LGBT rights in Brazil

LGBT rights in Brazil
Brazil
Same-sex sexual intercourse legal status	Legal since 1830,[1] age of consent equalised
Gender identity/expression	Legal since 2009,[2] official standard for altering legal sex doesn't require surgery since 2018
Military service	Allowed to serve openly[3]
Discrimination protections	No explicit legal protection nationwide
Family rights
Recognition of relationships	Same-sex marriage legal nationwide since 2013[4][5]
Adoption	Legal since 2010[6]

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Brazil enjoy most of the same legal protections available to non-LGBT people, with LGBT people having marriage rights available nationwide since May 2013.^[7]

On May 5, 2011, the Supreme Federal Court voted in favour of granting same-sex couples the same 112 legal rights as married couples. The decision was approved by a 10–0 vote with one abstention – one justice abstained because he had spoken publicly in favor of same-sex unions when he was attorney general.^[8] The ruling gave same-sex couples in stable partnerships the same financial and social rights enjoyed by those in opposite-sex relationships.^[9]

Consequently, on May 14, 2013, the Justice's National Council of Brazil legalized same-sex marriage in the entire country in a 14-1 vote by issuing a ruling that orders all civil registers of the country to perform same-sex marriages and convert any existing civil unions into marriages if the couples so desire.^{[10][11][12][13][14][15]} Joaquim Barbosa, then president of the Council of Justice and the Supreme Federal Court, said in the decision that notaries cannot continue to refuse to "perform a civil wedding or the conversion of a stable civil union into a marriage between persons of the same sex."^[7] The ruling was published on May 15 and took effect on May 16, 2013.^[16][17]

The list of various LGBT rights in Brazil has expanded since the end of the military dictatorship in 1985, and the creation of the new Constitution of Brazil of 1988.^[18] In 2009, a survey conducted in 10 Brazilian cities found that 7.8% of men identified as gay with bisexual males accounting for another 2.6% of the total population (for a total of 10.4%). The Brazilian lesbian population was 4.9% of females with bisexual women reaching 1.4% (for a total of 6.3%).^[19] There are no nationwide statistics.

According to the Guinness World Records, the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade is the world's largest LGBT Pride celebration, with 4 million people attending in 2009.^[20] Brazil had 60,002 same-sex couples living together, according to the Brazilian Census of 2010 (IBGE).^[21] The country has about 300 active LGBT organizations.^[22]

According to a 2017 Datafolha survey, the percentage of Brazilians who think homosexuality should be accepted by society had increased from 64% in 2014 to 74% in 2017.^[23] However, Brazil is reported to have the highest LGBT murder rate in the world, with more than 380 murders in 2017 alone, an increase of 30% compared to 2016.^[24]

Timeline

Protest in front of the National Congress of Brazil in Brasília

LGBT part of Ipanema Beach in Rio de Janeiro

• 1830: Dom Pedro I signed into law the Imperial Penal Code. It eliminated all references to sodomy.^[25]
• 1979: O Lampião, a gay magazine, with contributions by many famous authors, like João Silvério Trevisan, Aguinaldo Silva and Luiz Mott, was launched. It survived for just a year.
• 1980: Grupo Gay da Bahia, the oldest gay rights organization in Brazil, was founded in the city of Salvador, together with SOMOS, another organization in the city of São Paulo.
• 1989: The constitutions of Mato Grosso and Sergipe states are signed into law. They explicitly forbid discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation.^[26][27]
• 1995: Congresswoman Marta Suplicy proposed Bill project No. 1151 concerning civil unions.
• 1997: G Magazine, the first gay-oriented erotic magazine, was published enjoying large and national distribution until its final issue in 2013.
• 2004: Rio Grande do Sul began allowing same-sex partners to register civil unions in a generic civil law notary after a court decision in March 2004.^[28]
• 2006: A lesbian couple from Rio Grande do Sul was the first to successfully adopt.^[29]
• June 10, 2007: In its eleventh edition, the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade broke its own record as the biggest parade in the world and attracted 3.5 million people.^[30]
• June 25, 2007: The Richarlyson affair occurred in which a judge was brought before the Justice Council of São Paulo for stating in court that soccer is a "virile, masculine sport and not a homosexual one." However, afterwards, the same judge apologized and decided to annul the decision he wrote.^[31]
• 2008: A national LGBT conference was held. The event, the first in the world to be organized by a government, was a result of demands made by civil society and the Brazilian Government's support of LGBT rights.^[32]
• 2010: In a landmark trial, the 4th Class of the Superior Court of Justice of Brazil acknowledged, unanimously, that same-sex couples have the right to adopt children.
• 2011: On May 5, the Supreme Federal Court unanimously extended stable unions (Portuguese: união estável) to same-sex couples nationwide by redefining the laic definition of the family and providing 112 rights to these couples. The extension of marriage was not discussed in this decision.^{[33][34][35][36]}
• 2011: On June 27, the first same-sex civil union was converted into a same-sex marriage in Brazil. The conversion was ordered by a São Paulo judge. Since this case, many other civil unions have been converted into full marriages.^[37]
• 2011: On October 25, the Superior Court of Justice declared that the legal union of two women who could be recognized as a marriage. Differently from the U.S. Supreme Court's "stare decisis", the Superior Court decision would only reach the authors of the demand, but stood as a precedent that could be followed in similar cases.^[38]
• 2013: On May 14, the Justice's National Council of Brazil legalized same-sex marriage in the entire country in a 14-1 vote by issuing a ruling that orders all civil registers of the country to perform same-sex marriages and convert any existing civil unions into marriages if such a couple desires.
• 2018: On 1 March, the Brazilian Supreme Court ruled that transgender people may change their legal gender without undergoing surgery, hormonal therapy or receiving a medical diagnosis.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Paulo Vannuchi, minister of the Special Secretariat for Human Rights, promoting LGBT rights in March 2009

On May 14, 2013, the Justice's National Council of Brazil legalized same-sex marriage (Portuguese: casamento homoafetivo [kɐzɐˈmẽtw õmwɐfeˈtʃivu], also commonly casamento gay, casamento igualitário [iɣwɐɫiˈtaɾju]) in the entire country in a 14-1 vote by issuing a ruling that orders all civil registers of the country to perform same-sex marriages and convert any existing civil unions into marriages if such a couple desires.^{[10][11][12][15][39]} Joaquim Barbosa, president of the Council of Justice and the highest court of constitutional law in Brazil - the Supreme Federal Court - said in the decision that notaries cannot continue to refuse to "perform a civil wedding or the conversion of a stable civil union into a marriage between persons of the same sex."^[7]

On December 16, 2003, Brazil announced that it will recognize legal same-sex unions performed abroad for immigration purposes. Couples who are married in other countries can use their union certificate to apply for immigration benefits to Brazil. It was the first legal action to the recognition of same-sex couples.^[40]

Same-sex unions are treated as common-law marriages and in some cases surviving spouses are able to claim the pension money of the deceased. Brazil provides most benefits of marriage to same-sex couples through common-law of the United States.^[41]

According to the Grupo Gay da Bahia (Gay Group of Bahia – GGB), the Instituto Nacional de Segurança Social – INSS (National Institute of Social Security) recognizes stable unions as a means for, occasionally, sharing inheritance, receiving a pension, etc.^[42]

In Brazil, many legally registered marriages between same-sex couples exist. 15 Brazilian state capitals also instituted a Register of Homosexual Stable Union.^[43] In 2009, one of the offices of the city of São Paulo recorded 202 same-sex stable unions. Stable unions grant many legal rights, such as the right to be recognized as a couple in legal issues, common ownership of property acquired jointly, including transmittance and inheritance, recognition of the partner as a dependent at the National Institute of Social Security, on health plans and with insurers. Also included is the right to transfer the bank account of one partner to another in case of death or illness of the holder.^[44]

De facto unions may be registered at a civil law notary throughout the country (there are specific ordinances about it in Rio Grande do Sul, Roraima and Piauí, but the right is federal and registration is possible in others places too).^[45]

Prior to the nationwide legalisation of same-sex marriage, several binational same-sex couples won the right to live permanently in Brazil. One such case is the case of a binational gay couple who was forced to leave Chicago and move to Brazil, just so they could be together. U.S. citizen and former Chicagoan Chris Bohlander won the right to live permanently in Brazil with his partner Zemir Magalhães. The couple left Chicago three years prior to live together in Goiânia. A Brazilian judge allowed Bohlander to obtain a permanent residency visa, which is normally only given to the foreign spouse of a Brazilian, based on their civil union, which was recognized by a Goiás judge in 2008. In Brazil, the couple's victory was seen as important, especially because the ruling is based on the fundamental rights and protections guaranteed all Brazilians under the country's Constitution.^[46]

Adoption and parenting

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples around the world

  Joint adoption and stepchild adoption legal

  Stepchild adoption legal

  Adoption not legal

Same-sex adoption in Brazil occurred and is occurring because Brazilian laws do not specifically prohibit it, and can not ban them as such laws would be deemed unconstitutional. Consequently, several judges have given favorable rulings for adoptions by same-sex couples.^[47]

In 2010, in a landmark trial, the 4th Class of the Superior Court of Justice of Brazil (STJ) acknowledged, unanimously, that same-sex couples have the right to adopt children. The court, consisting of five judges, discussed a case of two women who had been given the right to adopt by the Federal Court of Rio Grande do Sul. The State Public Prosecutor, however, appealed to the STJ. The court denied the public prosecutor's request, saying that for such cases, the child's will must be respected. "This trial is historic because it gives to human dignity, the dignity of minors and the two women", said the reporter, Luis Felipe Solomon. "We affirm that this decision is an orientation that in cases like that, you should always serve the interests of the child, that is being adopted", the minister João Otávio de Noronha said.^[48] The Superior Court of Justice decision creates a legal precedent that allows same-sex couples to apply to adopt and foster children.

In 2010, Minister Marco Aurélio Mello, of the Supremo Tribunal Federal (Supreme Federal Court of Brazil), ruled in favor of a binational English-Brazilian same-sex couple in the state of Paraná, allowing the couple to adopt any child, regardless of the age or sex of the child. The decision of the Supreme Federal Court opens the way for other same-sex couples to receive the same rights in the country.^[50]

Discrimination protections

The majority of Brazilians were in favor of homosexuality being accepted in society. Should homosexuality be accepted in society? Percentage of responders that answered "accept":

  81% - 90%

  71% - 80%

  61% - 70%

  51% - 60%

  41% - 50%

  31% - 40%

  21% - 30%

  11% - 20%

  1% - 10%

  No data

The states of Brazil are prohibited from creating discriminatory laws, according to the national Constitution. This has contributed to the enactment of same-sex adoption, civil unions, gender change and state and city anti-discrimination laws, and others.^[51]

Traditional images of Latin America "machismo" and the resulting homophobia are changing now that individual rights, including one's right in accordance with one's sexual orientation, enjoy the protection of the law. Brazil adopted a liberal Constitution in 1988, and continues to provide more protections for all of its citizens. Shortly after electing Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as Brazil's President, various states took serious measures ensuring that no one will be discriminated against because of his or her sexual orientation. As of 2003, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was prohibited in 73 municipal statutes. Provisions were later enacted in the laws and regulations of the states of Acre (2017),^[52] Alagoas (2001),^[53] Amapá (2009),^[54] Amazonas (2006),^[55] Bahia (2007),^[56] the Brazilian Federal District (2000),^[57] Ceará (2014),^[58] Espírito Santo (2012),^[59] Goiás (2008),^[60] Mato Grosso (2005),^[57] Mato Grosso do Sul (1989),^[61] Maranhão (2006),^[62] Minas Gerais (2002), Pará (2007),^[63] Paraíba (2003),^[57] Paraná (2013),^[64] Pernambuco (2012),^[65] Piauí (2004), Rio de Janeiro (2000),^[57] Rio Grande do Norte (2007),^[66] Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Rondônia (2018),^[67] Roraima (2013),^[68] Santa Catarina (2010),^[69] São Paulo (2001),^[57] and Sergipe (1989).^{[61][70][71][72]} These policies vary by state. Some states (Alagoas, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará and Sergipe) list sexual orientation among the non-discrimination grounds in their state constitutions. Several states have also established public taskforces and commissions to investigate reports of discrimination.

On November 30, 2000, the City Council of Niterói, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, passed an ordinance prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation in public places and institutions as well as in businesses. Many Brazilian cities and states have anti-discriminatory legislation that explicitly includes sexual orientation. Some of them provide specific sanctions and penalties for those who engage in discrimination.^[73]

In 2007, the Ministry of Labour and Employment issued Executive Order (Portaria) No. 41/2007, which prohibits employers from requesting documents or information related to an employee's sexuality.^[74]

A 2008 survey found that 70% of Brazilians were in favour of banning discrimination against LGBT people. Divided by religion, 54% of Evangelicals supported banning such discrimination, while 70% of Catholics and 79% of atheists also expressed support. Those aged between 16 and 30 were also more likely to support legislation to ban LGBT discrimination.^[75]

As of 2018, a federal anti-discrimination law is pending approval on the Brazilian Senate.^[76] The federal Constitution does not have any specific laws on discrimination based on sexual orientation, but it does have a generic anti-discrimination article that can be considered to include such cases. This fact is constantly used by the opposition of the anti-discrimination law to show that there is no need for specific laws. The defenders of the new law, however, argue that without clear designation, this will still be considered somewhat of a lesser crime. Some conservative Catholic and Protestant senators argue that the law would be an aggression on religious freedom granted by the Constitution. Senator Fátima Cleide (PT–RO) said that the law should be approved because "the country has the tragic mark that a homosexual is murdered every two days." Former Evangelical priest and Senator Marcelo Crivella (PRB–RJ) criticized the text, saying homosexuals will receive a protection that "should have been given to women, the elderly and children."^[77]

In March 2018, the Senate Constitution and Justice Commission approved the federal anti-discrimination law. The bill would need to be approved by the full Senate and Chamber of Deputies before becoming law.^[78]

Gender identity and expression

Brazilian travestis

While the term transgender as used in the United States and Europe has come to encompass all gender-variant individuals, including female-to-male transsexuals, drag queens and kings, and intersex individuals, in Brazil the social phenomenon of "transgênero" largely consists of individuals who were assigned male at birth and identify as women. Transgender women in Brazil fall into two categories: "travestis" and transsexuals, although for Brazilians the two terms are interchangeable. To the extent that the latter insist on distinguishing themselves from transvestites, it is because transsexuals consider that they were born into the wrong body, whereas transvestites do not experience as deeply internal conflicts in relation to their male bodies.^[80]

The formal labor market is largely closed to transgender people. An extremely small minority of transvestites have university educations or professional qualifications. With few exceptions, the only professions open to them are nursing, domestic service, hairdressing, gay entertainment and prostitution. In some cases, even those who work as hairdressers, gay nightclub artists, and domestic servants also double as sex workers. In the central, north, and northeastern regions of Brazil, transgender people from extremely poor families sometimes begin working as prostitutes as early as 12 years of age, especially if they have been expelled from home by their families.^[81]

In the south and southeastern regions and in the major capitals, such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, it is common to find transvestites as young as 16 or 17 working in the streets. Despite being included in Brazil's acronym in the struggle for LGBT rights, transgender people receive little outreach from the more mainstream gay and lesbian groups. There are, however, associations of transgender people in several Brazilian states and cities. One program in Rio de Janeiro focuses on the reintegration of transvestites into society through training and employment opportunities.^[80]

Brazil's public health system provides free sex reassignment surgery. Federal prosecutors from the state of Rio Grande do Sul had argued that sex reassignment surgery is covered under a constitutional clause guaranteeing medical care as a basic right. In 2007, the 4th Regional Federal Court agreed, saying in its ruling that "from the biomedical perspective, transsexuality can be described as a sexual identity disturbance where individuals need to change their sexual designation or face serious consequences in their lives, including intense suffering, mutilation and suicide."

The Health Ministry said it would be up to local health officials to decide who qualifies for the surgery and what priority it will be given compared with other operations within the public health system. Patients must be at least 21 years old and diagnosed as transsexuals with no other personality disorders and must undergo a psychological evaluation for at least two years, the ministry said. Gay activists applauded the decision.

So far, the measure has not prompted any opposition. Brazil's public health system offers free health care to all Brazilians, including a variety of surgeries and free AIDS medication. But long lines and poorly equipped facilities mean that those who can afford it usually choose to pay for private hospitals and clinics. The Health Ministry said that since 2000, about 250 sex reassignment surgeries considered experimental have been performed at three university hospitals.^[82]

Military service

There is no law forbidding LGBT people from serving in the Brazilian Armed Forces. Sexual orientation cannot be an obstacle for entry into the police force or the military in Brazil. All sexual acts are disallowed between members of the forces, be it heterosexual or homosexual.^[84]

The Constitution of Brazil prohibits any form of discrimination in the country. The Brazilian Armed Forces do not permit desertion, sexual acts or congeners in the military, whether heterosexual or homosexual. They claim that it is not a homophobic rule, but a rule of discipline that also includes the opposite sex.^[85]

Following the Supreme Federal Tribunal decision in favor of civil unions, Defense Minister Nelson Jobim guaranteed the Ministry's compliance with the decision and mentioned that spousal benefits can be accorded to same-sex spouses of military personnel.^[88][89][90]

According to a survey conducted by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) in 2012, 63.7% of Brazilians supported the entry of LGBT people in the Brazilian Armed Forces.^[91]

Conversion therapy

So-called conversion therapy has been forbidden by the Federal Psychology Council since 1999.^[92] In September 2017, a federal judge in Brasília approved the use of conversion therapy by a psychologist to "cure" people of homosexuality, overruling the 1999 decision.^[93] However, in December 2017, the same judge changed his decision, keeping the 'treatment' banned.^[94] In January 2018, the Federal Psychology Council established norms of performance for psychologists in relation to transsexual and transvestite people, also banning any conversion therapy.^[95]

Blood donation

Gay and bisexual men are banned from donating blood in Brazil. The Health Ministry is currently reviewing the ban, so as to allow gay and bisexual men to donate.^[96]

Population

Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse and freedom of expression and association

	Same-sex intercourse legal
	Marriage1		Marriage recognized but not performed1
	Civil unions1		Unregistered cohabitation1
	Same-sex unions not recognized		Laws restricting freedom of expression and association
	Same-sex intercourse illegal
	Unenforced penalty2		Imprisonment
	Up to life imprisonment		Death penalty

Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted or denied marriages or imposed the death penalty in a jurisdiction where that is not otherwise the law or areas with a case-by-case application.
¹Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other types of partnerships.
²No arrests in the past three years or moratorium on law.

In 2010, a survey conducted by Rio de Janeiro State University and University of Campinas revealed that by age of 18, 95% of homosexual youth in Brazil had already revealed their homosexuality, with many acknowledging it by the time they were 16. For the 1980s generation, homosexuality was usually revealed after they were 21 years old. Prejudice has also decreased according to data from a survey of Ibope. The same survey found that 60% of Brazilians considered homosexuality as "natural."^[97]

In 2009, a survey conducted by University of São Paulo in ten state capitals, showed that the Brazilian gay male population was of 7.8% and the bisexual male population was 2.6% (total of 10.4% of the total male population). The lesbian population was of 4.9% and the bisexual women another 1.4% (total of 6.3% of the female population).^[19]

The male population of the city of Rio de Janeiro was 19.3% of gays and bisexual males. And the female population of the city of Manaus had 10.2% of lesbians and women bisexuals.^[98]

LGBT immigration

To Brazil

Main article: Same-sex immigration policy in Brazil

A gay couple, during the Brazilian LGBT Cultural Fair

A watershed decision issued on November 25, 2003, by Brazilian Judge Ana Carolina Morozowski of the 5th Civil Court of Curitiba, Paraná, recognized the same-sex relationship of national gay activist Toni Reis with British citizen David Ian Harrad, granting Harrad permanent residency in Brazil. A week later, the National Immigration Council instituted the Administrative Resolution Number 3, 2003, which "disposes of the criteria for the concession of temporary or permanent visa, or of definitive permanence to the male or female partner, without distinction of sex."

In the city of Florianópolis, Judge Marjôrie Cristina Freiberger Ribeiro da Silva of the 1st Civil Court prevented the Brazilian immigration departments from deporting an Italian citizen who had lived more than ten years in a stable relationship with a lesbian Brazilian. The judge said she believed that "homosexual union creates the same rights as a union between man and woman."^[99]

Brazil was the first country in Latin America to recognize same-sex unions for immigration benefits. Following Brazil's example, other countries in South America have made major advances in the recognition of same-sex relationships, including immigration rights, for example, Colombia in 2009.

However, the Brazilian Government was slow in cabling its consulates regarding this decision. Thus, many same-sex couples who sought to move to Brazil to take advantage of this new policy were left confused by the lack of clarity by the Government and unable to receive the benefits this policy was intended to provide. In February 2004, in a joint meeting at the Brazilian consulate in New York, Immigration Equality and the Brazilian Rainbow Group asked the consular officials to clarify the application procedures regarding the new immigration policy. Despite ongoing confusion, the Brazilian Rainbow Group obtained copies of Administrative Resolution No. 3 and accompanying regulations that clarify the rules for same-sex binational couples where one partner is a Brazilian citizen.^[100]

“

We are thrilled to report that clear procedures are now available to binational same-sex couples who seek to immigrate to Brazil, says Eryck Duran, Executive Director of the Brazilian Rainbow Group, and he adds: We are proud that Brazilis committed to end discrimination of gays and lesbians as the government has recognized that extending immigration to same-sex partners or spouses of Brazilian citizens is licit and sanctioned by the Constitution.

”

Social conditions

Anti-LGBT violence

Crosses representing the dead people in the LGBT flag

A cross representing a transvestite

In 2004, the Grupo Gay da Bahia released a list with the names of 159 murdered members of the LGBT community that year.^[102] There is also a list with the names of people that allegedly suffered from human rights abuses that same year. Some deaths caused directly by homophobia.^[103] In 2012, 77% of Brazilians supported the explicit criminalization of homophobia.^[104]

In mid-2006, Brazil launched Brazil Against Homophobia, an anti-homophobia campaign within Brazil including television advertisement and billboards. According to a 2007 BBC article, activists estimate that between 1980 and 2006 some 2,680 gay people were murdered in Brazil, the majority thought to have been killed because of their sexuality.^[105]

Brazil has been rated as one of the countries where the most gay people are killed. According to the report "Epidemic of Hate", published in 1996 by the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, at least 1,200 gays, lesbians and transsexuals were killed in Brazil alone in a decade. According to the Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB), Brazil's largest and most active gay organization, a gay, lesbian or transvestite is brutally murdered every two days due to homophobia, with a total of 130 in one year alone. According to GGB's statistics, only 2% of these attacks are on lesbians, but "Love Sees No Borders" believes this number is grossly underestimated for two main reasons. First, a vast percentage of homophobia-related crimes go unreported. Second, a large number of hate crimes in Brazil are committed by police officers, thus elevating the number of people unwilling to report a crime. Moreover, brutality against lesbians can often take the form of violent rape; if a victim comes forward, the charge will be rape, not a hate crime against a lesbian.^[106]

Sexualidade e Crimes de Ódio (Sexuality and Hate Crimes), produced by Vagner de Almeida and Richard Parker, is the first documentary film about brutalities committed against homosexuals in Brazil. In the directors’ view, the hate crimes come from different segments of society, and that the Catholic Church and radical evangelical groups are also responsible for the rising intolerance, when they actively fight against the civil rights of non-heterosexuals. The film exposes life in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, where various perpetrators murder members of the LGBT community with impunity.^[107] In the first months of 2008, there were 45 officially registered homicides against gays; some of the crimes included mutilations. Among the victims were gay men and lesbians, but also a large number of transsexuals.

It should be noted that the numbers produced by the Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB) have occasionally been contested on the grounds that they include all murders of LGBT people reported in the media – that is, not only those motivated by prejudice against homosexuals. Reinaldo de Azevedo, columnist of the right-wing Veja magazine, Brazil's most-read weekly publication, called the GGB's methodology "unscientific" based on the above objection.^[108]

A Brazilian gay blog that has investigated a few of the murders of gay people reported in the media – including some used by the GGB in its national statistic report – determined that the majority of murders from their chosen sample were committed by the partners of the victims or those who were otherwise sexually involved with them (e.g., male prostitutes), with some others being killed due to unpaid debts with gangs involved in drug trafficking.^[109] The blog also criticized the GGB for not publishing the names of all of the victims the GGB includes in its report to calculate the murder rate so that the motives of the crimes could be independently assessed.

Politics

Jean Wyllys, an openly gay congressman, and one of the leading advocates of the gay cause in Brazil^[110]

Former President Lula and the LGBT flag

There are many pro-LGBT political parties in Brazil, the most influential are the Socialism and Liberty Party, the Workers' Party and the Communist Party of Brazil. The most influential pro-LGBT politicians in Brazil are Marta Suplicy Smith, Eduardo Suplicy and Jean Wyllys. During the 2010 presidential elections in Brazil, all five presidential candidates were favorable to same-sex civil unions, including the elected President Dilma Rousseff.^[111][112]

In 2010, there were 190 political candidates who signed the Associação Brasileira de Gays, Lésbicas, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais (Brazilian Association of Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals and Transsexuals) – ABGLT's "Declaration of Commitment". Those elected included 1 governor, 1 senator, 17 congressmen/congresswomen and 25 state representatives.^[113]

After of the Brazilian Judiciary, the Brazilian executive power has guaranteed many rights to LGBT Brazilians, such as the same social security pension benefits that heterosexual couples receive;^[114] the creation of the federal LGBT Council;^[115] prison visitation by same-sex couples;^[116] same income tax benefits that heterosexual couples receive;^[117] federal government recognition of same-sex marriages or same-sex civil unions for immigration purposes;^[118] health benefits for same-sex couples and mandatory health plans in the country;^[119] and LGBT people have a special place in Brazilian prisons, separate from other prisoners. Transsexuals have the right to be called by social name and not by birth name and be forwarded to women's prisons. LGBT people in prisons also have the right to choose male or female clothing.^[120]

One of the candidates for the City Council of Salvador, Bahia, the third largest city in Brazil, was Leo Kret (Republican Party (PR-BA)), a transvestite club dancer who was the most voted for of the candidates. When she took office, she defied the dress code norms insisting that her wardrobe would be strictly feminine and insisted on using the women's restroom.^[121] Leo Kret received 12,861 votes in the city in the municipal elections of 2008.^[122] On election day, she said that she will defend LGBT rights.^[123] She has aspirations to become the President of Brazil one day.^[124]

Moacyr Sélia, a transvestite hairdresser, sought reelection as a Nova Venécia councilman, in the north of the state of Espírito Santo, representing the Republican Party (PR-ES). She was already the president of the Chamber of Parliament in two occasions.^[125]

LGBT plan and conference

Clodovil Hernandes, a gay politician, speaks during the launching of the Front Parleyed by the Citizenship of LGBT in March 2007.

An anti-discrimination protest, during the 2008 LGBT conference.

Plan

The Federal Government of Brazil released in 2009 the National Plan of Promotion of the Citizenship and Human Rights of LGBT ("Plano Nacional de Promoção da Cidadania e Direitos Humanos de LGBT"), a groundbreaking national plan to promote the rights of gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgenders.

The plan may also play an important role in the approval of a law which would criminalize homophobic acts. The plan is composed of 51 key policies developed in June 2008 at the National LGBT Conference. It includes:^[126]

• The legalization of adoption rights by homosexual couples, and the equality of civil rights of homosexual couples;
• The development of a sexual diversity educational program in the curriculum of military and police officers;
• The revision of the current restriction for homosexuals to donate blood;
• The right to automatically change name and sex without having to file a lawsuit in the case of transgender individuals;
• Rating television programming which contains homophobic content as inappropriate for children and adolescents;
• Adding homosexual families as a theme to educational books.

Conference

The first National Conference for Lesbians, Gay Men, Bisexuals, Transvestites and Transsexuals (LGBT) was launched in 2008 by Brazilian Government, in the federal capital of Brasília. The event, the first in the world to be convened by a government, is a result of demands made by civil society and the Brazilian Government's support of LGBT rights. The Conference adopted the theme "Human rights and public policies: the way forward for guaranteeing the citizenship of Lesbians, Gay Men, Bisexuals, Transvestites and Transsexuals."

During the conference, public policies were defined for this segment of the population and a National Plan for the Promotion of LGBT Citizenship and Human Rights was prepared. An evaluation was made of the 2004 federal government programme Brazil Without Homophobia programme to combat violence and discrimination against the LGBT population.^[127]

The holding of the conference coincided with the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and reaffirmed the Federal Government's commitment to the issue of LGBT human rights. Marta Suplicy, Tourism Minister and a longstanding supporter of LGBT rights, commemorated the initiative. "At long last, after so many years, we are finally able to hold this Conference. It's a giant's stride forward for Brazil." For the Justice Minister, Tarso Genro, the LGBT Conference was a demonstration of respect for the human condition. "A human rights agenda that does not contemplate this issue is incomplete," he declared. Also present at the opening ceremony were the Minister of the Special Department for Human Rights, Paulo Vannuchi; Senator Fátima Cleide of the Parliamentary Front for LGBT Citizenship; the Minister of the Department for Racial Equality Policies, Edson Santos; the Minister of the Special Department for Women's Policies, Nilcéa Freire, and the directors of the Ministry of Health's National Sexually Transmitted Disease and AIDS Programme, Mariângela Simão and Eduardo Barbosa.^[128]

The conference was convened by a decree issued by Brazil's President, Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva, and published in the Official Federal Gazette. Approximately 700 delegates took part with 60% civil society participation and 40% governmental participation. There were a further 300 observers. 16 ministries collaborated with the process of drafting the base-text document on public policies discussed during the event.

Prior to the National Conference, conferences were held in Brazil's 27 states, convened by the state governors, in order to develop complementary proposals for the national policy document, define state-level policies and elect the delegates to the National Conference. More than 100 conferences were held at a municipal level.^[129]

Religion and LGBT rights

Brazil is a secular state, in which there exists a separation of church and state. The country's most followed religion is Catholicism.^[130]

The Catholic Church teaches that homosexual acts are disordered and immoral, but some more progressive bishops in Brazil have a hard time divulging it publicly.^[131] Many Protestant churches hold the same basic position as the Catholic Church.^[131] In mainline liberal Protestant denominations, there is an effort to avoid Biblical condemnation of homosexuality.^[132]

And while most of the conservative churches keep silent on the issue, Brazil has seen the growth of gay-friendly churches such as the Metropolitan Community Church, a denomination which originated in the United States. Apart from religious people, moral disapproval of homosexuality has been rare, because of the social pressures condemning prejudice and homophobia.

Among evangelicals, there are some campaigns to reach out to homosexual men and women. "Movimento pela Sexualidade Sadia" (Social Movement for a Healthy Sexuality), an evangelical group headed by an ex-homosexual, leads efforts to evangelize in gay parades, talking about Christianity to participants and delivering leaflets featuring the testimonials of ex-gays and ex-lesbians.^[131]

There may be a religious factor in Brazilian homosexuality. A minority of the Brazilian population adheres to Candomblé and other Afro-Brazilian religions (similar to Santería), where homosexuality is common. For a comparison, there are some 19,000 recognized Catholic parishes in Brazil. Informal Candomblé temples are supposed to number some 12,000 in Rio de Janeiro alone. In Candomblé, many priests and priestesses are homosexual.

Luiz Mott, the leader of the gay movement in Brazil, is a firm adherent of Candomblé. Many famous Brazilians turn to Afro-Brazilian religions in search of miracles to solve personal or family problems. Even former President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, though a Marxist and an atheist, had sympathy for and sometimes visited Candomblé rituals.^[133] Another minority of the Brazilian LGBT population adheres to alternative pagan groups, like Wicca, where homosexuality is also accepted.

In June 2018, the General Synod of Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil voted to change its marriage canon to allow same-sex couples to get married.^[134]

Brazilian gay culture

Gay parades

Brazilian McDonald's celebrating LGBT rights

An LGBT pride parade in Porto Alegre

Brazilian actress Karina Bacchi celebrating at a pride parade with go-go boys

Millions of people during the São Paulo Pride parade

Lesbian walk in São Paulo

The São Paulo Gay Pride Parade is one of the biggest events of its kind in the world, if not the biggest. It is also one of the major tourist events in São Paulo. The event has official support from the City Government of São Paulo. The parade happens yearly, usually in June. It is the beginning of Brazilian winter, when temperatures are lower, but rains are rare. The Parada do Orgulho GLBT de São Paulo (São Paulo LGBT Pride Parade) has been organized since 1997, with the aims of bringing visibility to social-sexual categories and fomenting the creation of public policies for homosexuals, bisexuals, transvestites and transsexuals.

The main strategy is to occupy public spaces so as to make possible an effective exchange of experiences, elevate the self-esteem of homosexuals and sensibilise society towards tolerance and acceptance of differences. During the parade, LGBT people unite and help build bridges and guarantee the plenitude of their rights.^[136]

More activities have been added to the event, such as the Cycle of Debates, the LGBT Cultural Fair, the Citizenship Award in Respect of Diversity, and the successful Gay Day, that happens on the Saturday before the main parade.^[137] The Cultural Fair has been part of the pride parade since 2001. APOGLBT (Associação da Parada do Orgulho GLBT de São Paulo) has recognized political and cultural initiatives which value the citizenship of gays, lesbians, bisexuals, transvestites and transsexuals, every year since 2001.^[138]

Besides the São Paulo parade, several other Brazilian cities are organizing their own LGBT parades, mainly in the capitals of the states, such as Rio de Janeiro with 1.5 million people,^[139] and Salvador with 800,000 people.^[140] Below is a list of the main parades as of 2006. The dates change every year. Dates quoted below are referent to 2006.^[141]

• June 5 – Parade Pride GLBT in Brasília
• June 5 – Free Parade in Porto Alegre
• June 10 – Parade for Free Sexual Expression in Juazeiro do Norte
• June 11 – Pride Parade in Florianópolis
• June 12 – Parade GLBT of Goiânia
• June 12 – Parade of Vitória
• June 19 – Parade of the Pride GLBT in Porto Alegre
• June 19 – Parade of Niterói
• June 24 – Parade of Diversity of Cuiabá
• June 26 – Parade of Belém
• June 26 – Pride Parade of Campinas
• June 26 – Pride Parade of Palmas
• June 26 – Parade of Sexual Diversity in Fortaleza
• June 26 – Pride Parade of Rio de Janeiro
• July 1 – Parade of Diversity in Teresina
• July 3 – Parade of Pride GLBT in Uberlândia
• July 9 – Lesbian Parade of Belo Horizonte
• July 9 – Gay Pride of Manaus
• July 10 – Parade of Pride GLBT in João Pessoa
• July 10 – Parade of São Luís
• July 10 – Parade of Pride GLBT in Belo Horizonte
• July 10 – Avenue of Diversity in Pelotas
• July 15 – Parada Gay in Campo Grande
• July 17 – Gay Parade of Natal
• July 24 – Parade of Pride GLBT in Maceió
• August 7 – Parade of Macapá
• August 28 – Parade of Pride GLBT in Aracaju
• September 2 – Parade of Diversity in Recife
• September 4 – Parade of Gay Pride in Salvador
• September 11 – Parade of Diversity in Boa Vista, Paraíba
• September 11 – Parade of Cabo Frio
• September 26 – Parade of Curitiba
• November 8 – Meeting of GLBT in Brasília

Summary table

View of Mole Beach, the LGBT Beach in the city of Florianópolis

Same-sex sexual activity legal	(Since 1830)
Equal age of consent	(14)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment	/ (Varies by state, pending nationwide)[note 1]
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services	/ (Varies by state, pending nationwide)[note 1]
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (including indirect discrimination, hate speech)	/ (Varies by state, pending nationwide)[note 1]
Recognition of same-sex couples	(Since 2011)
Same-sex marriage	(Since 2012, nationwide since 2013)
Adoption by single LGBT persons
Stepchild adoption legal	(Since 2010)
Joint adoption by same-sex couples	(Since 2010)
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military
Access to IVF for lesbians	(Since 2011)
Right to change legal gender	(Since 2009)
Conversion therapy banned on minors	(Since 1999)
Homosexuality declassified as an illness	(Since 1999)
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples	(Banned also for heterosexual couples)
Automatic parenthood for both spouses after birth
MSM allowed to donate blood	(Pending)

¹The Constitution of Brazil probihits all forms of discrimination by any tier of government, though sexual orientation is not explicitly specified.

Notes

See also

• Civil unions in Brazil
• Human rights in Brazil
• Beyond Carnival by James N. Green.

General:

• LGBT rights in the Americas

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT in Brazil.

• LGBT News from Brazil and World (in Portuguese) (in English) (in Spanish)
• Legal Information, LGBT Rights, Brazil (in Portuguese)
• Grupo Gay da Bahia (in Portuguese) (in English)