List of weather records
This is a list of weather records, a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[1]
Temperature
Measuring conditions
The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").[2] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).[2] The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded was 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, United States on 15 July 1972.[3] In recent years a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[4] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[5]
Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[2]
Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).[6][7]
Heat
Highest temperatures ever recorded
According to the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, USA.[8] According to the WMO this temperature may have been the result of "a sandstorm that occurred at the time. Such a storm may have caused superheated surface materials to hit upon the temperature in the shelter."[8]
The former highest official temperature on Earth (held for 90 years by ‘Aziziya, Libya) was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record.[9]
There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, with readings as high as 66.8 °C (152.2 °F) in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.[10] However, these temperatures have never been confirmed, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[11] thus not being recognised as world records.[12]
Christopher C. Burt, the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading's 2012 disqualification, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.[13] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.[14] 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) was recorded another four times: 20 July 1960, 18 July 1998, 20 July 2005, and 7 July 2007.[15][16] On 21 July 2016, Mitribah in Kuwait also recorded a maximum temperature of 54.0 °C (129.2 °F), tying Death Valley's highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth, while Basra in Iraq reached 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) that day.[17] On 29 June 2017, the air at the airport of Ahvaz in Iran reached 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) as well.[18] In a second part to his analysis, he gave a list of 11 other occasions in which temperatures of 52.8 °C (127.0 °F) or more were reliably measured as well as the highest reliably measured temperatures on each continent.[19]
By continent
Africa [notes 1]
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
51.3 °C (124.3 °F) | El Bayadh, El Bayadh Province / Ouargla, Ouargla Province | 2 September 1979[21]/5 July 2018[20] | |
44.0 °C (111.2 °F) | Maun | 7 January 2016[22] | |
47.2 °C (117.0 °F) | Dori | 1984[23] | |
47.6 °C (117.7 °F) | Faya-Largeau | 22 June 2010[24] | |
36.0 °C (96.8 °F) | Hahaya International Airport | 15 November 2017[25] | |
43.8 °C (110.8 °F) | Navrongo | 26 March 2017[25] | |
45.0 °C (113.0 °F) | Koundara, Boké Region | 29 March 2017[25] | |
49.5 °C (121.1 °F) | Diffa | 7 September 1978[26] | |
46.4 °C (115.5 °F) | Yola | 3 April 2010[24] | |
50.0 °C (122.0 °F) | Dunbrody, Eastern Cape | 3 November 1918[27] | |
49.7 °C (121.5 °F) | Dongola | 25 June 2010[24] | |
47.4 °C (117.3 °F) | Lavumisa | ?[28] | |
55 °C (131 °F) | Kebili | 7 July 1931[29][notes 2] | |
50.7 °C (123.3 °F) | Semara | 13 July 1961[19] | |
42.4 °C (108.3 °F) | Mfuwe, Eastern Province | 13 October 2010[24] |
Antarctica
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
19.8 °C (67.6 °F) | Signy Research Station, South Orkney Islands | 30 January 1982[30] | |
17.5 °C (63.5 °F) | Esperanza Base, Trinity Peninsula | 24 March 2015[31][32] | |
−7.0 °C (19.4 °F) | Automated Weather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: 2,500 metres (8,202 ft)) | 28 December 1989[33] | |
South Pole | −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) | Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station | 25 December 2011[34] |
Asia
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
49.9 °C (121.8 °F) | Farah | August 2009[35] | |
43.7 °C (110.7 °F) | Meghri | 1 August 2011[36][37] | |
46.0 °C (114.8 °F) | Julfa and Ordubad | ?[38] | |
45.1 °C (113.2 °F) | Rajshahi | 30 May 1972[39] | |
40 °C (104 °F) | Phuentsholing | 27 August 1997[40] | |
42.6 °C (108.7 °F) | Preah Vihear | 15 April 2016[41] | |
50.5 °C (122.9 °F) | Erbao Township, Turpan, Xinjiang | 10 July 2017[42] | |
39.0 °C (102.2 °F) | Wetland Park | 22 August 2017[25] | |
39.0 °C (102.2 °F) | Coloane | 22 August 2017[25] | |
51.0 °C (123.8 °F) | Phalodi, Rajasthan | 19 May 2016[43] | |
39.5 °C (103.1 °F) | Jatiwangi, Majalengka Regency, West Java / Semarang, Central Java |
December 2006 / 27 October 2015[44] | |
54 °C (129 °F) | Ahwaz Airport (OIAW) | 29 June 2017[19][45][18] | |
53.9 °C (129.0 °F) | Basra | 22 July 2016[45][46] | |
53 °C (127 °F) | Tirat Zvi | 21 June 1942[47][notes 3] | |
41.1 °C (106.0 °F) | Kumagaya, Saitama | 23 July 2018[48] | |
50 °C (122 °F) | Jordan University Agriculture Research Center | 6 September 2002[49] | |
54.0 °C (129.2 °F) | Mitribah | 21 July 2016[45][46][notes 4] | |
44.0 °C (111.2 °F) | ? | ?[50] | |
42.3 °C (108.1 °F) | Seno | 12 April 2016[41] | |
40.1 °C (104.2 °F) | Chuping | 9 April 1998[51] | |
34.9 °C (94.8 °F) | Hanimaadhoo | 16 April 2016[41] | |
44.0 °C (111.2 °F) | Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province | 24 July 1999[52] | |
47.2 °C (117.0 °F) | Myinmu | 14 May 2010[53][54] | |
46.0 °C (114.8 °F) | Chisapani | ?[55] | |
50.8 °C (123.4 °F) | Buraimi, Sohar, Qurayyat |
July 1990, May 2009, 30 May 2017 [56] | |
53.5 °C (128.3 °F) | Mohenjo-Daro Turbat |
26 May 2010[57][58] 28 May 2017[56][notes 5] | |
42.2 °C (108.0 °F) | Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley | 12 April 1912, 11 May 1969[59] | |
50.4 °C (122.7 °F) | Doha | 14 July 2010[24] | |
42.3 °C (108.1 °F) | Belogorsk, Amur Oblast | 12 July 2010[60] | |
52.0 °C (125.6 °F) | Jeddah | 23 June 2010[61] | |
37.0 °C (98.6 °F) | Tengah | 17 April 1983[62] | |
41.0 °C (105.8 °F) | Hongcheon, Gangwon Province | 1 August 2018[63] | |
49.4 °C (120.9 °F) | ? | ?[64] | |
40.3 °C (104.5 °F) | Tianxiang, Hualien County | 9 July 2018[20][65] | |
44.6 °C (112.3 °F) | Mae Hong Son | 28 April 2016[41] | |
48.8 °C (119.8 °F) | Mardin-Kocatepe (Kızıltepe) | 14 August 1993[66] | |
50.1 °C (122.2 °F) | Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert | 28 July 1983[67][68] | |
52.1 °C (125.8 °F) | Al Jazeera Border Gate | July 2002[69][70] | |
42.7 °C (108.9 °F) | Con Cuông/Tương Dương (tied) | 30 May 2015[71]/12 May 1966[72] |
Europe [notes 6]
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
40.5 °C (104.9 °F) | Bad Deutsch-Altenburg | 8 August 2013[73] | |
38.9 °C (102.0 °F) | Gomel | 7 August 2010[24] | |
38.8 °C (101.8 °F) | Uccle | 27 June 1947[74][75] | |
46.2 °C (115.2 °F) | Mostar | 31 July 1901[76] | |
45.2 °C (113.3 °F) | Sadovo, Plovdiv Province | 5 August 1916[77] | |
42.8 °C (109.0 °F) | Ploče | 5 August 1981[78] | |
45.6 °C (114.1 °F) | Lefkoniko | 1 August 2010[24] | |
40.4 °C (104.7 °F) | Dobřichovice, Prague-West District | 20 August 2012[79] | |
36.4 °C (97.5 °F) | Holstebro, Midtjylland | 10 August 1975[80] | |
35.6 °C (96.1 °F) | Võru | 11 August 1992[81] | |
37.2 °C (99.0 °F) | Joensuu Airport, Liperi | 29 July 2010[82] | |
44.1 °C (111.4 °F) | Conqueyrac / Saint-Christol-lès-Alès | 12 August 2003[83] | |
40.3 °C (104.5 °F) | Kitzingen, Lower Franconia, Bavaria | 5 July 2015 / 7 August 2015[84] | |
48.0 °C (118.4 °F) | Athens [notes 7] | 10 July 1977[86] | |
41.9 °C (107.4 °F) | Kiskunhalas | 20 July 2007[87] | |
30.5 °C (86.9 °F) | Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur | 22 June 1939[88][89] | |
33.3 °C (91.9 °F) | Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny | 26 June 1887[90] | |
47.0 °C (116.6 °F) | Foggia, Apulia [notes 8] | 25 June 2007[91][92] | |
37.8 °C (100.0 °F) | Ventspils | 4 August 2014[93] | |
37.5 °C (99.5 °F) | Zarasai, Utena County | 30 July 1994[94] | |
45.7 °C (114.3 °F) | Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija | 24 July 2007[95][96] | |
43.8 °C (110.8 °F) | Malta International Airport | 9 August 1999[97][98] | |
42.4 °C (108.3 °F) | Falesti | 7 August 2012[99] | |
44.8 °C (112.6 °F) | Podgorica & Danilovgrad | 16 August 2007 / 8 August 2012[100] | |
38.6 °C (101.5 °F) | Warnsveld | 23 August 1944[101] | |
35.6 °C (96.1 °F) | Nesbyen, Buskerud | 20 June 1970[102] | |
40.2 °C (104.4 °F) | Prószków [notes 9] | 29 July 1921[104] | |
47.4 °C (117.3 °F) | Amareleja, Beja | 1 August 2003[105] | |
44.5 °C (112.1 °F) | Ion Sion, Brăila County | 10 August 1951[106] | |
45.4 °C (113.7 °F) | Utta, Kalmykia | 12 July 2010[107] | |
40.3 °C (104.5 °F) | Serravalle | 3 August 2017, 9 August 2017[25] | |
44.9 °C (112.8 °F) | Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje | 24 July 2007[108] | |
40.3 °C (104.5 °F) | Hurbanovo | 20 July 2007[109] | |
40.8 °C (105.4 °F) | Cerklje ob Krki | 8 August 2013[110] | |
47.3 °C (117.1 °F) | Montoro, Cordoba (as Montoro Vega Armijo) | 13 July 2017[111] | |
38.0 °C (100.4 °F) | Ultuna, Uppsala County/ Målilla, Kalmar County (tied) |
9 July 1933 / 29 June 1947[112] | |
41.5 °C (106.7 °F) | Grono, Moesa District | 11 August 2003[113] | |
42.0 °C (107.6 °F) | Luhansk | 12 August 2010[114] | |
40.7 °C (105.3 °F) | Vatican City | 2 August 2017[25] | |
38.5 °C (101.3 °F) | Faversham, Kent | 10 August 2003[115] | |
34.2 °C (93.6 °F) | Guernsey Airport | August 2003[116] | |
30.8 °C (87.4 °F) | Knockarevan, County Fermanagh / Belfast, County Antrim (tied) |
30 June 1976 / 12 July 1983[115] | |
32.9 °C (91.2 °F) | Greycrook, Scottish Borders | 9 August 2003[115] | |
35.2 °C (95.4 °F) | Hawarden Bridge, Flintshire | 2 August 1990[115] |
North America [notes 10]
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
34.2 °C (93.6 °F) | The Valley | 12 September 2015[71] | |
34.9 °C (94.8 °F) | V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's | 12 August 1995[117][118] | |
35.0 °C (95.0 °F) | Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport | 22 July 2016[119] | |
45.0 °C (113.0 °F) | Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan Midale, Saskatchewan |
5 July 1937[120] | |
34.9 °C (94.8 °F) | Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman | 21 August 2016[119] | |
38.8 °C (101.8 °F) | Jucarito (Granma Province) | 17 April 1999[121] | |
35.5 °C (95.9 °F) | Canefield Airport | 3 October 2015[71] | |
43.0 °C (109.4 °F) | Mao | 31 August 1954[122] | |
30.1 °C (86.2 °F) | Ivittuut | 23 June 1915[123][124][125] | |
45 °C (113 °F) | Estanzuela, Zacapa | ?[126] | |
40.0 °C (104.0 °F) | San Francisco | 20 March 1998[127] | |
52.0 °C (125.6 °F) | Mexicali area | 28 July 1995[128][129] | |
40 °C (104 °F) | Mona Island | 2 July 1996[130] | |
56.7 °C (134.1 °F) | Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California | 10 July 1913[13][131][notes 10] | |
37 °C (99 °F) | Saint Thomas/ | 4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[130] 31 July 1988[130] |
Oceania [notes 11]
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
50.7 °C (123.3 °F) | Oodnadatta, South Australia | 2 January 1960[132][133][134] | |
35.6 °C (96.1 °F) | Utirik Atoll | 24 August 2016[119] | |
42.4 °C (108.3 °F) | Rangiora, Canterbury / Jordan, Marlborough (tied) |
7 February 1973[135] | |
35 °C (95 °F) | Koror | 22 March 2018[136] | |
35.3 °C (95.5 °F) | Asau | 24 December 1968[137] | |
36.1 °C (97.0 °F) | Honiara, Guadalcanal Province | 1 February 2010[24] | |
35.5 °C (95.9 °F) | Niuafoou | 1 February 2016[119] | |
36.2 °C (97.2 °F) | Lamap Malekula | 8 February 2016[119] | |
35.8 °C (96.4 °F) | Futuna Airport | 10 January 2016[119] |
South America [notes 12]
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
48.9 °C (120.0 °F) * | Rivadavia, Salta Province | 11 December 1905[132][138][139] | |
46.7 °C (116.1 °F) | Villamontes, Tarija Department | 29 October 2010 [24][notes 13] | |
44.7 °C (112.5 °F) | Bom Jesus, Piauí | 21 November 2005 [140] | |
44.9 °C (112.8 °F) | Quillón, Biobio Region[notes 14] | 26 January 2017[141][142] | |
45.0 °C (113.0 °F) | Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca | 29 December 2015 [143] | |
38.0 °C (100.4 °F) | Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni | 27 September 2016[119] | |
44.0 °C (111.2 °F) | Paysandú, Paysandú Department | 20 January 1943[144][145] | |
43.6 °C (110.5 °F) | Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón | 29 April 2015[71] |
Other high-temperature records
- Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F); Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.[146]
- Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F): 160 days; Marble Bar, Western Australia from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924.[147]
- Most consecutive days above 43.3 °C (110 °F): 84 days; Death Valley, California from 14 June through 5 September, 1917.[148]
- Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F): 43 days; Death Valley, California from 6 July through 17 August 1917.[149]
- Surface temperature: 93.9 °C (201.0 °F), in Death Valley, California, 15 July 1972.[3] (Not verified)
- Highest temperature during rain: 46.1 °C (115.0 °F), in Needles, California, 13 August 2012.[150]
- Highest overnight low temperature: 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) at the Khasab weather station (WMO Index = 41241) in Oman on 17 June 2017.[151][lower-alpha 1]
- Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) at Qarayyat, Oman on 25 June 2018.[153]
- Highest average monthly temperature: 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), in Death Valley, California, for the month of July 2018.[154][155]
Humidity
Cold
Lowest temperatures ever recorded
By continent
Africa
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
−13.8 °C (7.2 °F) | Mécheria | 28 January 2005[21] | |
5 °C (41 °F) | Markoye | January 1975[23] | |
−21.0 °C (−5.8 °F) | ? | ?[157] | |
−23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) | Ifrane | 11 February 1935[158] | |
−2.4 °C (27.7 °F) | Bilma | 13 January 1995[26] | |
−20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) | Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape | 23 August 2013[159] | |
−1.0 °C (30.2 °F) | Zalingei | December 1961 and January 1962[160] | |
−6.7 °C (19.9 °F) | Big Bend | ?[28] |
Antarctica
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) | Vostok Station | 21 July 1983[132][146][161][notes 15] | |
Dome A | −82.5 °C (−116.5 °F) | Dome A | July 2005[162] |
South Pole | −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) | Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station | 23 June 1982[163] |
Asia
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
−52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) | Shahrak | January 1964[35] | |
−42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) | Paghakn and Ashocq | 1961[36] | |
−33.0 °C (−27.4 °F) | Julfa and Ordubad | ?[38] | |
2.6 °C (36.7 °F) | Tetulia Upazila | 8 January 2018[164] | |
−52.3 °C (−62.1 °F) | Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province | 13 February 1969[165] | |
−6.0 °C (21.2 °F) | Tai Mo Shan | 24 January 2016[166] | |
−33.9 °C (−29.0 °F) | Dras, Jammu and Kashmir | 22 March 1911[167] | |
−46.0 °C (−50.8 °F) | Saqqez | 1972[168] | |
−14.2 °C (6.4 °F) | Merom Golan | 10 January 2015[169] | |
−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) | Asahikawa, Hokkaidō | 25 January 1902[48] | |
−16.0 °C (3.2 °F) | Shoubak | 15 December 2013[49] | |
−53.6 °C (−64.5 °F) | ? | ?[50] | |
7.8 °C (46.0 °F) | Cameron Highlands | 1 February 1978[51] | |
17.2 °C (63.0 °F) | Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport | 11 April 1978[170] | |
−55.3 °C (−67.5 °F) | Züüngovi, Uvs Province | December 1976[52] | |
−6.0 °C (21.2 °F) | Hakha | 30 December 1990[171] | |
−26.0 °C (−14.8 °F) | Thakmarpha, Mustang district | ?[55] | |
−43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) | Chunggangjin | 12 January 1933[172] | |
6.3 °C (43.3 °F) | Baguio | 18 January 1961[59][173] [notes 16] | |
1.5 °C (34.7 °F) | Abu Samra | 5 February 2017[25] | |
−67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) | Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic |
7 February 1892 6 February 1933[175] | |
−12.0 °C (10.4 °F) | Turaif | ?[176] | |
19.0 °C (66.2 °F) | Paya Lebar | 14 February 1989[62] | |
−32.6 °C (−26.7 °F) | Yangpyeong | 5 January 1981[177] | |
−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) | Idlib | January 1951[178] | |
−18.4 °C (−1.1 °F) | Yushan | 31 January 1970[179] | |
−1.4 °C (29.5 °F) | Sakon Nakhon | 2 January 1974[180] | |
−46.4 °C (−51.5 °F) | Van-Çaldıran | 9 January 1990[66] | |
−36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) | Daşoguz Region | ?[67] | |
−5.4 °C (22.3 °F) | Jebel Jais | 3 February 2017[25] | |
−6.1 °C (21.0 °F) | Sa Pa | 4 January 1974[181] |
Europe
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
−47.1 °C (−52.8 °F) | Grünloch doline | 19 February 1932[182] | |
−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) | Slavnom, Vitsebsk Voblast | 17 January 1940[183] | |
−30.1 °C (−22.2 °F) | Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort | 20 January 1940[184] | |
−42.5 °C (−44.5 °F) | Igman in Sarajevo Canton | 24 January 1963[185] | |
−38.3 °C (−36.9 °F) | Tran | 25 January 1947[77] | |
−35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) | Čakovec | 3 February 1929[186] | |
−16 °C (3 °F) | |||
−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) | Litvínovice | 11 February 1929[79] | |
−31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) | Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region | 8 January 1982[80] | |
−43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) | Jõgeva, Jõgeva County | 17 January 1940[81] | |
−51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) | Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland | 28 January 1999[82] | |
−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) | Mouthe, Doubs | 17 January 1985[188] | |
−45.9 °C (−50.6 °F) | Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria | 24 December 2001[189] | |
−27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) | Ptolemaida | 27 January 1963[85] | |
−35 °C (−31 °F) | Görömbölytapolca | 16 February 1940[87] | |
−37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) | Grímsstaðir | 21 January 1918[88] | |
−19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) | Markree Castle, County Sligo | 16 January 1881[90] | |
−49.6 °C (−57.2 °F) | Busa Fradusta, Pale di San Martino | 10 February 2013[190] | |
−43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) | Daugavpils | 8 February 1956[93] | |
−42.9 °C (−45.2 °F) | Utena, Utena County | 1 February 1956[94] | |
−31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) | Berovo, Berovo Municipality | 27 January 1954[191] | |
1.4 °C (34.5 °F) | Malta International Airport | 29 January 1981[97][98] | |
−35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) | Brătușeni, Edineț District | 20 January 1963[99] | |
−27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) | Winterswijk | 27 January 1942[101] | |
−51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) | Karasjok, Finnmark | 1 January 1886[102] | |
−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) | Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship | 11 January 1940[104] | |
−16.0 °C (3.2 °F) | Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality Miranda do Douro |
16 January 1945 and 5 February 1954[192] | |
−38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) | Bod, Braşov County | 25 January 1942[193] | |
−58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) | Ust' Shchugor, Komi Republic | 31 December 1978[86] | |
−39.5 °C (−39.1 °F) | Karajukica Bunari, Zlatibor District | 13 January 1985[108] | |
−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) | Vígľaš-Pstruša | 11 February 1929[109] | |
−34.5 °C (−30.1 °F) | Babno Polje | 15 February 1956 / 16 February 1956 / 13 January 1968[notes 17][194] | |
−30 °C (−22 °F) | Calamocha Airport, Teruel Province | 17 December 1963[195] | |
−52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) | Vuoggatjålme, Lappland | 2 February 1966[112] | |
−41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) | La Brévine | 12 January 1987[113] | |
−41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) | Luhansk | 8 January 1935[114][196] | |
−26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) | Newport, Shropshire | 10 January 1982[115] | |
−18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) | Castlederg, County Tyrone | 24 December 2010[115] | |
−27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) | Braemar, Aberdeenshire Altnaharra, Sutherland |
11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 30 December 1995[115] | |
−23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) | Rhayader, Powys | 21 January 1940[115] |
North America
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
16.1 °C (61.0 °F) | V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976[117][118] | |
−63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) | Snag, Yukon | 3 February 1947[146][197] | |
11.1 °C (52.0 °F) | Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman | ?[198] | |
0.6 °C (33.1 °F) | Bainoa, Mayabeque Province | 18 February 1996[121][199] | |
−7.0 °C (19.4 °F) | Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province | 17 January 1983[200] | |
−66.1 °C (−87.0 °F) | North Ice | 9 January 1954[201] | |
−11.5 °C (11.3 °F) | Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department | ?[126] | |
2.0 °C (35.6 °F) | Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province | 20 February 1995[127] | |
4 °C (40 °F) | Aibonito/San Sebastian | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966[130] | |
10.6 °C (51.0 °F) | Anna's Hope, Saint Croix | 31 January 1954[130] | |
( |
−62.2 °C (−80.0 °F) | Prospect Creek, Alaska | 23 January 1971[202] |
( |
−11.1 °C (12.0 °F) | Mauna Kea, Hawaii | 17 May 1979[203] |
(Mainland) |
−57.0 °C (−70.6 °F) | Rogers Pass, Montana | 20 January 1954[204] |
South America
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
−32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) | Sarmiento, Chubut Province | 1 June 1907[205] | |
−14.0 °C (6.8 °F) | Caçador, Santa Catarina | June 1952[206][207] | |
−37 °C (−34.6 °F) | Coyhaique Alto, Aysen Region | 21 June 2002[208] | |
−7.5 °C (18.5 °F) | Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department | 13 July 2000[209] | |
−25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) | Mazo Cruz, Puno Region | 30 June 1966[210] | |
−11.0 °C (12.2 °F) | Melo, Cerro Largo Department | 14 June 1967[144][145] |
Oceania
Country/Region | Temperature | Town/Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|
−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) | Charlotte Pass, New South Wales | 29 June 1994[133] | |
−25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) | Ranfurly, Central Otago | 18 July 1903[211] | |
11.1 °C (52.0 °F) | Afiamalu | 29 September 1971[137] |
Other low-temperature records
- Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.[146]
- Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F) degrees; Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.[212]
Precipitation
- Least per year (locale): 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) per year or less, Quillagua, Antofagasta Region, Chile.[213]
Rain
- Most in one minute: 38 mm (1.5 in); Barot, Guadeloupe, 26 November 1970.[214]
- Most in one hour: 305 mm (12.0 in) in 42 minutes. Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.[86]
- Most in 12 hours (1/2 day): 1,144 mm (45.0 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[86]
- Most in 24 hours (1 day): 1,825 mm (71.9 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[86]
- Most in 48 hours (2 days): 2,493 mm (98.1 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.[86]
- Most in 72 hours (3 days): 3,929 mm (154.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007.[86]
- Most in 96 hours (4 days): 4,869 mm (191.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 February 2007.[86]
- Most in one year: 26,470 mm (1,042 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.[86]
- Most from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
- Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): 11,872 mm (467.4 in) (over 38 years) and 12,701 mm (500.0 in) (1998–2010); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India or 13,466 mm (530.2 in) (1980–2011); López de Micay, Cauca, Colombia.[86][215]
Snow
- Most in a 24-hour period: 2.56 meters (100.8 inches) in Capracotta, Italy on 5 March 2015.[216]
- Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).[217][218]
- Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.[217]
- Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.[146]
- Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mt. Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[219]
Wind speed
- Fastest ever recorded: 484±32 km/h (302±20 mph) 3-second gust; Observed by a DOW (Doppler On Wheels) radar unit in a tornado between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma on 3 May 1999.[220]
- Fastest recorded with an anemometer: 113.2 m/s or 407 km/h (253 mph) 3-second gust; one of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; Barrow Island (Western Australia), 10 April 1996, during Cyclone Olivia.[221][222]
- Fastest recorded with an anemometer outside a tropical cyclone: 372 km/h (231 mph) sustained 1-minute average; Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 12 April 1934.[221][222]
- Fastest daily average: 174 km/h (108 mph); Port Martin (Adélie Land), Antarctica, 24-hour period from 21 March 1951 to 22 March 1951.[146]
Tornadoes
Deadliest in history
- On Earth: Approximately 1,300 deaths (Daulatpur–Saturia tornado); Manikganj District, Bangladesh on 26 April 1989.[223]
- In North America: 695 deaths (Tri-State Tornado); Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, United States, 18 March 1925.[146]
- In Europe: 600 or more (Grand Harbour Tornado); Valletta, Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (sources conflict).[224]
- In South America: 63 deaths, San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 10 January 1973.[225]
- In Australia: Three deaths, Kin Kin, Queensland tornado, 14 August 1971.[226]
Outbreaks
- Largest and most severe: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours, with a total of 337 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 EF4s and 4 EF5s.[227]
Tropical cyclones
Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)
- Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg); eye of Super Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.[146]
- Most intense in the Western Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye of Hurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.[228]
- Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg); Craig Key, Florida, United States, eye of the Labor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than the Atlantic basin, especially before the invention of weather satellites.[229]
- Most intense landfall (estimated): 884 hPa (26.10 inHg); Rakiraki District, Viti Levu, Fiji, during Cyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at the landfall site, it is estimated the Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure.[230]
Most precipitation
- Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
Other severe weather
Hail
- Heaviest officially recorded: 1.02 kg (2.25 lb); Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.[231]
- Largest diameter officially measured: 20 cm (8.0 in) diameter, 47.3 cm (18.625 in) circumference; Vivian, South Dakota, 23 July 2010.[232]
- Largest circumference officially measured: 47.6 cm (18.75 in) circumference, 17.8 cm (7.0 in) diameter; Aurora, Nebraska, 22 June 2003.[231][233]
Lightning
- Longest lightning bolt: 321 km (199 mi) on 20 June 2007 in Oklahoma.[234][235]
- Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.[234][235]
- Most strikes per year: Catatumbo lightning in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela earned the top spot receiving an average rate of about 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.[236][237]
Ultraviolet index
- Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.[238]
Other categories
- Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1,084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl Province, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.[239] This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Russia (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[240] The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[239][240]
See also
Notes
- ↑ According to Christopher Burt, Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at Semara, Western Sahara on 13 July 1961.[19] This value has been surpassed on 5 July 2018 when 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) was recorded at Ouargla, Algeria on 5 July 2018.[20]
- ↑ The validity of this record is questioned.[15]
- ↑ The temperature has been reported as 54 °C (129 °F), however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.[15]
- ↑ According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is currently under investigation.[46]
- ↑ The Pakistan Meteorological Department later rounded the temperature on 28 May 2017 in Turbat to 54.0°C, which would be an Asian record shared with Kuwait as well as the highest reliably measured temperature on earth.[56]
- ↑ According to Christopher Burt, Europe's hottest reliably measured temperature is 48.5°C (119.3°F) at Catenanuova, on Sicily, Italy on 10 August 1999.[19]
- ↑ A temperature of 48.7 °C has also been measured on the same day in Tatoi, however it is not considered to be the official temperature record for Greece.[85]
- ↑ A disputed record temperature of 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) was measured on 10 August 1999 in Catenanuova, Sicily.[91] Christopher Burt considered this measurement reliable in 2016.[19]
- ↑ Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[103]
- 1 2 According to Christopher Burt, North America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 54.0°C (129.2°F) at Furnace Creek, United States on June 30, 2013.[19]
- ↑ On 16 January 1889, a temperature of 53 °C (128 °F) was recorded at Cloncurry, Queensland. It was measured with a non-standard thermometer, so it is unknown if this reading was valid or not.[132] The reading is not recognised by Australia's Bureau of Meteorology.[133]
- ↑ According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at Campo Gallo, Argentina on 16 October 1936.[19]
- ↑ Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
- ↑ This record is disputed because of the forest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
- ↑ This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
- ↑ It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in Mt. Pulag in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as 2 °C (35.6 °F). PAGASA cannot verify[174]
- ↑ The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
References
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- ↑ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
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- ↑ "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 92: 855–860. July 2011. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
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However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.
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Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C.
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Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14 °C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8 °C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of Morro da Igreja, Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, would give the record to this locality.
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External links
- National Climate Extremes Committee
- Global Weather & Climate Extremes (Arizona State University)