rhetoric. Defense Minister Ryamizard Ryacudu called the LGBT movement a "proxy war" to brainwash Indonesians, and claimed that it received "foreign funding",[6] pointing to funds from United Nations organizations like UNAIDS or Western governments and foundations.

There have been a few incidents of LGBT people being harassed. LGBT groups are now working to set up safehouses and draw up evacuation plans in case of need. In Yogyakarta, on February 2016, 23 LGBT activists were roughed up by police, who told local media they stopped them from holding a rally to avoid a clash with a hardline Muslim group holding an anti-LGBT protest nearby.[6]

On the other hand, amid fierce hostilities, some officials — including former Jakarta Governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama and former Political, Legal, and Security Affairs Minister Luhut Binsar Panjaitan — have defended the LGBT community. "Whoever they are, wherever they work, he or she continues to be an Indonesian citizen. They have the right to be protected as well," Panjaitan said.[6] Governor Basuki was later sentenced to two years in jail for supposed "blasphemy against Islam", as he is a Christian.[60] President Joko Widodo has also expressed support for LGBT rights and has called on an end to discrimination.[49]

Public opinion

According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, 32% of Indonesians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as straight people, while 47% disagreed. Additionally, 37% agreed that they should be protected from workplace discrimination. 38% of Indonesians, however, said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be charged as criminals, while 36% disagreed. As for transgender people, 49% agreed that they should have the same rights, 55% believed they should be protected from employment discrimination and 41% believed they should be allowed to change their legal gender.[61]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal Legal in most provinces, though LGBT people are sometimes arrested under Indonesia's pornographic law[62], but illegal in the province of Aceh for all citizens and in the city of Palembang for Muslims[63], Criminalization proposed [64]
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriages
Recognition of same-sex couples
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
LGBT allowed to serve openly in the military
Right to change legal gender (Requires surgery and judicial approval)[65]
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
MSMs allowed to donate blood

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "Difficult for Indonesia to legalize gay marriage: Minister". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 2 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 Offord, Baden; Cantrell, Leon (May 2001). "Homosexual Rights as Human Rights in Indonesia and Australia". Journal of Homosexuality. Routledge. 40 (3&4): 233–252. doi:10.1300/J082v40n03_12. ISSN 0091-8369.
  3. ↑ Liza Yosephine. "A portrait of a gay Indonesian". The Jakarta Post.
  4. 1 2 Valdameri, Elena. "Radical Islam Is Gaining Ground in Indonesia". thewire.in. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Jeffrey Hutton (15 February 2016). "Anti-Gay Actions in Indonesia Threaten a Fragile Population". The New York Times.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alisa Tang (8 March 2016). "Under attack, Indonesian LGBT groups set up safehouses, live in fear". Reuters.
  7. ↑ "Indonesia: Flurry of Anti-Gay Statements by Officials, Condemn Bias; Pledge to Protect LGBT Groups". Human Rights Watch. 11 February 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Indonesia's Aceh: Two gay men sentenced to 85 lashes". BBC News Online. 17 May 2017.
  9. ↑ "Two Men Publicly Caned in Indonesia for Having Gay Sex". Reuters. NBC News. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  10. ↑ "Indonesian police arrest 141 men over 'gay sex party'". BBC News Online. 22 May 2017.
  11. ↑ Andreas Harsono (8 October 2017). "Indonesian Police Raid 'Gay Party', Government Inaction Fosters Police Use of Pornography Law to Target LGBT People". Human Rights Watch.
  12. ↑ Indonesia Seeks to Imprison Gays Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine., 365Gay.com, 30 September 2003
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "In response to anti-LGBT fatwa, Jokowi urged to abolish laws targeting minorities". The Jakarta Post. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  14. ↑ "LGBT World Legal Wrap up Survey" (PDF). Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  15. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  16. ↑ Gayatri Suroyo and Charlotte Greenfield (27 December 2014). "Strict sharia forces gays into hiding in Indonesia's Aceh". reuters. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  17. ↑ Dead link Archived 9 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine., Nov 2006
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Indonesia: Gays Fight Sharia Laws, Doug Ireland
  19. ↑ "Fatwa MUI Hukum Mati Kaum Homoseksual Dinilai Sulit Diterapkan". Tribunnews (in Indonesian). 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  20. 1 2 Qommarria Rostanti (8 March 2016). Achmad Syalaby, ed. "Giliran PPP Dukung Inisiasi RUU LGBT". Republika (in Indonesian).
  21. ↑ ""These Political Games Ruin Our Lives"". 10 August 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  22. ↑ "Indonesian Militant Islamists, Police Raid Gay Gathering". Human Rights Watch. 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  23. ↑ News, ABC. "Indonesia police arrest dozens in raid on Jakarta gay sauna". ABC News. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  24. ↑ Sutrisno, Elvan Dany. "MUI: Pesta Gay Lecehkan Agama dan Budaya Bangsa". detiknews. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  25. ↑ "Indonesian police arrest 141 men over 'gay sex party'". 22 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017 – via www.bbc.com.
  26. ↑ "Indonesian court rejects push to outlaw extramarital and gay sex". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 December 2017.
  27. ↑ Indonesia, CNN. "Netizen Sambut 'Kemenangan' LGBT Usai Putusan MK". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  28. ↑ Media, Kompas Cyber. "Penjelasan MK soal Tuduhan Putusan yang Melegalkan Zina dan LGBT - Kompas.com". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  29. ↑ "Indonesian Constitutional Court Declines to Ban Sex Outside Marriage". New York Times. 14 December 2017.
  30. ↑ "After accusation of same-sex marriage support, Indonesian political parties rush to criminalize LGBT". Coconuts Jakarta. 22 January 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  31. ↑ "Yayasan Sayap Ibu Jakarta". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  32. ↑ "Indonesia court rejects petition to bar consensual sex outside marriage". Retrieved 2017-12-14.
  33. ↑ Post, The Jakarta. "AGO makes U-turn on anti-LGBT recruitment policy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
  34. ↑ "Indonesia is set to ban gay sex". pinknews.co.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  35. 1 2 "Sex or gender? Aming's challenge - Coconuts Jakarta". coconuts.co. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  36. ↑ "thebacklot.com - Corner of Hollywood and Gay". thebacklot.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  37. ↑ "AP Exclusive: Obama's transgender ex-nanny outcast". Yahoo News. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  38. ↑ "Obama's transgender former nanny living in fear in Indonesia". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. March 6, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Transgender Muslims Find a Home for Prayer in Indonesia". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. December 22, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  40. ↑ "Police arrest 12 trans women and shave their heads 'to make them men'". PinkNews. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
  41. ↑ Post, The Jakarta. "Jakarta Social Agency targets transgender people as 'social misfits'". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
  42. ↑ "Indonesia is rounding up trans women and forcing them into rehab". PinkNews. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
  43. ↑ Post, The Jakarta. "Mother's request to release arrested transgender daughter ignored". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Laurent, Erick (May 2001). "Sexuality and Human Rights". Journal of Homosexuality. Routledge. 40 (3&4): 163–225. doi:10.1300/J082v48n03_09. ISSN 0091-8369.
  45. ↑ Spartacus International Gay Guide, page 484. Bruno Gmunder Verlag, 2007
  46. ↑ "Indonesia's New Anti-Porn Agenda". Time. 6 November 2008.
  47. ↑ Safrin La Batu (February 20, 2016). "Saiful case intensifies LGBT debate". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
  48. ↑ "PAN Minta Masyarakat Tidak Diskriminatif dengan Komunitas LGBT". Okezone (in Indonesian). 26 February 2016.
  49. 1 2 "Indonesia's President Finally Speaks Out Against Worsening Anti-LGBT Discrimination". TIME.com.
  50. ↑ Faiq Hidayat (18 February 2016). "PDIP bisa maklumi LGBT, perlu diedukasi bukan dimusuhi". Merdeka.com (in Indonesian).
  51. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  52. ↑ "The Yogyakarta Principles: The Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  53. ↑ Earth Times. Conservative Indonesian Muslims break up gay meeting. 26 March 2010
  54. ↑ Intan Paramaditha (27 February 2016). "The LGBT debate and the fear of 'gerakan'". The Jakarta Post. Sydney.
  55. ↑ Gollmer, Anggatira (2 March 2011). "It's OK to be gay in Indonesia so long as you keep it quiet". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  56. 1 2 "Mahasiswa Beri Konseling LGBT, Begini Respons UI". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). 21 January 2016.
  57. ↑ Wisnu Prasetyo (23 January 2016). "Support Group untuk LGBT di UI: Kami Tak Mendorong dan Menyembuhkan Orang dari Gay". detikNews (in Indonesian).
  58. ↑ "Sikap Gereja Katolik terhadap isu LGBT". UCAN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 19 February 2016.
  59. ↑ Liza Yosephine (24 February 2016). "Indonesian psychiatrists label LGBT as mental disorders". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
  60. ↑ "Jakarta governor Ahok found guilty of blasphemy, jailed for two years". theguardian.com. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  61. ↑ ILGA-RIWI Global Attitudes Survey ILGA, October 2017
  62. ↑ "Download Undang-Undang No. 44 Tahun 2008 - hukumonline.com". www.hukumonline.com. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  63. ↑ "QANUN ACEH NOMOR 6 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG HUKUM JINAYAT (Aceh Religious Bylaw on Crimes" (PDF). Aceh Provincial Website. 2004. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  64. ↑ https://coconuts.co/jakarta/news/accusation-sex-marriage-support-indonesian-political-parties-rush-criminalize-lgbt/amp/?__twitter_impression=true
  65. ↑ Beyama, Putri Della Yuswika Argita (2016). "Pengaturan Perubahan Jenis Kelamin Menurut Ketentuan Hukum Di Indonesia" (PDF). Essay (in Indonesian): 47.

References

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