List of automated urban metro subway systems
Singapore has the longest automated metro system in the world with three of its five Mass Rapid Transit lines having 4th grade automation (GoA4). It has had automated lines since 2003 and currently has 82 km (51 mi) of automated tracks with an additional 43 km (27 mi) by 2024 with the completion of the new Thomson-East Coast line.
Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain has been in operation since 1985; it is fully automated on all lines and is the 2nd longest automated metro system in the world with 79.6 km (49.5 mi) of Automated tracks.
The list of automated urban metro subway systems is ordered in descending order of the degree of automation. It uses the Grade of Automation classifications specified by the standard IEC 62290‐1. These are explained diagrammatically by the UITP.
History of metro train automation
The first line to be operated with Automatic Train Operation (ATO) was London Underground's Victoria line, which opened in 1967, although a driver is present in the cabin. Many lines now operate using an ATO system, with the aim of improving the frequency of service. Since then, ATO technology has been developed to enable trains to operate even without a driver in a cab: either with an attendant roaming within the train, or with no staff on board. The first fully automated driverless mass-transit rail network is the Port Island Line in Kobe, Japan. The second in the world (and the first such driverless system in Europe) is the Lille Metro in northern France. This list focuses heavily on trains in the classical sense used for large-scale metros and railways but does include a few people mover systems.
Degrees of automation
The list is ordered in descending order of the degree of automation. It uses the Grade of Automation classifications specified by the standard IEC 62290‐1.[1] These are explained diagrammatically by the UITP.[2]
Grade-of-Automation 4 (GoA4)
Barcelona Metro line 9 without train driver
In this system, trains are capable of operating automatically at all times, including door closing, obstacle detection and emergency situations. On-board staff may be provided for other purposes, e.g. customer service, but are not required for safe operation.
Examples include the Copenhagen Metro.
Grade-of-Automation 3 (GoA3)
In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a staff member is always in the train, with responsibility for handling of emergency situations. In a GoA3 system, the train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board.
Examples include the Docklands Light Railway.
Grade-of-Automation 2 (GoA2)
London's Victoria line trains – 2009 stock
In this system, trains run automatically from station to station but a driver is in the cab, with responsibility for door closing, obstacle detection on the track in front of the train and handling of emergency situations. As in a GoA3 system, the GoA2 train cannot operate safely without the staff member on board.
Examples include the London Underground Victoria line.
Standard systems for automated operation
Grade-of-Automation 4 systems
These systems are capable of unattended train operation (UTO), although some operators may choose to staff trains anyway.
GoA4 – Americas
AirTrain JFK system
GoA4 – Asia
| Country | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Shanghai Metro | Line 10 | 10 April 2010 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | |
| Pujiang line | 31 March 2018 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |||
| Beijing Metro | Yanfang Line | 30 December 2017 | [5] | ||
 | MTR | Disneyland Resort Line | 1 August 2005 | Most trains have an attendant on board. | |
| South Island Line (East) | 28 December 2016 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | |||
 | Delhi Metro | Pink Line | Scheduled for early 2017 | 58.59 km (36.41 mi). Initially with an attendant on board. | |
| Magenta Line | 25 December 2017 | Initially with an attendant on board. | |||
| Hyderabad Metro | Red Line | 28 November 2017 | Half of system in Operation | ||
| Blue Line | 28 November 2017 | Half of system in Operation | |||
| Green Line | Pending | In final stage of construction | |||
 | Tokyo | Yurikamome | |||
| Tokyo | Nippori-Toneri Liner | ||||
| Yokohama | Kanazawa Seaside Line | ||||
| Nagoya | Linimo | Built for Expo 2005 | Commuter Maglev | ||
| Osaka | Nanko Port Town Line | ||||
| Kobe | Kobe New Transit | World's first GoA4 line. | |||
| Hiroshima | Skyrail Midorizaka Line | People Mover monorail | |||
 | Kuala Lumpur – Rapid KL | Kelana Jaya Line | 1998 | SelTrac CBTC | The first GoA4 in Malaysia, at 46.4 km (28.8 mi) |
| Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line | 2017 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | The second GoA4 in Malaysia, at 51 km (32 mi) | ||
| Ampang Line & Sri Petaling Line | 2017 | SelTrac CBTC | With train attendants to drive trains in the event of a disruption. | ||
| Kuala Lumpur | KLIA Aerotrain | Bombardier CITYFLO 550 | |||
 | Doha Metro | all lines | 2019 | Thales CBTC | To open in 2019 |
 | Manila Light Rail Transit System | Manila LRT Line 2 | |||
 | Riyadh Metro | all lines | 2019 | L1-L2 : Siemens CBTC, L3 : Ansaldo STS, L4-L5-L6 : Alstom Urbalis 400 | |
 | Light Rail Transit (Singapore) | Bukit Panjang LRT line | Bombardier CITYFLO 550 | ||
| Sengkang LRT line | Kyosan APM | ||||
| Punggol LRT line | Kyosan APM | ||||
| Changi Airport Skytrain | Kyosan APM | ||||
| Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) | North East MRT line | Alstom Urbalis 300 | One of the largest fully automated rapid transit network in the world at 82 km (51 mi). Trains may have an attendant on board.[6] | ||
| Circle MRT line | Alstom Urbalis 300 | ||||
| Downtown MRT line | Siemens Trainguard Sirius CBTC | ||||
 | Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit | ||||
| Busan Subway Line 4 | |||||
| Daegu | Daegu Metro Line 3 | ||||
| Incheon | Incheon Airport Maglev | ||||
| Incheon | Incheon Subway Line 2 | ||||
| Seoul Metropolitan Subway | Shinbundang Line | ||||
| Seoul Metropolitan Subway | Ui LRT | ||||
| Uijeongbu | U Line | ||||
| Yongin | Everline | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | |||
 | Metro | Wenhu Line | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | [lower-alpha 1] | |
 | Istanbul Metro | M5 | 15 December 2017 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650[7] | On the Asian side of Istanbul. |
 | Dubai Metro | [lower-alpha 2] |
GoA4 – Europe
Grade-of-Automation 3 systems
| Country | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | São Paulo Metro | Line 1 (Blue) | March 1976 | ATO | With train captains monitoring in cab. |
| São Paulo Metro | Line 2 (Green) | February 2016 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | With train captains monitoring in cab. | |
| São Paulo Metro | Line 3 (Red) | 1979 | ATO | With train captains monitoring in cab. | |
| São Paulo Metro | Line 5 (Lilac) | 12 March 2017 | Bombardier CITYFLO 650 | With train captains monitoring in cab. To be upgraded to GoA4 in 2019-2020 | |
| Salvador Metro | 1 and 2 | 2014 | SelTrac[9] | With train captains monitoring in cab. | |
 | Sofia Metro | Line 3 | Scheduled for 2018–2019 | ||
| Beijing Subway | Airport Express, Beijing Subway | Alstom Urbalis 400 | ||
| Wuhan Metro | Yangluo line | 26 December 2017 | [10] | ||
 | Budapest Metro | Line 2 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC | A supervisor is monitoring the train in the cab. | |
| Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) | North South MRT Line | Thales Seltrac® CBTC[11] | With train captains monitoring in cab. | |
| East West MRT Line | Thales Seltrac® CBTC[11] | With train captains monitoring in cab. | |||
 | Barcelona Metro | Line 11 | Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC | ||
 | London, UK | Docklands Light Railway | Opened in 1987 | ||
Grade-of-Automation 2 systems
GoA2 – Africa
| Country | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Algiers Metro | opened on 1 November 2011 | Siemens CBTC |
GoA2 – Americas
| Country | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Montreal Metro | Line 1 Green Line 2 Orange |
Opened in 1966 | [lower-alpha 6] | |
| Line 5 Blue | Opened in 1986 | ||||
| Toronto subway | Scarborough RT | Opened in March 1985 | [lower-alpha 7] | ||
 | Santiago Metro | Line 1 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | ||
 | Mexico City Metro | Line 12 | Alstom Urbalis 400 | ||
 | San Juan | Tren Urbano | [lower-alpha 8] | ||
 | Bay Area Rapid Transit in San Francisco Bay Area | Opened in 1972 | [lower-alpha 9] | ||
| PATCO Speedline | Between Philadelphia and New Jersey | [lower-alpha 10] | |||
| Washington Metro | [lower-alpha 11] | ||||
| New York City Subway | BMT Canarsie Line L train | Early 2012 | Siemens CBTC | [13][14] | |
| San Francisco Muni | Muni Metro light-rail trains | [lower-alpha 12] | |||
| Atlanta, Georgia | MARTA | Opened in 1979 | [lower-alpha 13] |
GoA2 – Asia
GoA2 – Europe
Future systems
Defunct systems
| Country | Name of system | Line | Date | System | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post Office Railway | 1927–2003 | [lower-alpha 53] | ||
 | Berlin M-Bahn | 1989–1991 | [lower-alpha 54] |
See also
Notes
- ↑ System started with an attendant on board each train full-time. Gradually over time, the presence of attendants decreased. By September 2017, trains have attendants only while in long tunnel sections.
- ↑ Red Line at 52.1 km (32.4 mi). The longest driverless network in the Middle East.
- ↑ Upgraded from manual operation with first GoA4 trains operating in mixed mode (driven trains and driverless trains). Last manually driven train was removed by end of 2012.
- ↑ Rubber-tyred trains controlled by a system known as MAGGALY (Métro Automatique à Grand Gabarit de l’Agglomération Lyonnaise).
- ↑ Inter-terminal people mover built by Bombardier Transportation.
- ↑ Operates in ATO mode introduced in 1976. A member of staff closes the train doors (doors are usually opened automatically unless the driver requests otherwise) but does not normally drive the trains.
- ↑ Uses the same trains as the Vancouver SkyTrain and the Detroit People Mover, already runs on an ATC/ATO system with an attendant on board.
- ↑ Entire system is fully automated, but can be over-ridden. Substations providing the power are remotely controlled from an operational control centre.
- ↑ A member of staff closes the train doors but does not normally drive the train).
- ↑ Operates in automated mode since 1969, but can be overridden by a staff member.
- ↑ Has an automated mode, where the driver is responsible for opening and closing of doors and of overriding the system. However, the system has been operating in manual mode since the June 2009 Washington Metro train collision, and plans are to operate in manual mode until newer railcars are delivered.[12]
- ↑ Switch to automatic control while operating in the Market Street Subway and in the Twin Peaks Tunnel. The operator manages the doors in-station and pilots the vehicle when running aboveground.
- ↑ A member of staff is in the driving cab and opens and closes the train doors but does not normally drive the train.
- ↑ Driver on standby and will drive the train when ATO malfunctions or is not available.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Utilizes the SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies.
- ↑ Tamsui Line
- ↑ Xiaonanmen Line, Xindian Line, Xiaobitan Branch
- ↑ Banqiao-Nangang Line, Tucheng Line
- ↑ Zhonghe Line, Xinzhuang Line, Luzhou Line
- ↑ Main line converted to ATO in 2010, but Hōnanchō branch continues to use ATC/TASC
- ↑ ATO trialled during the 1960s. Trains now operated in manual mode.
- ↑ ATO trialled from October 1967 until February 1968; trains now operated in manual mode.
- ↑ A continuation of the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line.
- ↑ World's first railway system to use fuzzy logic to control the speed of trains.
- ↑ Same system as Paris RER line A
- ↑ Uses signalling systems supplied by Alstom.
- ↑ Uses LZB 700 signalling systems supplied by Siemens.
- ↑ Uses the same system as Munich with fully driverless turning at some terminuses.
- ↑ Including Länsimetro/Västmetron extension, has had various attempts at automation since the 1970s.
- ↑ Provides ATP and high level ATO with mobile block system – Siemens CBTC
- ↑ One of the most advanced traffic control systems and enables extremely short spacing (under 90 seconds in stations, under 2 minutes in tunnels).
- ↑ Driver operates the doors and handles emergency situations, accelerating and braking is fully automated; a fully driverless turning at terminus stations is planned.
- ↑ Driver operates the doors and handles emergency situations, accelerating and braking is fully automated, but just between the 22 underground stations. Outside the underground stations the driver operates the train manual.
- ↑ Converted to automated operation in 1990 (a member of staff opens & closes the train doors).
- ↑ Lines T13 and T14 will begin ATO operation in 2014.
- ↑ Uses a modified version of Toronto subway's H6 subway model made by Bombardier Transportation and configured for driverless operation.
- ↑ A member of staff opens & closes the train doors monitors the train and fixes faults on board. Drivers drive the trains on Sundays and Bank holidays. All shunt moves are made by the drivers and whenever the train stops for fail safe reasons such as excess wheel spin or sliding the driver takes over; at other times trains are computer driven.
- ↑ A member of staff opens & closes the train doors, drives the train on Sundays, fixes faults.[15]
- ↑ A driver operates the doors and presses buttons to start the train, the train is driven manually on Sundays, and can be driven in manual outside of peak hours.
- ↑ Uses driver. The introduction of fully automated trains will begin in 2020.[16]
- ↑ GoA4. Construction started in 2014 between the Brasilândia and São Joaquim stations.
- ↑ System is currently operating on Line 2, with upgrading of the other 2 lines to be fully completed by 2021.
- ↑ Expected to have ATC/ATO implemented on the Yonge–University–Spadina Line by 2019 and the Bloor–Danforth Line, funding permitting, by 2030.[17]
- ↑ Converted to GoA2 automatic train operation by 2016.
- ↑ UTO Fully driverless system.
- ↑ Currently under construction. All lines plan to utilize driverless trains, which could create the longest fully automated subway network in the world.[18]
- ↑ UTO system jointly developed by Thales Group and Shanghai Electric.[19]
- ↑ UTO operation[20]
- ↑ Currently under construction, with the Jurong Region Line and Cross Island Line also planning to use driverless trains.
- ↑ GoA2 under construction with GoA4 planned long term.
- ↑ May change to non-automatic line.
- ↑ Pilbara iron ore trains operated by Rio Tinto under testing as of July 2017 with an attendant operator; driverless operation expected by late 2018.[23]
- ↑ Tiny, driverless, mail-only subway connecting main post offices and railway terminals in London.
- ↑ Maglev train in West-Berlin in operation from 1989 to 1991. It closed when a metro line, on which the M-Bahn's route partly lay, was scheduled to reopen. The metro line was closed in 1961 when the Berlin Wall erected, because it crossed the border.
References
- ↑ http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/artnum/036384!opendocument
- ↑ "Automation Essentials – Automated Metros Observatory".
- ↑ "ViaQuatro ganha Prêmio UITP Latino" (in Portuguese).
- ↑ "Evergreen Extension opening today". 2 December 2016.
- ↑ https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-news/64185/beijing-significant-expansion-network/
- ↑ Briginshaw, David (July 20, 2016). "Automated metros set to reach 2200km by 2025". International Railway Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
- ↑ UK, DVV Media. "Erdoğan opens first driverless metro line in Istanbul". Metro Report. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
- ↑ Railway Gazette International May 2014, pg 15.
- ↑ https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/transportation/press-release/thales-awarded-signalling-contract-new-salvador-metro
- 1 2 "中新网湖北 湖北新闻网 武汉地铁进入全自动驾驶时代 5号线有望"尝鲜"". www.hb.chinanews.com. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
- 1 2 TODAY Online (April 13, 2017). "doors open and close automatically under the new system-Gov.sg". gov.sg. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
- ↑ Weir, Kytja (June 2, 2011). "Metro: Trains to stay in manual mode for several years". The Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on 2011-10-21. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
- ↑ NY1 News (2009-02-21). "L Subway service to be run by computers". Archived from the original on 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
- ↑ "MTA L Train Response to Squadron" (PDF) (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2011-09-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-02. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
- ↑ Transport for London Tube Upgrade Plan Archived 2013-02-15 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Subway Modernisation – SPT". spt.co.uk.
- ↑ Spurr, Ben (November 6, 2017). "TTC test of new signalling system 'exceeded expectations'". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ Templeton, Dan. "China to start operations on first driverless metro in 2017". Retrieved 2017-12-28.
- ↑ Briginshaw, David. "Shanghai awards contract for first automated metro line". Retrieved 2018-05-21.
- ↑ Ltd, DVV Media International. "Chengdu driverless metro contracts awarded". Metro Report. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
- ↑ "地铁14号线将采用无人驾驶 项目预计2022年竣工_龙岗新闻网". ilonggang.sznews.com. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
- ↑ http://www.isolgomma.com/eng/referenze_dettaglio.php/id_paese=2/id_cat=2/id_referenza=26
- ↑ "Rio Tinto has confirmed that it is on track to completely transition to driverless trains across its entire Pilbara operation by the end of 2018". iseekplant.com.au. July 20, 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
External links
- "UITP Automated Metro Observatory, a complete website with UTO Metro Resources"
This article is issued from
Wikipedia.
The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike.
Additional terms may apply for the media files.