Matthew Shepard

Matthew Shepard
Born Matthew Wayne Shepard
(1976-12-01)December 1, 1976
Casper, Wyoming, U.S.
Died October 12, 1998(1998-10-12) (aged 21)
Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.
Cause of death Murder
Alma mater University of Wyoming
Parent(s) Dennis Shepard
Judy Shepard

Matthew Wayne "Matt" Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was an American student at the University of Wyoming who was beaten, tortured, and left to die near Laramie on the night of October 6, 1998.[1] He was taken to Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado, where he died six days later from severe head injuries. Perpetrators Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson were arrested shortly after the attack and charged with first-degree murder following Shepard's death. Significant media coverage was given to the killing and to what role Shepard's sexual orientation played as a motive in the commission of the crime. The prosecutor argued that McKinney's murder of Shepard was premeditated and driven by greed. McKinney's defense counsel countered that he had intended only to rob Shepard but had killed him in a rage when Shepard made a sexual advance toward him. McKinney's girlfriend told police that he had been motivated by anti-gay sentiment but later recanted her statement, saying that she had lied because she thought it would help him. Both McKinney and Henderson were convicted of the murder, and each received two consecutive life sentences.

Shepard's murder brought national and international attention to hate crime legislation at the state and federal levels.[2] In October 2009, the United States Congress passed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (commonly the "Matthew Shepard Act" or "Shepard/Byrd Act" for short), and on October 28, 2009, President Barack Obama signed the legislation into law.[3] Following her son's murder, Judy Shepard became a prominent LGBT rights activist and established the Matthew Shepard Foundation. Shepard's death inspired notable films, novels, plays, songs, and other works.

Background

Shepard was born in 1976 in Casper, Wyoming; he was the first of two sons born to Judy (née Peck) and Dennis Shepard. His younger brother, Logan, was born in 1981. The two siblings had a close relationship.[4] Matthew attended Crest Hill Elementary School, Dean Morgan Junior High School, and Natrona County High School for his freshman through junior years. As a child, he was "friendly with all his classmates," but was targeted for teasing due to his small stature and lack of athleticism.[4] He developed an early interest in politics.[4] Saudi Aramco hired his father in the summer of 1994, and Shepard's parents subsequently resided at the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran. During that time, Shepard attended the American School in Switzerland (TASIS),[5] from which he graduated in May 1995. There, he participated in theater and took German and Italian courses. He then attended Catawba College in North Carolina and Casper College in Wyoming, before settling in Denver, Colorado. Shepard became a first-year political science major at the University of Wyoming in Laramie with a minor in languages,[4] and was chosen as the student representative for the Wyoming Environmental Council.[2] Shepard was an Episcopalian.[6]

He was described by his father as "an optimistic and accepting young man who had a special gift of relating to almost everyone. He was the type of person who was very approachable and always looked to new challenges. Matthew had a great passion for equality and always stood up for the acceptance of people's differences."[7] Michele Josue, who had been Shepard's friend and later created a documentary about him, Matt Shepard is A Friend of Mine, described him as "a tenderhearted and kind person."[8] In 1995, Shepard was beaten and raped during a high school trip to Morocco.[9][10] This caused him to experience depression and panic attacks, according to his mother.[9] One of Shepard's friends feared that his depression had driven him to become involved with drugs during his time in college.[9] Multiple times, Shepard was hospitalized due to his clinical depression and suicidal ideation.[4]

Murder

On the night of October 6, 1998, Shepard met Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson at the Fireside Lounge in Laramie; all three men were in their early twenties.[11][9] McKinney and Henderson decided to give Shepard a ride home.[12][13] They subsequently drove the car to a remote, rural area, and proceeded to rob, pistol-whip, and torture Shepard, tie him to a fence, and leave him to die. Media reports often contained the graphic account of the pistol-whipping and his fractured skull. Reports described how Shepard was beaten so brutally that his face was completely covered in blood, except where it had been partially cleansed by his tears.[14][15] The assailants' girlfriends testified that neither McKinney nor Henderson was under the influence of alcohol or other drugs at the time of the attack.[16][17] McKinney and Henderson testified that they discovered Shepard's address and intended to steal from his home as well.

After attacking Shepard and leaving him tied to the fence in near-freezing temperatures, McKinney and Henderson returned to town. McKinney proceeded to pick a fight with two Hispanic youths, Emiliano Morales and Jeremy Herrara. The fight resulted in head wounds for both Morales and McKinney.[18] Police officer Flint Waters arrived at the scene of the fight. He arrested Henderson, searched McKinney's truck and found a blood-smeared gun and Shepard's shoes and credit card.[9] Henderson and McKinney later tried to persuade their girlfriends to provide alibis for them and help them dispose of evidence.[19]

Still tied to the fence, Shepard was in a coma 18 hours after the attack when he was discovered by Aaron Kreifels, a cyclist who initially mistook Shepard for a scarecrow.[20] Reggie Fluty, the first police officer to arrive at the scene, found Shepard alive but covered in blood. The medical gloves issued by the Albany County Sheriff's Department were faulty, and Fluty's supply ran out. She decided to use her bare hands to clear an airway in Shepard's bloody mouth. A day later, she was informed that Shepard was HIV positive and that she might have been exposed to the virus due to cuts on her hands. After taking an AZT regimen for several months, she tested negative for HIV.[21] Judy Shepard later wrote that she learned of her son's HIV status while he lay dying in the hospital.[22]

Shepard was transported first to Ivinson Memorial Hospital in Laramie before being moved to the more advanced trauma ward at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado.[23] He had suffered fractures to the back of his head and in front of his right ear. He experienced severe brainstem damage, which affected his body's ability to regulate his heart rate, body temperature, and other vital functions. There were also about a dozen small lacerations around his head, face, and neck. His injuries were deemed too severe for doctors to operate. Shepard never regained consciousness and remained on full life support. While he lay in intensive care and in the days following the attack, candlelight vigils were held around the world.[24][25][26]

Shepard was pronounced dead six days after the attack at 12:53 a.m. on October 12, 1998.[27][28][29][30] He was 21 years old.[11]

Arrests and trial

McKinney and Henderson were arrested and initially charged with attempted murder, kidnapping, and aggravated robbery. After Shepard's death, the charges were upgraded from attempted murder to first-degree murder, meaning that the two defendants were eligible for the death penalty. Their girlfriends, Kristen Price and Chasity Pasley, were charged with being accessories after the fact.[29]

At McKinney's November 1998 pretrial hearing, Sergeant Rob Debree testified that McKinney had stated in an interview on October 9 that he and Henderson had identified Shepard as a robbery target and pretended to be gay to lure him out to their truck, and that McKinney had attacked Shepard after Shepard put his hand on McKinney's knee.[31] Detective Ben Fritzen testified that Price stated McKinney told her the violence against Shepard was triggered by how McKinney "[felt] about gays".[31]

In December 1998, Pasley pleaded guilty to being an accessory after the fact to first-degree murder.[32]

On April 5, 1999, Henderson avoided going to trial when he pled guilty to murder and kidnapping charges. In order to avoid the death penalty, he agreed to testify against McKinney and was sentenced by District Judge Jeffrey A. Donnell to two consecutive life terms. At Henderson's sentencing, his lawyer argued that Shepard had not been targeted because he was gay.[32]

McKinney's trial took place in October and November 1999. Prosecutor Cal Rerucha alleged that McKinney and Henderson pretended to be gay to gain Shepard's trust. Price, McKinney's girlfriend, testified that Henderson and McKinney had "pretended they were gay to get [Shepard] in the truck and rob him."[12][33] Rerucha argued that the killing had been premeditated, driven by "greed and violence", rather than by Shepard's sexual orientation.[34] McKinney's lawyer attempted to put forward a gay panic defense, arguing that McKinney was driven to temporary insanity by alleged sexual advances by Shepard. This defense was rejected by the judge. McKinney's lawyer stated that the two men wanted to rob Shepard but never intended to kill him.[9]

The jury found McKinney not guilty of premeditated murder but guilty of felony murder and began to deliberate on the death penalty. Shepard's parents brokered a deal that resulted in McKinney receiving two consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.[35] Henderson and McKinney were incarcerated in the Wyoming State Penitentiary in Rawlins and were later transferred to other prisons because of overcrowding.[36]

Following her testimony at McKinney's trial, Price pled guilty to a reduced charge of misdemeanor interference with a police officer.[37]

In 2004, Price said she had lied to police about McKinney having been provoked by an unwanted sexual advance from Shephard, telling TV journalist Elizabeth Vargas, "I don't think it was a hate crime at all."[9][38] Fritzen told an interviewer "Matthew Shepard's sexual preference or sexual orientation certainly wasn't the motive in the homicide...".[39]

Public reaction and aftermath

Anti-gay protests

Members of the Westboro Baptist Church, led by Fred Phelps, received national attention for picketing Shepard's funeral with signs bearing homophobic slogans, such as "Matt in Hell" and "God Hates Fags".[40]

Church members also mounted anti-gay protests during the trials of Henderson and McKinney.[41] In response, Romaine Patterson, one of Shepard's friends, organized a group that assembled in a circle around the Westboro Baptist Church protesters. The group wore white robes and gigantic wings (resembling angels) that blocked the protesters. Despite this action, Shepard's parents were still able to hear the protesters shouting anti-gay remarks and comments directed towards them. The police intervened and created a human barrier between the two groups.[42] Angel Action was founded by Patterson in April 1999.[42][43]

The Book of Matt

Shepard's murder continued to attract public attention and media coverage long after the trial was over. In 2004, the ABC News news program 20/20 aired a report that quoted statements by McKinney, Henderson, Kristen Price, prosecutor Cal Rerucha, and a lead investigator. The statements alleged that the murder had not been motivated by Shepard's sexuality but was primarily a drug-related robbery that had turned violent.[9] Stephen Jimenez, the producer of the 2004 20/20 segment, went on to write a book on his theory of the attacks, The Book of Matt: Hidden Truths About the Murder of Matthew Shepard, which was published in September 2013. The book also said that Shepard and McKinney—the killer who inflicted the injuries—had been occasional sex partners.[44][45][46]

Many commentators have criticized Jimenez's views on the attack as being sensational and misleading; those views were shared by gay advocacy organizations and cultural critics.[47][48][49][50][44] Some commentators, however, have spoken up to defend it.[51] Police who were involved in the investigation have criticized Jimenez' conclusions,[52][53] though the prosecutor, Cal Rerucha, said that there was evidence that drugs were at least one factor that led to the murder.[54]

Legacy

In the years following her son's death, Judy Shepard has worked as an advocate for LGBT rights, particularly issues relating to gay youth.[8] She was a main force behind the Matthew Shepard Foundation, which she and her husband Dennis founded in December 1998.[55]

Gay rights activist John Stoltenberg has said that to portray Shepard as a gay-bashing victim is to present an incomplete account of his victimization: "Keeping Matthew as the poster boy of gay-hate crime and ignoring the full tragedy of his story has been the agenda of many gay-movement leaders. Ignoring the tragedies of Matthew's life prior to his murder will do nothing to help other young men in our community who are sold for sex, ravaged by drugs, and generally exploited."[10]

Hate crime legislation

President Obama with Louvon Harris, Betty Byrd Boatner, and Judy Shepard
President Barack Obama greets Louvon Harris, left, Betty Byrd Boatner, right, both sisters of James Byrd, Jr., and Judy Shepard at a 2009 reception commemorating the enactment of the legislation.

Requests for new legislation to address hate crimes gained momentum during coverage of the incident.[56][57] Under existing United States federal law[58] and Wyoming state law,[59] crimes committed on the basis of sexual orientation were not prosecutable as hate crimes.

Within hours of discovering Shepard, his friends Walt Boulden and Alex Trout began to contact media organizations, claiming that Shepard had been assaulted because he was gay. According to prosecutor Cal Rerucha, "They were calling the County Attorney's office, they were calling the media and indicating Matthew Shepard is gay and we don't want the fact that he is gay to go unnoticed."[9] Tina Labrie, a close friend of Shepard's, said "[Boulden and Trout] wanted to make [Matt] a poster child or something for their cause".[60] Boulden linked the attack to the absence of a Wyoming criminal statute providing for a hate crimes charge.[10]

In the following session of the Wyoming Legislature, a bill was introduced that defined certain attacks motivated by victim identity as hate crimes. The measure failed on a 30–30 tie in the Wyoming House of Representatives.[61][55]

President Bill Clinton renewed attempts to extend federal hate crime legislation to include gay individuals, women, and people with disabilities.[62] A Hate Crimes Prevention Act was introduced in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives in November 1997, and reintroduced in March 1999, but was passed by only the Senate in July 1999.[63]

In September 2000, both houses of Congress passed such legislation; however it was stripped out in conference committee.[64]

On March 20, 2007, the Matthew Shepard Act (H.R. 1592) was introduced as federal bipartisan legislation in the U.S. Congress, sponsored by Democrat John Conyers with 171 co-sponsors. Shepard's parents attended the introduction ceremony. The bill passed the House of Representatives on May 3, 2007. Similar legislation passed in the Senate on September 27, 2007[65] (S. 1105), however then-President George W. Bush indicated he would veto the legislation if it reached his desk.[66] The Democratic leadership dropped the amendment in response to opposition from conservative groups and Bush, and because the measure was attached to a defense bill there was a lack of support from antiwar Democrats.[67]

On December 10, 2007, congressional powers attached bipartisan hate crimes legislation to a Department of Defense Authorization bill, although it failed to pass. Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the House, said she was "still committed to getting the Matthew Shepard Act passed". Pelosi planned to get the bill passed in early 2008[68] although she did not succeed. Following his election as President, Barack Obama stated that he was committed to passing the Act.[69]

The U.S. House of Representatives debated expansion of hate crimes legislation on April 29, 2009. During the debate, Representative Virginia Foxx of North Carolina called the "hate crime" labeling of Shepard's murder a "hoax".[70] Foxx later called her comments "a poor choice of words".[71]

The House passed the act, designated H.R. 1913, by a vote of 249 to 175.[72] Ted Kennedy, Patrick Leahy, and a bipartisan coalition introduced the bill in the Senate on April 28;[73] it had 43 cosponsors as of June 17, 2009. The Matthew Shepard Act was adopted as an amendment to S.1390 by a vote of 63–28 on July 15, 2009.[74]

On October 22, 2009, the Senate passed the act by a vote of 68–29.[75] President Obama signed the measure into law on October 28, 2009.[76][77]

Interment in Washington National Cathedral

It was announced twenty years after Matthew’s death that his ashes would be interred in a crypt at the Washington National Cathedral on October 26, 2018.[78]

Matthew Shepard's life, death, trial, and its aftermath have inspired numerous works, including documentary and narrative films and television shows, stage plays (such as The Laramie Project), and musical and written works. Additionally, NBA player Jason Collins wore the jersey number "98" in honor of Shepard during his 2012–13 season with the Boston Celtics and the Washington Wizards, and would come out as gay following the season.[79] After Collins joined the Brooklyn Nets in 2014, NBA marketing reported high interest in his "98" jersey[80] and high sales once the item became available for purchase.[81][82]

The Meaning of Matthew

The Meaning of Matthew, its full title The Meaning of Matthew: My Son's Murder in Laramie, and a World Transformed, is a 2009 biographical book by Judy Shepard about her son Matthew Shepard. Judy Shepard speaks about her loss, her family memories of Matthew, and the tragic event that changed the Shepards' lives and America. The Meaning of Matthew follows the Shepard family in the days immediately after the crime to see their incapacitated son, kept alive by life support machines; how the Shepards learned of the huge public response, the candlelit vigils and memorial services for their child; and their struggles to navigate the legal system.[83]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "About Us - Matthew Shepard Foundation". Matthew Shepard Foundation. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
  2. 1 2 "Matthew Shepard Foundation webpage". Matthew Shepard Foundation. Archived from the original on July 29, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
  3. ↑ "Obama signs hate-crimes law rooted in crimes of 1998". USA Today. October 28, 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Crucifixion of Matthew Shepard". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  5. ↑ Julie Cart (September 14, 1999). "Matthew Shepard's Mother Aims to Speak With His Voice". Los Angeles Times.
  6. ↑ Fortin, Jacey. "Matthew Shepard Will Be Interred at the Washington National Cathedral, 20 Years After His Death". nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  7. ↑ Bevacqua, Jillian; Paone, Torie (July 5, 2011). "Judy Shepard speaks out against anti-gay violence". Muhlenberg Weekly. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013.
  8. 1 2 Ring, Trudy (March 2, 2015). "Getting to Know the Real Matthew Shepard". The Advocate. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "New Details Emerge in Matthew Shepard Murder". ABC News Internet Ventures. November 26, 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 Julie Bindel (October 25, 2014). "The truth behind America's most famous gay-hate murder". The Guardian. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  11. 1 2 Brooke, James (October 12, 1998). "Gay Man Dies From Attack, Fanning Outrage and Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  12. 1 2 Ramsland, Katherine. "Psychiatry, the Law, and Depravity: Profile of Michael Welner, M.D. Chairman, The Forensic Panel". truTV. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  13. ↑ "Killer: Shepard Didn't Make Advances". Salon.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
  14. ↑ Loffreda, Beth (2000). Losing Matt Shepard: life and politics in the aftermath of anti-gay murder. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11858-9.
  15. ↑ Chiasson, Lloyd (November 30, 2003). Illusive Shadows: Justice, Media, and Socially Significant American Trials. Praeger. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-275-97507-4.
  16. ↑ "The Daily Camera:Matthew Shepard Murder". Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2006.
  17. ↑ Black, Robert W. (October 29, 1999). "Girlfriend: McKinney told of killing". The Daily Camera.
  18. ↑ James Brooke (October 16, 1998), Men Held in Beating Lived on the Fringes The New York Times
  19. ↑ "New details emerge about suspects in gay attack". CNN. October 13, 1998. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  20. ↑ Hughes, Jim (October 15, 1998). "Wyo. bicyclist recalls tragic discovery". The Denver Post. p. A01.
  21. ↑ Reavill, Gil (2007). Aftermath, Inc: Cleaning Up After CSI Goes Home. Gotham. p. 103. ISBN 1592402968.
  22. ↑ "Magnificent New Book About Matthew Shepherd Astonishes". Lavender (378). November 19, 2009.
  23. ↑ Loffreda, Beth (2000). Losing Matt Shepard: Life and Politics in the Aftermath of Anti-Gay Murder. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231500289.
  24. ↑ "University of Wyoming Matthew Shepard Resource Site". University of Wyoming. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  25. ↑ "Hate crimes bill still elusive 10 years after savage gay killing". The Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa, Canada. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. October 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  26. ↑ Egerton, Brooks (October 17, 1998). "Symbol of outrage". The Spokesman-Review. p. A2. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  27. ↑ "Murder charges planned in beating death of gay student". CNN. October 12, 1998. Archived from the original on August 22, 2006. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  28. ↑ Lacayo, Richard (October 26, 1998). "The New Struggle". Time. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
  29. 1 2 "Beaten gay student dies; murder charges planned". CNN. October 12, 1998. Archived from the original on June 20, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
  30. ↑ "Matthew Shepard Medical Update" (PDF). Poudre Valley Health System (Colorado). October 12, 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
  31. 1 2 Brooke, James (November 21, 1998). "Witnesses Trace Brutal Killing of Gay Student". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  32. 1 2 Brooke, James (April 6, 1999). "Gay murder trial ends with guilty plea". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  33. ↑ Cullen, Dave (November 1, 1999). "Quiet bombshell in Matthew Shepard trial". Salon. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  34. ↑ Janofsky, Michael (October 26, 1999). "A defense to avoid execution". New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  35. ↑ Cart, Julie (November 5, 1999). "Killer of Gay Student Is Spared Death Penalty; Courts: Matthew Shepard's father says life in prison shows "mercy to someone who refused to show any mercy."". Los Angeles Times. p. A1.
  36. ↑ Torkelson, Jean (October 3, 2008). "Mother's mission: Matthew Shepard's death changes things". Rocky Mountain News. The E.W. Scripps Co. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
  37. ↑ "Last gay beating trial ends". CBS News. November 4, 1999. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  38. ↑ James Kirchick (October 22, 2013), Book Review: 'The Book of Matt,' by Stephen Jimenez The Wall Street Journal
  39. ↑ Jimenez, Stephen (2013). The Book of Matt. Steerforth. p. 168. ISBN 1586422146.
  40. ↑ "Top Story". Gay Today. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
  41. ↑ Cullen, Dave (October 11, 1999). "Put the victim on trial?". Salon. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  42. 1 2 "Suspect pleads guilty in beating death of gay college student". CNN. April 5, 1999. Archived from the original on January 2, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  43. ↑ "The Whole World Was Watching". Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  44. 1 2 Rosenberg, Alyssa (October 18, 2013). "'The Book Of Matt' Doesn't Prove Anything, Other Than The Size Of Stephen Jimenez's Ego". ThinkProgress. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  45. ↑ "Matthew Shepard Murdered By Bisexual Lover And Drug Dealer, Stephen Jimenez Claims In New Book". Huffington Post. September 12, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  46. ↑ Smith, Kyle (September 21, 2013). "New book questions Matthew Shepard killing". New York Post. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  47. ↑ Lee, Felicia R. (November 26, 2004). "ABC News Revisits Student's Killing, and Angers Some Gays". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  48. ↑ "GLAAD: 10 Questions About ABC'S 20/20 Show on Matthew Shepard". Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  49. ↑ Charles, Casey (2012). Critical Queer Studies: Law, Film, and Fiction in Contemporary American Culture. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1409444060.
  50. ↑ O'Donnell, M. (2008). "Gay-hate, journalism and compassionate questioning". Asia Pacific Media Educator (19): 113–126. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  51. ↑ "Have We Got Matthew Shepard All Wrong?". September 13, 2013.
  52. ↑ Hemmelgarn, Seth (October 24, 2013). "Shepard book stirs controversy". The Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014.
  53. ↑ Jiminez, Stephen (November 24, 2014). "Book of Matt Author Responds to Media Matters". Out. Retrieved October 12, 2018. two police officers, Dave O'Malley and Rob DeBree, have quarreled with some of the findings
  54. ↑ Knittel, Shaun. "The Matthew Shepard paradox: How one U.S. Representative opened hate's old wounds". sgn.org. Seattle Gay News. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
  55. 1 2 Pilkington, Ed (October 10, 2013). "Fifteen years after Matthew Shepard's murder, Wyoming remains anti-gay". The Guardian. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  56. ↑ Colby College (March 7, 2006). "Mother of Hate-Crime Victim to Speak at Colby". Retrieved April 6, 2006. Press release.
  57. ↑ "Open phones". Talk of the Nation. National Public Radio. October 12, 1998. Retrieved April 6, 2006. "Denounced nationwide as a hate crime" at 1:40 elapsed time.
  58. ↑ "Investigative Programs: Civil Rights: Hate Crimes". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved April 6, 2006.
  59. ↑ "Map of State Statutes". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2006.
  60. ↑ The Myths of Matthew Shepard’s Infamous Death The Daily Beast (September 22, 2013)
  61. ↑ Blanchard, Robert O. (May 1999). "The 'Hate State' Myth". Reason. Archived from the original on April 5, 2006. Retrieved April 6, 2006.
  62. ↑ Barrett, Ted, and The Associated Press (September 13, 2000). "President Clinton urges Congress to pass hate crimes bill: GOP aides predict legislation will pass House, but will not become law". CNN. Archived from the original on May 26, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
  63. ↑ "Hate Crimes Timeline". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
  64. ↑ Office of House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi (October 7, 2004). "House Democrats Condemn GOP Rejection of Hate Crimes Legislation". Archived from the original on April 1, 2006. Retrieved April 7, 2006. Press release.
  65. ↑ Simon, R. (May 3, 2007). "Bush threatens to veto expansion of hate-crime law". Los Angeles Times.
  66. ↑ Stout, D. (May 3, 2007). "House Votes to Expand Hate Crime Protection". New York Times.
  67. ↑ Wooten, Amy (January 1, 2008). "Congress Drops Hate-Crimes Bill". Windy City Times. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  68. ↑ "Caving in on Hate Crimes", New York Times, December 10, 2007; retrieved December 11, 2007.
  69. ↑ Lynsen, Joshua (June 13, 2008). "Obama renews commitment to gay issues". Washington Blade. Window Media LLC Productions. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
  70. ↑ Grim, Ryan (April 29, 2009). "Virginia Foxx: Story of Matthew Shepard's Murder A "Hoax"". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
  71. ↑ "Congresswoman calls gay death case a `hoax'". Retrieved April 29, 2009.
  72. ↑ Stout, David (April 29, 2009). "House Passes Hate-Crimes Bill". New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
  73. ↑ "Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes Prevention Act Introduced in Senate". Feminist.org. April 29, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
  74. ↑ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records: Roll Call Vote". Retrieved July 17, 2009.
  75. ↑ Roxana Tiron, "Senate OKs defense bill, 68-29", The Hill, found at The Hill website; retrieved October 22, 2009.
  76. ↑ Pershing, Ben (October 23, 2009). "Senate passes measure that would protect gays". The Washington Post.
  77. ↑ Geen, Jessica (October 28, 2009). "Mother of Matthew Shepard welcomes U.S. hate crimes bill". Pink News. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  78. ↑ Fortin, Jacey (October 11, 2018). "Matthew Shepard Will Be Interred at the Washington National Cathedral, 20 Years After His Death". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  79. ↑ Grindley, Lucas (May 1, 2013). "Matthew Shepard's Mom Moved to Tears by Jason Collins's Gesture". The Advocate. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
  80. ↑ "A Sudden Demand for No. 98 Jerseys". February 25, 2014.
  81. ↑ Mazzeo, Mike (February 27, 2014). "Jason Collins' No. 98 for sale". ESPN. Retrieved April 17, 2014. four of the top five best-selling items ... are Collins items
  82. ↑ Moore, Matt (February 26, 2014). "Jason Collins' jersey skyrockets to No. 1 on sales list". CBS Sports. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  83. ↑ Shepard, Judy (2009). The Meaning of Matthew: My Son's Murder in Laramie, and a World Transformed. New York: Penguin Group USA. ISBN 978-1-59463-057-6.

Further reading

  • Campbell, Shannon; Laura Castaneda (2005). News and Sexuality: Media Portraits of Diversity. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-4129-0998-8.
  • Fondakowski, Leigh; Kaufman, Moisés (2001). The Laramie Project. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-375-72719-1.
  • Garceau, Dee; Basso, Matthew; McCall, Laura (2001). Across the Great Divide: Cultures of manhood in the American West. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92471-5.
  • Hinds, Patrick; Romaine Patterson (2005). The Whole World Was Watching: Living in the Light of Matthew Shepard. New Hampshire: Advocate Books. ISBN 1-55583-901-0.
  • Jimenez, Stephen (2013). The Book of Matt: hidden truths about the murder of Matthew Shepard. Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-58642-226-4.
  • Loffreda, Beth (2000). Losing Matt Shepard: life and politics in the aftermath of anti-gay murder. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11859-7.
  • McConnell, David (2013). American Honor Killings: Desire and Rage Among Men. Akashic Books. ISBN 978-1617751325.
  • Swigonski, Mary E.; Mama, Robin S.; Ward, Kelly (2001). From Hate Crimes to Human Rights: A Tribute to Matthew Shepard. New York: Routledge. ISBN 1-56023-256-0.


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