Mount Airy Plantation

Mount Airy
Mount Airy in 1971
Location West of Warsaw on U.S. 360, Richmond County, Virginia
Coordinates 37°58′20″N 76°47′29″W / 37.97222°N 76.79139°W / 37.97222; -76.79139Coordinates: 37°58′20″N 76°47′29″W / 37.97222°N 76.79139°W / 37.97222; -76.79139
Area 450 acres (180 ha)
Built 1758–62
Architect John Ariss
Architectural style Neo-Palladian
NRHP reference # 66000845[1]
VLR # 079-0013
Significant dates
Added to NRHP October 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHL October 9, 1960[2]
Designated VLR September 9, 1969[3]

Mount Airy, near Warsaw in Richmond County, Virginia, built in 1764, is a mid-Georgian plantation house, the first built in the manner of a neo-Palladian villa. Colonel John Tayloe II, perhaps the richest Virginia planter of his generation, constructed it. His daughter Rebecca and her husband, Francis Lightfoot Lee, one of the only pair of brothers to sign the Declaration of Independence (Richard Henry Lee being the other brother,) are buried on the estate, as are many other Tayloes. Before the American Civil War, Mount Airy was a prominent racing horse farm, as well as headquarters of about 10-12 separate slave plantations along the Rappahannock River (comprising some 60,000 acres). Mount Airy is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark as well as on the Virginia Landmarks Register, and is still privately owned by Tayloe's descendants.

Architecture

Mount Airy is composed of a massive two-story central block above a high basement, 69 feet (21 m) long and 47 feet (14 m) deep, two curving one-story passageways, and two 36-foot (11 m)-square two-story end dependencies set forward.[4] The five-part unit, 128 feet (39 m) long, encloses three sides of a semi-circular forecourt.[4] This court is raised by a low terrace above the entrance drive and is reached by cut and molded stone steps, flanked by elaborate carved stone vases on pedestals.[4] Set on a ridge, the house commands a wide view of the Rappahannock River Valley.[4] The 3-foot-thick (0.91 m) walls of the central unit are made of dark-brown sandstone, carefully hewn and laid in courses of random height, with architectural trim in light-colored limestone.[4] It is possible that the exterior may originally have been stuccoed though no trace remains.[4] The north or entrance façade is approached from the forecourt by a flight of steps leading to a recessed loggia, whose square columns, faced with four Roman Doric pilasters, define three rectilinear openings.[4] The projecting central pavilion is of rusticated limestone, with three windows in the second story and a crowning pediment.[4] The south or garden facade is almost identical in composition except that the three entrances in the pavilion are spanned by round arches with heavily marked voussoirs and keystones, and the upper windows are unframed.[4] The other windows are framed by stone architraves and sills, and the limestone belt course and rusticated angle quoins are very prominent.[4] The existing broad hip roof, pierced by four interior chimneys located near the ridge, is a replacement of the original roof, possibly a hip-on-hip that was destroyed by fire in 1844.[4]

River Facade of Mount Airy, Richmond Co, Virginia

The south or rear elevation was undoubtedly taken directly from Plate LVIII of James Gibbs' Book of Architecture and the north elevation was less directly derived from a plate of Haddo House in Scotland, shown in William Adam's Vitruvius Scoticus.[4]

The two stone two-story dependencies have hipped roofs and central chimneys and their corners are given the same quoin treatment as the main house.[4] The connecting passageways, also of stone, are quadrants covered with shed roofs that are concealed from the north or front.[4] At the junction with the central block, the roofs of the connections are stepped up to allow entrances to the main floor of the house.[4]

Gardens

The shaped terraced levels of its gardens are still clearly visible beneath its modern covering of lawn. Mount Airy has the earliest surviving Orangery in North America. A thriving organic vegetable and flower garden exists there today.

History

John Tayloe II painting by John Wollaston (painter)

The Tayloe family had owned the land around Mount Airy for over century before Colonel John Tayloe II, a fourth generation tobacco planter, began building a manor house with a commanding view of the Rappahannock River valley as well as westward towards the town of Tappahannock. The project began around 1748 and finished in 1758. Tayloe used reference books of the day to incorporate then-modern and now-classical architectural themes. As discussed below, John Tayloe II also became a distinguished breeder of race horses at this plantation, including: Sir Archy, Selima and Grey Diomed. The original stable and a few outbuildings (including a smokehouse and dairy/ice-house) survive to this day. The house continues occupied by Tayloe family descendants, including Mrs. H. Gwin Tayloe, Jr. (died 3 June 2011) and now John Tayloe Emery, Sr.

Col. Tayloe's son-in-law Francis Lightfoot Lee, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, lived nearby, in a house Col. Tayloe built for the young couple, Menokin Plantation.[5] Tayloe's daughter and her famous husband are buried in the Tayloe family cemetery, approximately 300 yards (270 m) from Mount Airy.[5]

Painting by Gilbert Stuart on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

John Tayloe II, John Tayloe III (1792-1828) and William Henry Tayloe, operated Mount Airy as a successful horse stud farm, as well as bred enslaved people to use as a labor force within the family's plantations and for sale to other slaveowners to raise capital as well as pay gambling debts.[6] John Tayloe III also continued his father's building tradition, constructing the Octagon House in the new federal city, Washington, D.C. (which became his winter residence). He also operated an ironworks and shipbuilding facility near Neabsco, Virginia, led a company of dragoons into Pennsylvania to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion, and held various local political offices.

John Tayloe II, who established the family's turf-racing business, imported Jenny Cameron, Jolly Roger and Childers to Virginia, three of the most important colonial racing imports. He also owned the winning racehorses Hero, Juniper, Single Peeper, Yorick, Traveller and Nonpareil.[7][8] The first noteworthy colonial horse race was won by Col. Tasker's 6 year old imported mare Selima at Annapolis, Maryland in May 1752. That December, Selima raced in Gloucester, Virginia and beat Col William Byrd's "Trial", as well as this Col. Tayloe's "Jenny Cameron" & "Childers" and Col. Thornton's "Unnamed". That sweepstakes, in four mile heats and with a purse of 500 pistoles, marks the beginning of the competition between Maryland and Virginia in horseracing. In April, 1766, Col. Tayloe's "Traveller" won with ease, beating Col Lewis Burwell III of Kingsmill Plantation's "John Dismal" and Francis Whiting's "Janus." In October Col. Tayloe's "Hero" won the purse, beating Col William Byrd's "Trial" & "Valiant," and Richard Henry Lee's "Mark Anthony." In November, at Chestertown, Maryland, a purse of 100 pistoles was run for by the two most celebrated horses of the era, Col. Tayloe's "Yorick" and Sam Galloway's (of Tulip Hill in Maryland) horse "Selim" (son of Selima). In May, 1767, Col. Tayloe won the "50 Pistoles Purse" near Annapolis as his horse "Traveller" outraced: "Trial" Bullen's, Benedict Calvert's "Regulus" and Dr. Hamilton's "Ranger". In the spring of 1769, Capt Littleberry Hardyman again won the purse with "Mark Anthony," beating John Tayloe's "Nonpareil" and Nathaniel Withoe's "Fanny Murray." In the fall of 1774, at Fredericksburg John Tayloe's "Single Peeper" won the "50 Pound Purse" beating Benjamin Grymes' "Miss Spot," Walker Taliaferro's "Valiant," Spotswood's "Fearnaught," Charles Jones' "Regulus," Procter's "Jenny Bottom," Robert Slaughter's "Ariel" and Peter Presley' Thornton's "Ariel."[8]

A fire in 1844 gutted the house and destroyed most of the woodwork of master carpenter William Buckland. It was rebuilt within its shell of brown sandstone with limestone quoins, and using the original floor plan.[4]

William Henry, son of John Tayloe III, took over Mount Airy in 1828. Its slave population continued to increase, even as depleted soil led to crop shortfalls and declining profits. He and his brothers responded in part by acquiring cotton fields in west-central Alabama. Between 1833 and 1862, William Henry Tayloe moved a total of 218 slaves (many teenagers) about 800 miles from Virginia to Alabama. Because the trans-Atlantic slave trade nominally closed because Britain ended slavery and because the U.S. Constitution's provisions against slave imports took effect in 1808, Virginia became a net slave exporter within the U.S. Although the U.S. had fewer than a million enslaved people as the 19th century began (mostly concentrated in the coastal and piedmont South), with the invention of the cotton gin and development of internal slave trading, there were four times as many slaves four decades later, working from Charleston to Texas.

Current use

Mount Airy is a private house of the Tayloe family and is not generally open to the public. The Tayloe family papers are at the Virginia Historical Society.

Mount Airy was featured in a HGTV show based on the restoration work done to the West Wing of the manor house. The show called, American Rehab Virginia (née Colonial Rehab) was produced by Magnetic Productions and began airing in 2015, reruns can be found on HGTV and DIY Network.[9]

The inaugural Mount Airy Bluegrass Festival, originally billed as "Bluegrass Under The Stars," in June 2017 featured John Starling of The Seldom Scene (with his son Jay Starling on dobro), a member of the band Love Cannon; along with guitarist Jesse Harper, bassist Cameron Ralston, cellist Nat Smith and Courtney Hartman on vocals and guitar.[10] On June 30, 2018, the lineup is expected to include The Seldom Scene, Ralph Stanley II and the Clinch Mountain Boys, The Trailblazers w/ Ivy Phillips and special guests The Waterview Bluegrass Assembly.

Listing on National Register of Historic Places

Mount Airy was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. It was identified as a National Historic Landmark on October 9, 1960.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. ↑ "Mount Airy". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  3. ↑ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 NRHP Inventory, Nomination Form, § 7, Description
  5. 1 2 NRHP Inventory, Nomination Form, § 8, Significance
  6. ↑ Richard Dunn noted 252 recorded slave births and 142 slave deaths at Mount Airy between 1809 and 1828, which provided John III with 110 extra slaves. TNew York Times Sunday Book Review, January 2, 2015 of Richard Dunn's 'A Tale of Two Plantations' available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/books/review/a-tale-of-two-plantations-by-richard-s-dunn.html
  7. ↑ John Harding Peach, On the banks of the Rappahannock, (AuthorHouse), page146
  8. 1 2 Blooded Horses of the Colonial Days, Francis Barnum Culver, By the Author, 1922
  9. ↑ Ritchie, Kevin (8 July 2014). "HGTV greenlights "Crowded House," "Colonial Rehab"". Realscreen. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  10. ↑ http://www.fredericksburg.com/news/local/columns/local-bluegrass-legend-will-get-a-fitting-outdoor-concert-tribute/article_d59b7720-1fe6-5a32-b106-f3e17af08bc8.html

References

  • National Park Service: Mount Airy
  • National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Inventory, Nomination Form, Mount Airy (Francis Lightfoot Lee Grave), May 18, 1971
  • Dunn, Richard S. (1977). "A Tale of Two Plantations: Slave Life at Mesopotamia in Jamaica and Mount Airy in Virginia, 1799 to 1828". William and Mary Quarterly. Williamsburg, Virginia. 34 (1): 32–65. doi:10.2307/1922625. JSTOR 1922625.
  • Morrison, Hugh (1952). Early American Architecture. New York.
  • Pierson, William H., Jr. (1970). American Buildings and Their Architects: The Colonial and Neo-Classical Styles. New York.
  • Waterman, Thomas T. (1952). The Mansions of Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Waterman, Thomas T. (1950). The Dwellings of Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Grandin, Greg (2015). "'A Tale of Two Plantations,' by Richard S. Dunn". New York Times Sunday Book Review. New York. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  • Richard S. Dunn
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