Ribosomal protein

Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L31
Identifiers
Symbol L31
Pfam PF09784
InterPro IPR016340
PROSITE PDOC00880
SCOP 1m90
SUPERFAMILY 1m90

A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein[1][2][3]) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. A large part of the knowledge about these organic molecules has come from the study of E. coli ribosomes. All ribosomal proteins have been isolated and many specific antibodies have been produced. These, together with electronic microscopy and the use of certain reactives, have allowed for the determination of the topography of the proteins in the ribosome. E. coli, other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit and a 50S large subunit, whereas humans and yeasts have a 40S small subunit and a 60S large subunit.[4] Equivalent subunits are frequently numbered differently between bacteria, Archaea, yeasts and humans.[5] More recently, a near-complete (near)atomic picture of the ribosomal proteins is emerging from the latest high-resolution cryo-EM data (including PDB ID: 5AFI).

Conservation of ribosomal proteins

Ribosomal proteins are among the most highly conserved proteins across all life forms.[5] Among the 40 proteins found in various small ribosomal subunits, 15 subunits are universally conserved across prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, 7 subunits are only found in bacteria (S21, S6, S16, S18, S20, S21, and THX), while 17 subunits are only found in archea and eukaryotes.[5] Typically 22 proteins are found in bacterial 30S subunits and 32 in yeast, human and most likely most other eukaryotic species. Twenty-seven (out of 32) proteins of the eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit proteins are also present in archaea (no ribosomal subunit is exclusively found in archaea), confirming that they are more closely related to eukaryotes than to eubacteria.[5]

Among the large ribosomal subunit, 18 proteins are universal, i.e. found in both bacteria, eukaryotes, and archea. 14 proteins are only found in bacteria, while 27 proteins are only found in archea and eukaryotes. Again, archea have no proteins unique to them[5]

Essentiality

Despite their high conservation over billions of years of evolution, the absence of several ribosomal proteins in certain species shows that ribosomal subunits have been added and lost over the course of evolution. This is also reflected by the fact that several ribosomal proteins do not appear to be essential when deleted.[6] For instance, in E. coli nine ribosomal proteins (L15, L21, L24, L27, L29, L30, L34, S9, and S17) are nonessential for survival when deleted. Taken together with previous results, 22 of the 54 E. coli ribosomal protein genes can be individually deleted from the genome.[7] Similarly, 16 ribosomal proteins (L1, L9, L15, L22, L23, L28, L29, L32, L33.1, L33.2, L34, L35, L36, S6, S20, and S21) were successfully deleted in Bacillus subtilis. In conjunction with previous reports, 22 ribosomal proteins have been shown to be nonessential in B. subtilis, at least for cell proliferation.[8]

Proteins in E. coli ribosomes

The ribosome of E. coli has about 22 proteins in the small subunit (labelled S1 to S22) and 33 proteins in the large subunit (somewhat counter-intuitively called L1 to L36). All of them are different with three exceptions: one protein is found in both subunits (S20 and L26), L7 and L12 are acetylated and methylated forms of the same protein, and L8 is a complex of L7/L12 and L10. In addition, L31 is known to exist in two forms, the full length at 7.9 kilodaltons (kDa) and fragmented at 7.0 kDa. This is why the number of proteins in a ribosome is of 56. Except for S1 (with a molecular weight of 61.2 kDa), the other proteins range in weight between 4.4 and 29.7 kDa.[9]

Recent 'de novo' proteomics experiments where the authors characterized in vivo ribosome-assembly intermediates and associated assembly factors from wild-type Escherichia coli cells using a general quantitative mass spectrometry (qMS) approach have confirmed the presence of all the known small and large subunit components and have identified a total of 21 known and potentially new ribosome-assembly-factors that co-localise with various ribosomal particles.[10]

Disposition in the small ribosomal subunit

In the small (30S) subunit of E. coli ribosomes, the proteins denoted S4, S7, S8, S15, S17, S20 bind independently to 16S rRNA. After assembly of these primary binding proteins, S5, S6, S9, S12, S13, S16, S18, and S19 bind to the growing ribosome. These proteins also potentiate the addition of S2, S3, S10, S11, S14, and S21. Protein binding to helical junctions is important for initiating the correct tertiary fold of RNA and to organize the overall structure. Nearly all the proteins contain one or more globular domains. Moreover, nearly all contain long extensions that can contact the RNA in far-reaching regions [reference needed]. Additional stabilization results from the proteins' basic residues, as these neutralize the charge repulsion of the RNA backbone. Protein–protein interactions also exist to hold structure together by electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Theoretical investigations pointed to correlated effects of protein-binding onto binding affinities during the assembly process[11]

Table of E.coli small 30S ribosomal subunit proteins

Subunit No. Subunit name E.coli protein Pfam family with E.coli protein Uniprot accession of E.coli protein
1S1RS1_ECOLIPF00575P0AG67
2S2RS2_ECOLIPF00318P0A7V0
3S3RS3_ECOLIPF00189, PF07650P0A7V3
4S4RS4_ECOLIPF00163, PF01479P0A7V8
5S5RS5_ECOLIPF00333, PF03719P0A7W1
6S6RS6_ECOLIPF01250P02358
7S7RS7_ECOLIPF00177P02359
8S8RS8_ECOLIPF00410P0A7W7
9S9RS9_ECOLIPF00380P0A7X3
10S10RS10_ECOLIPF00338P0A7R5
11S11RS11_ECOLIPF00411P0A7R9
12S12RS12_ECOLIPF00164P0A7S3
13S13RS13_ECOLIPF00416P0A7S9
14S14RS14_ECOLIPF00253P0AG59
15S15RS15_ECOLIPF00312P0ADZ4
16S16RS16_ECOLIPF00886P0A7T3
27S17RS17_ECOLIPF00366P0AG63
28S18RS18_ECOLIPF01084P0A7T7
29S19RS19_ECOLIPF00203P0A7U3
20S20RS20_ECOLIPF01649P0A7U7
21S21RS21_ECOLIPF01165P68681
22S22RS22_ECOLIPF08136C8U8F3

Assembly of the ribosome in eukaryotes

Ribosomes, which synthesize the proteome of cells, are complex ribonucleoproteins that, in eukaryotes, contain 79–80 proteins and four ribosomal RNAs(rRNAs). General or specialized chaperones solubilize the ribosomal proteins and facilitate their import into the nucleus. Assembly of the eukaryotic ribosome appears to be driven by the ribosomal proteins in vivo when assembly is also aided by chaperones. Most ribosomal proteins assemble with rRNA co-transcriptionally, becoming associated more stably as assembly proceeds, and the active sites of both subunits are constructed last.[5]

Table of E.coli large 50S ribosomal subunit proteins

Subunit No. Subunit name E.coli protein Pfam family with E.coli protein Uniprot accession of E.coli protein
150S ribosomal protein L1RL1_ ECOLIPF00687 Ribosomal protein L1p/L10e familyP0A7L0
250S ribosomal protein L2RL2_ ECOLIPF03947 Ribosomal Proteins L2, C-terminal domainP60422
250S ribosomal protein L2RL2_ ECOLIPF00181 Ribosomal Proteins L2, RNA binding domainP60422
350S ribosomal protein L3RL3_ ECOLIPF00297 Ribosomal protein L3P60438
450S ribosomal protein L4RL4_ ECOLIPF00573 Ribosomal protein L4/L1 familyP60723
550S ribosomal protein L5RL5_ ECOLIPF00281 Ribosomal protein L5P62399
550S ribosomal protein L5RL5_ ECOLIPF00673 ribosomal L5P family C-terminusP62399
650S ribosomal protein L6RL6_ ECOLIPF00347 Ribosomal protein L6P0AG55
7/1250S ribosomal protein L7/L12RL7_ ECOLIPF16320 Ribosomal protein L7/L12 dimerisation domainP0A7K2
850S ribosomal protein L7/L12RL7_ ECOLIPF00542 Ribosomal protein L7/L12 C-terminal domainP0A7K2
950S ribosomal protein L9RL9_ ECOLIPF03948 Ribosomal protein L9, C-terminal domainP0A7R1
950S ribosomal protein L9RL9_ ECOLIPF01281 Ribosomal protein L9, N-terminal domainP0A7R1
1050S ribosomal protein L10RL10_ ECOLIPF00466 Ribosomal protein L10P0A7J3
1150S ribosomal protein L11RL11_ ECOLIPF03946 Ribosomal protein L11, N-terminal domainP0A7J7
1150S ribosomal protein L11RL11_ ECOLIPF00298 Ribosomal protein L11, RNA binding domainP0A7J7
1350S ribosomal protein L13RL13_ ECOLIPF00572 Ribosomal protein L13P0AA10
1450S ribosomal protein L14RL14_ ECOLIPF00238 Ribosomal protein L14p/L23eP0ADY3
1550S ribosomal protein L15RL15_ ECOLIPF00828 Ribosomal protein L18e/L15P02413
1650S ribosomal protein L16RL16_ ECOLIPF00252 Ribosomal protein L16p/L10eP0ADY7
1750S ribosomal protein L17RL17_ ECOLIPF01196 Ribosomal protein L17P0AG44
1850S ribosomal protein L18RL18_ ECOLIPF00861 Ribosomal L18p/L5e familyP0C018
1950S ribosomal protein L19RL19_ ECOLIPF01245 Ribosomal protein L19B1LPB3
2050S ribosomal protein L20RL20_ ECOLIPF00453 Ribosomal protein L20P0A7L3
2150S ribosomal protein L21RL21_ ECOLIPF00829 Ribosomal prokaryotic L21 proteinP0AG48
2250S ribosomal protein L22RL22_ ECOLIPF00237 Ribosomal protein L22p/L17eP61175
2350S ribosomal protein L23RL23_ ECOLIPF00276 Ribosomal protein L23P0ADZ0
2450S ribosomal protein L24RL24_ ECOLIPF00467 KOW motifP60624
2550S ribosomal protein L25RL25_ ECOLIPF01386 Ribosomal L25p familyP68919
2750S ribosomal protein L27RL27_ ECOLIPF01016 Ribosomal L27 proteinP0A7M0
2850S ribosomal protein L28RL28_ ECOLIPF00830 Ribosomal L28 familyP0A7M2
2950S ribosomal protein L29RL29_ ECOLIPF00831 Ribosomal L29 proteinP0A7M6
3050S ribosomal protein L30RL30_ ECOLIPF00327 Ribosomal protein L30p/L7eP0AG51
3150S ribosomal protein L31RL31_ ECOLIPF01197 Ribosomal protein L31P0A7M9
31B50S ribosomal protein L31 type BRL31B_ ECOLIPF01197 Ribosomal protein L31P0A7M9
3250S ribosomal protein L32RL32_ ECOLIPF01783 Ribosomal L32p protein familyC4ZS29
3350S ribosomal protein L33RL33_ ECOLIPF00471 Ribosomal protein L33P0A7N9
3450S ribosomal protein L34RL34_ ECOLIPF00468 Ribosomal protein L34P0A7P6
3550S ribosomal protein L35RL35_ ECOLIPF01632 Ribosomal protein L35P0A7Q2
3650S ribosomal protein L36RL36_ ECOLIPF00444 Ribosomal protein L36P0A7Q7

Table of Human small 40S ribosomal subunit proteins

Subunit No. Subunit name Human protein Pfam family with Human protein
240S ribosomal protein S2RS2_HUMANPF03719 Ribosomal protein S5, C-terminal domain
240S ribosomal protein S2RS2_HUMANPF00333 Ribosomal protein S5, N-terminal domain
340S ribosomal protein S3RS3_HUMANPF00189 Ribosomal protein S3, C-terminal domain
3A40S ribosomal protein S3aRS3A_HUMANPF01015 Ribosomal S3Ae family
440S ribosomal protein S4, X isoformRS4X_HUMANPF08071 RS4NT (NUC023) domain
440S ribosomal protein S4, X isoformRS4X_HUMANPF01479 S4 domain
440S ribosomal protein S4, X isoformRS4X_HUMANPF00900 Ribosomal family S4e
440S ribosomal protein S4, X isoformRS4X_HUMANPF16121 40S ribosomal protein S4 C-terminus
440S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 1RS4Y1_HUMANPF08071 RS4NT (NUC023) domain
440S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 1RS4Y1_HUMANPF00900 Ribosomal family S4e
440S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 1RS4Y1_HUMANPF16121 40S ribosomal protein S4 C-terminus
440S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 2RS4Y2_HUMANPF08071 RS4NT (NUC023) domain
440S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 2RS4Y2_HUMANPF00900 Ribosomal family S4e
440S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 2RS4Y2_HUMANPF16121 40S ribosomal protein S4 C-terminus
540S ribosomal protein S5RS5_HUMANPF00177 Ribosomal protein S7p/S5e
640S ribosomal protein S6RS6_HUMANPF01092 Ribosomal protein S6e
740S ribosomal protein S7RS7_HUMANPF01251 Ribosomal protein S7e
840S ribosomal protein S8RS8_HUMANPF01201 Ribosomal protein S8e
940S ribosomal protein S9RS9_HUMANPF01479 S4 domain
940S ribosomal protein S9RS9_HUMANPF00163 Ribosomal protein S4/S9 N-terminal domain
1040S ribosomal protein S10RS10_HUMANPF03501 Plectin/S10 domain
1140S ribosomal protein S11RS11_HUMANPF16205 Ribosomal_S17 N-terminal
1140S ribosomal protein S11RS11_HUMANPF00366 Ribosomal protein S17
1240S ribosomal protein S12RS12_HUMANPF01248 Ribosomal protein L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family
1340S ribosomal protein S13RS13_HUMANPF08069 Ribosomal S13/S15 N-terminal domain
1340S ribosomal protein S13RS13_HUMANPF00312 Ribosomal protein S15
1440S ribosomal protein S14RS14_HUMANPF00411 Ribosomal protein S11
1540S ribosomal protein S15RS15_HUMANPF00203 Ribosomal protein S19
15A40S ribosomal protein S15aRS15A_HUMANPF00410 Ribosomal protein S8
1640S ribosomal protein S16RS16_HUMANPF00380 Ribosomal protein S9/S16
1740S ribosomal protein S17RS17_HUMANPF00833 Ribosomal S17
1840S ribosomal protein S18RS18_HUMANPF00416 Ribosomal protein S13/S18
1940S ribosomal protein S19RS19_HUMANPF01090 Ribosomal protein S19e
2040S ribosomal protein S20RS20_HUMANPF00338 Ribosomal protein S10p/S20e
2140S ribosomal protein S21RS21_HUMANPF01249 Ribosomal protein S21e
2340S ribosomal protein S23RS23_HUMANPF00164 Ribosomal protein S12/S23
2440S ribosomal protein S24RS24_HUMANPF01282 Ribosomal protein S24e
2540S ribosomal protein S25RS25_HUMANPF03297 S25 ribosomal protein
2640S ribosomal protein S26RS26_HUMANPF01283 Ribosomal protein S26e
2740S ribosomal protein S27RS27_HUMANPF01667 Ribosomal protein S27
2840S ribosomal protein S28RS28_HUMANPF01200 Ribosomal protein S28e
2940S ribosomal protein S29RS29_HUMANPF00253 Ribosomal protein S14p/S29e
3040S ribosomal protein S30RS30_HUMANPF04758 Ribosomal protein S30
A40S ribosomal protein SARSSA_HUMANPF16122 40S ribosomal protein SA C-terminus
A40S ribosomal protein SARSSA_HUMANPF00318 Ribosomal protein S2
RACK1/GNB2L1RACK1_HUMANPF00400 Receptor for activated C kinase 1

Table of Human large 60S ribosomal subunit proteins

Subunit No. Subunit name Human protein Pfam family with Human protein
360S ribosomal protein L3RL3_HUMANPF00297 Ribosomal protein L3
460S ribosomal protein L4RL4_HUMANPF00573 Ribosomal protein L4/L1 family
460S ribosomal protein L4RL4_HUMANPF14374 60S ribosomal protein L4
560S ribosomal protein L5RL5_HUMANPF00861 Ribosomal L18p/L5e family
560S ribosomal protein L5RL5_HUMANPF14204 Ribosomal L18 C-terminal region
660S ribosomal protein L6RL6_HUMANPF01159 Ribosomal protein L6e
660S ribosomal protein L6RL6_HUMANPF03868 Ribosomal protein L6, N-terminal
7A60S ribosomal protein L7aRL7A_HUMANPF01248 Ribosomal protein L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family
760S ribosomal protein L7RL7_HUMANPF00327 Ribosomal protein L30p/L7e
760S ribosomal protein L7RL7_HUMANPF08079 Ribosomal L30 N-terminal domain
860S ribosomal protein L8RL8_HUMANPF00181 Ribosomal Proteins L2, RNA-binding domain
860S ribosomal protein L8RL8_HUMANPF03947 Ribosomal Proteins L2, C-terminal
960S ribosomal protein L9RL9_HUMANPF00347 Ribosomal protein L6
960S ribosomal protein L9RL9_HUMANPF00347 Ribosomal protein L6
10A60S ribosomal protein L10aRL10A_HUMANPF00687 Ribosomal protein L1p/L10e family
1060S ribosomal protein L10RL10_HUMANPF00252 Ribosomal protein L16p/L10e
1160S ribosomal protein L11RL11_HUMANPF00281 Ribosomal protein L5
1160S ribosomal protein L11RL11_HUMANPF00673 ribosomal L5P family C-terminus
1260S ribosomal protein L12RL12_HUMANPF00298 Ribosomal protein L11, RNA-binding domain
1260S ribosomal protein L12RL12_HUMANPF03946 Ribosomal protein L11, N-terminal
13A60S ribosomal protein L13aRL13A_HUMANPF00572 Ribosomal protein L13
1360S ribosomal protein L13RL13_HUMANPF01294 Ribosomal protein L13e
1460S ribosomal protein L14RL14_HUMANPF01929 Ribosomal protein L14
1560S ribosomal protein L15RL15_HUMANPF00827 Ribosomal L15
1760S ribosomal protein L17RL17_HUMANPF00237 Ribosomal protein L22p/L17e
18A60S ribosomal protein L18aRL18A_HUMANPF01775 Ribosomal L18ae/LX protein domain
1860S ribosomal protein L18RL18_HUMANPF00828 Ribosomal_L18e
1960S ribosomal protein L19RL19_HUMANPF01280 Ribosomal protein L19e
2160S ribosomal protein L21RL21_HUMANPF01157 Ribosomal protein L21e
2260S ribosomal protein L22RL22_HUMANPF01776 Ribosomal L22e protein family
23A60S ribosomal protein L23aRL23A_HUMANPF00276 Ribosomal protein L23
23A60S ribosomal protein L23aRL23A_HUMANPF03939 Ribosomal protein L23, N-terminal
2360S ribosomal protein L23RL23_HUMANPF00238 Ribosomal protein L14p/L23e
2460S ribosomal protein L24RL24_HUMANPF01246 Ribosomal protein L24e
2660S ribosomal protein L26RL26_HUMANPF16906 Ribosomal proteins L26 eukaryotic, L24P archaeal
27A60S ribosomal protein L27aRL27A_HUMANPF00828 Ribosomal protein L18e/L15
2760S ribosomal protein L27RL27_HUMANPF01777 Ribosomal L27e protein family
2860S ribosomal protein L28RL28_HUMANPF01778 Ribosomal L28e protein family
2960S ribosomal protein L29RL29_HUMANPF01779 Ribosomal L29e protein family
3060S ribosomal protein L30RL30_HUMANPF01248 Ribosomal protein L7Ae/L30e/S12e/Gadd45 family
3160S ribosomal protein L31RL31_HUMANPF01198 Ribosomal protein L31e
3260S ribosomal protein L32RL32_HUMANPF01655 Ribosomal protein L32
3460S ribosomal protein L34RL34_HUMANPF01199 Ribosomal protein L34e
35A60S ribosomal protein L35aRL35A_HUMANPF01247 Ribosomal protein L35Ae
3560S ribosomal protein L35RL35_HUMANPF00831 Ribosomal L29 protein
36A60S ribosomal protein L36aRL36A_HUMANPF00935 Ribosomal protein L44
3660S ribosomal protein L36RL36_HUMANPF01158 Ribosomal protein L36e
37A60S ribosomal protein L37aRL37A_HUMANPF01780 Ribosomal L37ae protein family
3760S ribosomal protein L37RL37_HUMANPF01907 Ribosomal protein L37e
3860S ribosomal protein L38RL38_HUMANPF01781 Ribosomal L38e protein family
3960S ribosomal protein L39RL39_HUMANPF00832 Ribosomal L39 proteiin
40Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40RL40_HUMANPF01020 Ribosomal L40e family
4160S ribosomal protein L41RL41_HUMANPF05162 Ribosomal protein L41
P060S acidic ribosomal protein P0RLA0_HUMANPF00466 Ribosomal protein L10
P060S acidic ribosomal protein P0RLA0_HUMANPF00428 60s Acidic ribosomal protein
P160S acidic ribosomal protein P1RLA1_HUMANPF00428 60s Acidic ribosomal protein
P260S acidic ribosomal protein P2RLA2_HUMANPF00428 60s Acidic ribosomal protein

See also

References

  1. ↑ Salini Konikkat: Dynamic Remodeling Events Drive the Removal of the ITS2 Spacer Sequence During Assembly of 60S Ribosomal Subunits in S. cerevisiae. Carnegie Mellon University Dissertations, Feb. 2016.
  2. ↑ Elmar W. Weiler, Lutz Nover (2008) (in German), [, p. 532, at Google Books Allgemeine und molekulare Botanik], Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, p. 532, ISBN 978-3-13-152791-2, , p. 532, at Google Books
  3. ↑ Jesus de la Cruz, Katrin Karbstein, John L. Woolford, Jr. (2015), "Functions of Ribosomal Proteins in Assembly of Eukaryotic Ribosomes In Vivo" (in German), Annual review of biochemistry 84: pp. 93–129, PMC 4772166, PMID 25706898
  4. ↑ Rodnina MV, Wintermeyer W (April 2011). "The ribosome as a molecular machine: the mechanism of tRNA-mRNA movement in translocation". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (2): 658–62. doi:10.1042/BST0390658. PMID 21428957.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ban N, Beckmann R, Cate JH, Dinman JD, Dragon F, Ellis SR, Lafontaine DL, Lindahl L, Liljas A, Lipton JM, McAlear MA, Moore PB, Noller HF, Ortega J, Panse VG, Ramakrishnan V, Spahn CM, Steitz TA, Tchorzewski M, Tollervey D, Warren AJ, Williamson JR, Wilson D, Yonath A, Yusupov M (February 2014). "A new system for naming ribosomal proteins". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 24: 165–9. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2014.01.002. PMC 4358319. PMID 24524803.
  6. ↑ Gao, F; Luo, H; Zhang, C. T.; Zhang, R (2015). "Gene Essentiality Analysis Based on DEG 10, an Updated Database of Essential Genes". Gene Essentiality. Methods in Molecular Biology. 1279. pp. 219–33. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2398-4_14. ISBN 978-1-4939-2397-7. PMID 25636622.
  7. ↑ Shoji S, Dambacher CM, Shajani Z, Williamson JR, Schultz PG (2011). "Systematic chromosomal deletion of bacterial ribosomal protein genes". J. Mol. Biol. 413 (4): 751–61. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.09.004. PMC 3694390. PMID 21945294.
  8. ↑ Akanuma G, Nanamiya H, Natori Y, Yano K, Suzuki S, Omata S, Ishizuka M, Sekine Y, Kawamura F (2012). "Inactivation of ribosomal protein genes in Bacillus subtilis reveals importance of each ribosomal protein for cell proliferation and cell differentiation". J. Bacteriol. 194 (22): 6282–91. doi:10.1128/JB.01544-12. PMC 3486396. PMID 23002217.
  9. ↑ Arnold RJ, Reilly JP (April 1999). "Observation of Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins and their posttranslational modifications by mass spectrometry". Analytical Biochemistry. 269 (1): 105–12. doi:10.1006/abio.1998.3077. PMID 10094780.
  10. ↑ Chen SS, Williamson JR (February 2013). "Characterization of the ribosome biogenesis landscape in E. coli using quantitative mass spectrometry". Journal of Molecular Biology. 425 (4): 767–79. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2012.11.040. PMC 3568210. PMID 23228329.
  11. ↑ Hamacher K, Trylska J, McCammon JA (February 2006). "Dependency map of proteins in the small ribosomal subunit". PLoS Computational Biology. 2 (2): e10. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020010. PMC 1364506. PMID 16485038.

Further reading

  • Korobeinikova AV, Garber MB, Gongadze GM (June 2012). "Ribosomal proteins: structure, function, and evolution". Biochemistry (Moscow). 77 (6): 562–74. doi:10.1134/S0006297912060028. PMID 22817455.
  • Ban N, Beckmann R, Cate JH, Dinman JD, Dragon F, Ellis SR, Lafontaine DL, Lindahl L, Liljas A, Lipton JM, McAlear MA, Moore PB, Noller HF, Ortega J, Panse VG, Ramakrishnan V, Spahn CM, Steitz TA, Tchorzewski M, Tollervey D, Warren AJ, Williamson JR, Wilson D, Yonath A, Yusupov M (February 2014). "A new system for naming ribosomal proteins". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 24: 165–9. doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2014.01.002. PMC 4358319. PMID 24524803.
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