East New York, Brooklyn

East New York
Neighborhood of Brooklyn
Typical multi-unit semi-detached rowhouses in East New York
Nickname(s): The East, Dodge City, Beirut
Coordinates: 40°40′00″N 73°52′56″W / 40.66667°N 73.88222°W / 40.66667; -73.88222Coordinates: 40°40′00″N 73°52′56″W / 40.66667°N 73.88222°W / 40.66667; -73.88222
Country United States
State New York
City New York City
Borough Brooklyn
Area[1]
 • Total 1.867 sq mi (4.84 km2)
Population (2010)[2]
 • Total 91,958
 • Density 49,000/sq mi (19,000/km2)
Race/Ethnicity[3]
 • White 1.3%
 • Black 63.6%
 • Hispanic 29.6%
 • Asian 3.0%
 • Other 2.5%
Economics
 • Median income $32,942
ZIP Codes 11207, 11208, 11239
Area code 718, 347, 929, and 917

East New York is a residential neighborhood in the eastern section of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City, United States. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 5, covered by Brooklyn Community Board 5.[4][5] Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: Cypress Hills Cemetery to the north, the Borough of Queens to the east, Jamaica Bay to the south, and the Bay Ridge Branch railway tracks next to Van Sinderen Avenue to the west. Linden Boulevard and Atlantic Avenue are the primary thoroughfares through East New York. Its ZIP Codes include 11207, 11208, and 11239. The area is patrolled by the 75th Precinct located at 1000 Sutter Avenue. New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) property in the area is patrolled by P.S.A. 2. During the latter part of the twentieth century, East New York came to be predominantly inhabited by African Americans and Latinos.

History

Early history and development

At the northern edge of what is now East New York, a chain of hills, geologically a terminal moraine, separates northwestern Long Island from Jamaica and the Hempstead Plains, the main part of Long Island's fertile outwash plain. The southern portions of the neighborhood, meanwhile, consisted of salt marshes and several creeks, which drained into Jamaica Bay. These areas were originally settled by the Jameco Native Americans, and later used by the Canarsee and Rockaway tribes as fishing grounds.[6][7][8][9]

In the 1650s, Dutch colonists began settling in the eastern sections of Brooklyn, forming the towns of Flatbush, Bushwick, and New Lots (the predecessor to East New York).[6][10] The area along with the rest of Brooklyn and modern New York City was ceded to the British Empire in 1664. A few 18th Century roads, including the ferry road or Palmer Turnpike from Brooklyn to Jamaica, passed through the chain of hills; hence the area was called "Jamaica Pass".[11] During the American Revolutionary War invading British and Hessian (German) soldiers ended an all-night forced march at this pass in August 1776 to surprise and flank General George Washington and the Continental Army, to win the Battle of Long Island, (also known as the Battle of Brooklyn or the Battle of Brooklyn Heights).[10][11]

In 1835, Connecticut merchant John Pitkin (namesake of Pitkin Avenue) purchased the land of the Town of New Lots north of New Lots Avenue, opening a shoe factory at what is now Williams Street and Pitkin Avenue. Pitkin named the area "East New York" to signify it as the eastern end of New York City.[11] In 1836 the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad (soon to become part of the Long Island Rail Road) opened through the area; it did not originally stop in East New York, but a stop there was added by 1844.[12] In 1860 the LIRR moved its terminus to Queens, and the line through Brooklyn was shortened to end at East New York.[13]

In 1852, New Lots was officially ceded from the Town of Flatbush.[9][10] In the middle 19th century, the road between Brooklyn and Jamaica became the Brooklyn and Jamaica Plank Road. The Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad (1865) was built to connect the LIRR's Atlantic Branch with Canarsie at a point later known as Broadway Junction. As often happened at 19th Century railroad junctions, a railway town arose. Sprawling development into recently rustic northern part of the Town of "New Lots" followed the reach of elevated transit lines into the area: the Jamaica Avenue Line in 1885 and the Fulton Street Line in 1889. The road to Brooklyn was renamed Fulton Street, the one to Jamaica, Jamaica Avenue and the one to Williamsburg, Broadway.

East New York (as the Town of New Lots) was annexed as the 26th Ward of the rapidly growing City of Brooklyn in 1886; in 1898 after a decade-long controversy with debates, campaigns and publicity, the community was merged into New York City as a whole with the consolidation of Brooklyn and the other four boroughs into a single entity as the "City of Greater New York". In the 20th Century its name came to be applied to much of the former township.[10]

In 1939, the Works Progress Administration Guide to New York City[14] wrote:

The development of East New York began in 1835 through the enterprise of John R. Pitkin, a wealthy Connecticut merchant who visualized it as a great city rivaling New York. The Panic of 1837 smashed his hopes. After 1853, a modest development began. By the 1930s, the residents were chiefly Italians, Jewish, Germans, and Russians who moved in from Brownsville, Bushwick, and other near-by crowded localities. Many of the Slavic families continue to burn candles before icons, and observe religious fetes according to the old calendar...

After World War II, thousands of manufacturing jobs left New York City thereby increasing the importance of the remaining jobs to those with limited education and job skills. During this same period, large numbers of Puerto Ricans from the Caribbean island and African-Americans from the South emigrated to New York City looking for employment. East New York, no longer replete with the jobs the new residents had come for, was thereby faced with a host of new socioeconomic problems, including widespread unemployment and crime.

Social problems

Abandoned houses in East New York

Since the late 1950s East New York has had some of the highest crime rates in Brooklyn, and is considered by some to be the borough's murder capital, alongside Brownsville. Many social problems associated with poverty from crime to drug addiction have been prevalent in the area for decades. Despite the decline of crime compared to their peaks during the crack and heroin epidemics, violent crime continues to be widespread in the community.[15] East New York's 75th Police Precinct reported the highest murder rate in the city in 2011, according to crime reports compiled by DNAinfo.com. East New York has significantly higher dropout rates and incidences of violence in its schools.[16] Students must pass through metal detectors and swipe ID cards to enter the buildings. Other problems in local schools include low test scores and high truancy rates.

Walter Thabit, a city planner for East New York, chronicled in his 2003 book, How East New York Became a Ghetto, the change in population from mostly working class Italians and Jewish residents to residents of Puerto Rican and African American descent.[17] Thabit argues that landlords and real estate agents played a significant role in the downturn of the area. Puerto Ricans were moving in masses to New York City in the late 1950s, at a time when unemployment rates in Puerto Rico soared to 25 percent, and left Puerto Rico on the brink of poverty. Thabit also describes how the construction of public housing projects in East New York further contributed to its decline, noting that many of the developments were built by corrupt managers and contractors. He argues that the city government largely ignored the community when it could have helped turn it around. Writing in the New York Press, Michael Manville accused Thabit of poor research, sweeping generalizations, and a failure to distinguish the actions of racist individuals from the effects of a racist capitalist system, and contends that much of the urban renewal and public housing efforts of the period were in fact well-intentioned, if ill-considered and hubristic.[18]

Urban renewal

East New York was devastated by "blockbusting" in the course of an FHA Mortgage scandal that left the neighborhood virtually abandoned by the late '70s. A Federal Court ordered that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) be prepared for East New York. The history of the FHA Mortgage Scandal and its unfolding in East New York was documented via that EIS, which was developed by the Brooklyn Office of the New York City Department of City Planning.

The EIS found that what happened in East New York and inner city communities across America was a result of the FHA's inability to respond to its new mandate to include inner city neighborhoods in the FHA single family mortgage insurance program. The FHA was created to build the suburbs of America and all of its policies, underwriting standards, appraisal standards were built from and geared to newly constructed suburban homes. The agency apparently interpreted its mandate to now produce specific target volumes of inner city loans as a directive to abandon its underwriting and appraisal and produce as many inner city loans as possible to mostly Black first-time homeowners. Block by block unscrupulous mortgage originators scared the homeowners in these one and multi-family homes into selling below market for fear their homes would be worth nothing at all as the blacks moved in. These same blockbusting brokers then resold these homes at greatly inflated prices to first-time black homeowners who believed their American dream had come true. The brokers provided fraudulent documentation on the loans which were all beyond the ability of the new homeowners to pay given their modest incomes. The neighborhood went from mostly white Jewish and Italian homeowners to overwhelmingly Black & Latino. Soon afterward some of the new homeowners were behind on mortgage payments and losing their homes to foreclosure. When the Brooklyn Office of City Planning began its court-mandated EIS East New York was a wasteland, row after row of vacant homes in poor condition and a central 4 or 6 block area of vacant land where houses had once stood.

The court directive to prepare the EIS on East New York required recommendations as well as findings. The recommendations were then expanded into a Master Plan For East New York which included the entire Community Planning Board. Simultaneously the Brooklyn office developed a more specific plan for the rehabilitation and resale of the FHA foreclosure to qualified low income buyers. The plan was to rehabilitate these homes through non-profit community sponsors and resell them at affordable prices to pre-qualified low income homeowners. The program was called SHIP (Small Home Improvement Program). A $1 million loan pool commitment was secured from the East New York Savings Bank for the SHIP program. The program was then turned over to the City's Housing agency for implementation and administration.

The SHIP program was modeled on a program developed the Sunset Park Redevelopment Committee then operating in Sunset Park with funding from the Ford Foundation. The Ford Foundation was also funding other pioneering innovative housing programs, including in nearby Bedford-Stuyvesant through the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation. SHIP was the first effort at low income home ownership by the City of New York and ran into some initial difficulties due to limitations in the State constitution on "gifts and loans" (the discounted sales price to new homeowners was considered "a gift"). At least the first 100 houses were eventually renovated under the program before it was abandoned.

New subsidized single-family homes being built under the Nehemiah program.

Later, most of these 1000 FHA foreclosed were torn down and replaced with new construction and much later some privately financed infill housing. Also, many subsidized multi-unit townhouses and newly constructed apartment buildings have been or are being built on vacant lots across the neighborhood. A significant number of these properties, many multi-family buildings, have fallen into disrepair and are at risk of landlord abandonment.

In the 1980s East Brooklyn Congregations (EBC), an affiliate of the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) organized to address the need for quality affordable housing in East New York. This coalition advocated that vacant New York City owned land be provided at no cost for the development of new affordable owner occupied housing with subsidies for low-interest mortgages.[19][20][21] This effort was called the Nehemiah Program. It was replicated in other parts of the city and country and led to national legislation.[19] The Nehemiah homes were funded by a loan from $8 million loan fund from three Brooklyn Churches. Its setup was described as follows by The New York Times the city provides vacant sites, forgives real-estate taxes on the homes (but not the land) for 10 years, and provides what amounts to a $10,000 interest-free loan per house. Buyers pay $43,500 (their median income was $27,000; 40 percent moved from public or subsidized housing)."[19][20][21]

New developments are rising in the area, including the Gateway Center shopping mall located on what was once part of a landfill near Jamaica Bay. Gateway Center, in Starrett City, is suburban-style, and is home to retailers that include ShopRite, Bed Bath & Beyond, Staples, Marshalls, Olive Garden, Red Lobster, Outback Steakhouse, Target, The Home Depot, and BJ's Wholesale Club.[22] Gateway Center consists of two structures: Gateway Center South, the first structure, opened in 2002, and Gateway Center North, the second development, opened in 2014.

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of East New York was 91,958, an increase of 8,683 (10.4%) from the 83,275 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 2,665.73 acres (1,078.78 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 34.5 inhabitants per acre (22,100/sq mi; 8,500/km2).[2]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 63.6% (58,453) African American, 3.0% (2,764) Asian, 1.3% (1,240) White, 0.3% (291) Native American, 0.0% (38) Pacific Islander, 0.7% (683) from other races, and 1.3% (1,237) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.6% (27,252) of the population.[3]

Over half the population lives below the poverty line and receives public assistance (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families [TANF], Home Relief, Supplemental Security Income, and Medicaid). During the 1960s, East New York transitioned from being predominately Jewish and Italian to being predominately African American and Puerto Rican. However, now East New York is more diversified, with large African American, Puerto Rican, Dominican, West Indian, and South Asian populations.[23] Due to gentrification of other Brooklyn neighborhoods, closer to Downtown Brooklyn and Manhattan, such as Bushwick and Bed-Stuy, East New York now has one of the fastest growing Black, Latino, and Asian populations in the city.

Geography

Boundaries of East New York

Land use

East New York consists of mixed properties but primarily semi-detached homes, two-to-four family houses, and multi-unit apartment buildings, including condominiums and co-ops. The total land area is one square mile.

The area is also home to the East Brooklyn Industrial Park. The 44-block Park was established in 1980 by the New York City Public Development Corporation in East New York's northwest quadrant. It is bounded by Atlantic Avenue, Sheffield Avenue, Sutter Avenue and Powell Street.

Public housing developments of various type and a smaller number of tenements populate the area. There are twelve New York City Housing Authority developments located in East New York.[24]

  • Belmont-Sutter Area; three 3-story buildings.
  • Boulevard Houses was the first of 12 developments to be built in the area. Built in 1950, it includes eighteen buildings, 6 and 14 stories tall.
  • Cypress Hills Houses; fifteen 7-story buildings.
  • East New York City Line; thirty-three 3-story buildings.
  • Fiorentino Plaza; eight 4-story buildings.
  • Linden Houses; nineteen buildings, 8 and 14 stories.
  • Long Island Baptist Houses; four, 6-story rehabilitated tenement buildings.
  • Pennsylvania Avenue-Wortman Avenue; three buildings, 8 and 16 stories tall.
  • Louis Heaton Pink Houses; twenty-two 8-story buildings.
  • Unity Plaza (Sites 4, 5A, 6, 7, 11, 12, 27); five 6-story buildings.
  • Unity Plaza (Sites 17, 24, 25A); three buildings 6 stories tall.
  • Vandalia Avenue; two 10-story buildings.

With the founding of East New York Farms in 1998, there has been an increase usage in lots. Various organizations and local community groups have different gardens in order to beautify the area.[25]

African Burial Ground Square was designated in 2013 after remains were found some years earlier between New Lots and Livonia Avenues from Barbey to Schenck Streets. It shares space with the New Lots branch of the Brooklyn Public Library.[26] After months of effort the burial ground was finally confirmed and formally recognized.[27]

Subsections

City Line

Liberty Avenue in City Line

City Line is a sub-section of East New York bordering the neighborhoods of Cypress Hills to the north, Ozone Park (Queens) to the east, and Conduit Boulevard to the south. The neighborhood is named "City Line" for its location in the former City of Brooklyn near the border with Queens County before Brooklyn and parts of Queens County were consolidated into New York City in 1898.[28] City Line is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in Brooklyn. Many Italians, Germans and Irish originally lived in the area, which today is home to immigrants from Bangladesh, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Puerto Rico.[29] The neighborhood also includes African-Americans and Latino-Americans, and a scattered presence of South Asian-Americans.[30][31] The main commercial district is located along Liberty Avenue. The neighborhood is served by Brooklyn Community Board 5. City Line is home to many restaurants, shopping stores, and food markets.

New Lots

New Lots Community Church

New Lots is a sub-section of East New York. The "New Lots" east of the Town of Flatbush were laid out in the 18th century. The area was the site of the Town Hall of New Lots (located at 109-111 Bradford Street[32]) from 1852 when the area seceded from Flatbush until it was annexed in 1886 as the 26th Ward of Brooklyn. The population is largely African-American and Latino-American. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 5. Nearby neighborhoods include Canarsie to the south, Brownsville to the west and City Line to the east.[4][6][10][33]

Spring Creek

Spring Creek is the southeastern part of the former Town of New Lots, and is often included in East New York.[11] Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: Flatlands Avenue to the north; Betts Creek and Fountain Avenue to the east; Gateway National Recreation Area to the south; and Schenck Avenue and Hendrix Creek to the west.[4] Some locations north of this area up to Linden Boulevard are also considered part of the neighborhood. Spring Creek includes the Starrett City apartment complex, the Gateway Mall, the Spring Creek Gardens gated housing development, and the Nehemiah Spring Creek and Gateway Elton affordable housing developments.[34]

Cypress Hills

Rowhouses in Cypress Hills

Cypress Hills, a subsection of East New York,[35] is bordered on the south by City Line; to the north by Cypress Hills Cemetery; to the west by Bushwick; and to the east Woodhaven and Ozone Park in Queens. Cypress Hills is bordered by Highland Park Boulevard and Jamaica Avenue on the north, Eldert Lane on the east, Atlantic Avenue on the south, and Pennsylvania Ave on the west.[36] The Arlington branch of the Brooklyn Public Library is in Cypress Hills on Warwick St. (the Cypress Hills branch of the Brooklyn Public Library is, confusingly, not in Cypress Hills, but in New Lots, across from the Cypress Hills housing project, which is also in New Lots). This neighborhood lies within the 37th City Council District of New York City and is demographically mixed: Latino-Americans, South Asian-Americans, Caribbean Americans, Caucasians and African Americans.[37][38] The neighborhood is served by the United States Postal Service zip codes 11207 and 11208. The population as of 2011 is 17,089. The area of Cypress Hills is 0.276 square miles (0.71 km2).[39]

There is a branch of the Brooklyn Public Library on Arlington Avenue between Warwick Street and Ashford Street. Northeastward, in the Woodhaven neighborhood, on Forest Parkway, is a branch of the Queens Borough Public Library. There are also multiple schools:

  • Franklin K. Lane High School was at the extreme northeast corner of the neighborhood, north of Jamaica Avenue; it closed in 2011.
  • P.S. 108 Sal Abbracciamento School is at 200 Linwood Street (on the corner of Arlington).[40] It is a public elementary school with an enrollment of about 900 students in grades pre-K through 5.[41] Its building dates to 1895 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Blessed Sacrament Elementary School is on Euclid Avenue, between Fulton Street and Ridgewood Avenue.
  • IS 171 is on Ridgewood Avenue between Nichols Avenue and Lincoln Avenue.
  • IS 218, PS 72 and Invictus Preparatory Charter School are right across from the public houses.
  • IS 302 is also a public school, on Linwood Street between Atlantic Avenue and Liberty Avenue.
  • Within IS 302, due to lack of funding, there used to be a public school ranging from grades K (kindergarten) to 8th grade, P.S. 89 (aka Cypress Hills Community School) which has since attained its own school building not far from IS 302 on the corner of Atlantic Avenue and Warwick Street.
  • PS 7 sits between Crescent Street and Hemlock Street.
  • PS 65 "The Little Red School House" serves 549 students in grades K–5.
  • PS 290 sits on the corner of Fulton St. and Schenck Ave.
  • Followers of Jesus School is a private Christian school that sits on Atlantic Ave, between Shepherd Ave and Essex Street.

Starrett City

Fresh Creek Basin, with Starrett City in the background

Starrett City is a large subsidized apartment complex. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: Flatlands Avenue to the north, Hendrix Street to the east, Jamaica Bay to the south and the Fresh Creek Basin. The Starrett City site spanned over 153 acres (0.62 km2) before being subdivided in 2009 as part of a refinancing. The housing development contains 5,881 apartment units in 46 buildings,[42] and is said to be the largest federally assisted rental property in the United States. The residential site also includes eight parking garages, a community center, and a number of parcels of undeveloped land were separated out from the residential site as part of the refinancing.

The residential portion of the property has eight "sections" each including several buildings, its own field, recreational area (jungle gym, park, handball court, basketball court) and a parking garage for residents in that section. These sections are Ardsley, Bethel, Croton, Delmar, Elmira, Freeport, Geneva, and Hornell; each named after municipalities in New York State. Each building has between 11 and 20 floors, with eight apartments on most floors. All of the apartment buildings have a street address as well as a building name consisting of one letter from A-H, and one number from 1-8. In this case, A5 would refer to the fifth building of Ardsley Loop. With its many grassy fields, Fresh Creek, and Spring Creek Towers Shopping Center, Starrett City is different in landscape, community, and neighborhood life than other regions of Brooklyn. The community has its own newspaper known as the Spring Creek Sun.[43][44]

The Hole

The Hole is an isolated section that is also a part of Queens.[45] A run-down neighborhood considered "lost", it has the lowest elevation within the city[46] and is considered to be like the Wild West in some fashions.[47] It is generally bordered by Ruby Street, South Conduit Avenue, and Linden Boulevard.

The area is home to the Federation of Black Cowboys.[48][49]

Bordering neighborhoods

Transportation

East New York is well-served by public transportation, including some of these subway and bus services:

Services

75th Precinct of the NYPD

Police

Originally, the 17th Precinct was located on Liberty Avenue from 1892 to the 1970s. East New York is patrolled by the NYPD's 75th Precinct and the Brooklyn North Task Force, as well as Transit District 33 and Police Service Area 2.[51]

The 75th Precinct was the subject of the 2014 documentary, The Seven Five.

Fire

East New York is served by many New York City Fire Department companies. Engine 332/Ladder 175, Engine 290/Ladder 103, Engine 236, Engine 225/Tower Ladder 107/Battalion 39, and EMS Station 39 all serve East New York.

Education

All areas of New York City are within the New York City Department of Education school district. East New York high schools suffer from high dropout rates. As with other NYC schools, gang violence is a common problem found in the local schools. East New York has two higher institutes such as Touro College and Be'er Hagolah Institute in Starrett City. Spring Creek High School open in 2012 becoming the fifth high school in 60 years and the first in the Spring Creek area.

One of the neighborhood's local public high schools, Thomas Jefferson High School, shut down in June 2007 due to extremely low academic performance: a graduation rate of 29%, with only 2% entering the school at grade level in math and 10% entering at grade level in reading. The school was known for its ROTC program. Four new high schools were organized in the old building.[52]

Notable residents

Lloyd Blankfein
  • Big Body Bes (born 1984), Albanian-American rapper and TV presenter
  • Lloyd Blankfein (born 1954), investment banker who has served as the chief executive officer and chairman of Goldman Sachs since 2006
  • Lou Fine (1914–1971), comic book artist
  • Sylvia Fine (1913–1991), lyricist, composer, and producer, and the wife of the comedian Danny Kaye
  • Martin Goldstein (c. 1905–1941), member of a gang of hitmen, known as Murder, Inc.
  • Joe Kubert (1926–2012). Polish-born American comic book artist, art teacher and founder of The Kubert School
  • Clara Lemlich (1886–1982). leader of the Uprising of 20,000, and the massive strike of shirtwaist workers in New York's garment industry in 1909
  • Yaakov Litzman (born 1948), Israeli politician and Government Minister
  • Uncle Murda (born 1980), rapper
  • Angelo Ruggiero (1940–1989), member of the Gambino crime family
  • Binyumen Schaechter (born 1963), composer, arranger, conductor, musical director and performer
  • Willa Schneberg (born 1952), poet
  • Allie Sherman (1923-2015), National Football League player and head coach
  • Jerry Stiller (born 1927), comedian and actor
  • Country Yossi (born 1949), Orthodox Jewish composer, singer, radio show host, author, and magazine publisher
  • Henry Hill (1943–2012) Mobster
  • John Gotti (1940–2002) Mob Boss

See also

  • New York City portal

References

  1. ↑ "Total Population, New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas, 2010" (PDF). Government of New York City. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2013.
  2. 1 2 Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 "COMMUNITY PORTAL: BROOKLYN Community District 5". nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  5. ↑ Brooklyn Community Boards, New York City. Accessed April 2, 2008.
  6. 1 2 3 AKRF, Inc., Eng-Wong Taub & Associates, Langan Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc. (February 4, 2009). "FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT for GATEWAY ESTATES II". nyc.gov. New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Spring Creek Park: History". New York City Parks Department. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  8. ↑ Natural Resources Group. "Natural Area Mapping and Inventory of Spring Creek 1988 Survey" (PDF). New York City Parks Department. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  9. 1 2 John Homer French (1860). Gazetteer of the State of New York: Embracing a Comprehensive View of the Geography, Geology, and General History of the State, and a Complete History and Description of Every County, City, Town, Village and Locality: With Full Table of Statistics. R. Pearsall Smith. p. 372.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Broadway Junction Transportation Study: NYC Department of City Planning Final Report-November 2008" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Kenneth T. Jackson; Lisa Keller; Nancy Flood (December 1, 2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. Yale University Press. p. 5716. ISBN 978-0-300-18257-6.
  12. ↑ "THE BROOKLYN & JAMAICA RAIL ROAD THE LONG ISLAND RAIL ROAD and ATLANTIC AVENUE PART ONE". ARRT'S ARRCHIVES.
  13. ↑ "Early History of the LIRR".
  14. ↑ "All Books". The New Press. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  15. ↑ "73rd Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  16. ↑ "NYC Dropout Rates". Gothamgazette.com. March 20, 2006. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  17. ↑ Thabit, Walter (2003). How East New York Became a Ghetto. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 0-814-78266-3.
  18. ↑ Look Back in Anger: An urban scholar lets fly., New York Press, Volume 16, Issue 34
  19. 1 2 3 Roberts, Sam (1987-09-24). "Metro Matters; Despite Success, Housing Effort Still Struggling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  20. 1 2 Schwartz, Ethan (1985-08-18). "CHURCH GROUP WINS CITY'S HELP IN BROOKLYN HOUSING DRIVE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  21. 1 2 Sundays, Sydney H. Schanberg ; Flora Lewis's Column Now Appears On; Thursdays (1984-02-21). "NEW YORK; BRICKS AND LOCAL POWER". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  22. ↑ Siwolop, Sana (May 16, 2001). "A Mall Planned for East New York Is 88% Leased". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
  23. ↑ Brooklyn Community District 5 Archived February 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ "NYCHA Redirect". nyc.gov. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  25. ↑ "The Seeds They Carried". The New York Times. October 18, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  26. ↑ "Citywide African Burial Grounds Gain Recognition," Our Time Press, October 31 – November 6, 2013, p.10.
  27. ↑ "East New York African Burial Ground officially recognized". amsterdamnews.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
  28. ↑ Liff, Bob (April 27, 1999). "Where City Drew the Line Double Lives the Norm in Border Nabe". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  29. ↑ Hays, Elizabeth (March 9, 2003). "Thriving City Line Draws Hard Workers". Daily News. New York. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  30. ↑ "New York City". 124.2. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Asian American Federation: Census Information Center". aafny.org. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Preservation advocates call for landmarking in East New York's rezoning area - Brooklyn Daily Eagle". www.brooklyneagle.com. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  33. ↑ Brooklyn Genealogy New Lots in 1890s
  34. ↑ Sheftell, Jason (July 27, 2012). "Spring Creek Nehemiah is an affordable housing success story in East New York". Daily News. New York. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  35. ↑ "If You're Thinking of Living In/Cypress Hills - An Evolving Northeast Brooklyn Enclave - NYTimes.com". April 28, 1996. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  36. ↑ Beyer, Gregory (2010-12-02). "Where Prices Are Practical, and Cuisines Colorful - Living in Cypress Hills, Brooklyn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
  37. ↑ "Cypress Hill neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York (NY), 11208 subdivision profile - real estate, apartments, condos, homes, community, population, jobs, income, streets". city-data.com. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Analysis: NYC 2000 to 2010 demographic change". Archived from the original on October 13, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Cypress Hills neighborhood in New York". Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  40. ↑ "Injury Blogs". schoolmatters.com. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Welcome - P.S. 108 Sal Abbracciamento - K108". New York City Dept. of Education.
  42. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (August 3, 2007). "With Starrett City Deal Nearly Dead, Developer Tries Again". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  43. ↑ "Safe Zone by Tucker Carlson, City Journal Summer 1995". city-journal.org. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  44. ↑ Spring Creek Sun Archived January 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  45. ↑ Dorr, Nate. "In the Hole". Impose Magazine. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  46. ↑ Asch, Mark (October 27, 2010). "Brooklyn's Lost Neighborhood: The Hole". The L Magazine. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  47. ↑ Janon Fisher (October 17, 2004). "Echoes of the Wild West Mark an Urban Frontier". New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  48. ↑ Kilgannon, Corey (October 10, 2006). "Black Cowboys Ride the Range in Queens, and Keep a Sharp Lookout for Traffic". New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  49. ↑ Waddell, Robert (August 6, 1995). "THE FRESH AIR FUND; Black Cowboys Share Their Art With Urban Children". New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  50. ↑ "Brooklyn Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  51. ↑ 75th Precinct, NYPD.
  52. ↑ H.S. 435 Thomas Jefferson High School profile, accessed December 4, 2006
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