Land speed record

ThrustSSC, driven by Royal Air Force pilot Andy Green, holds the land speed record.

The land speed record (or absolute land speed record) is the highest speed achieved by a person using a vehicle on land. There is no single body for validation and regulation; in practice the Category C ("Special Vehicles") flying start regulations are used, officiated by regional or national organizations under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile.[1] The land speed record (LSR) is standardized as the speed over a course of fixed length, averaged over two runs (commonly called "passes").[2] Two runs are required in opposite directions within one hour, and a new record mark must exceed the previous one by at least one percent to be validated.[3]

History

The first regulators were the Automobile Club de France, who proclaimed themselves arbiters of the record in about 1902.[4]

Ralph DePalma in his Packard '905' Special at Daytona Beach in 1919

Different clubs had different standards and did not always recognize the same world records[5] until 1924, when the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) introduced new regulations: two passes in opposite directions (to negate the effects of wind) averaged with a maximum of 30 minutes (later more) between runs, average gradient of the racing surface not more than 1 percent, timing gear accurate within 0.01sec, and cars must be wheel-driven.[6] National or regional auto clubs (such as AAA and SCTA) had to be AIACR members to ensure records would be recognized.[7] The AIACR became the FIA in 1947. Controversy arose in 1963: Spirit of America was not recognized due to its being a three-wheeler (leading the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme to certify it as a three-wheel motorcycle record when the FIA refused) and not wheel-driven so the FIA introduced a special wheel-driven class.[8] No holder of the absolute record since has been wheel-driven

Women's land speed record

Dorothy Levitt, in a 26hp Napier, at Brooklands, England, in 1908

In 1906 Dorothy Levitt broke the women's world speed record for the flying kilometer, recording a speed of 91 mph (146.25 km/h) and receiving the sobriquet the "Fastest Girl on Earth". She drove a six-cylinder Napier motorcar, a 100 hp (74.6 kW) development of the K5, in a speed trial in Blackpool.[9][10][11] A subsequent record was held by Lee Breedlove, the wife of Craig Breedlove, who piloted her husband's Spirit of America - Sonic 1 to a record of 308.506 mph (496.492 km/h) in 1965, making her the fastest woman alive, as of 1974.[12] According to author Rachel Kushner, Craig Breedlove had talked Lee into taking the car out for a record attempt in order to monopolize the salt flats for the day and block one of his competitors from making a record attempt.[13]

The current women's absolute record is held by Kitty O'Neil, in the jet-powered SMI Motivator, set at the Alvord Desert in 1976.[14] O'Neil reached 512.710 mph (825.127 km/h).[15][16]

Records

1898–1965 (wheel-driven)

Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed over
1 km		 Speed over
1 mile		 Comments
mphkm/hmphkm/h
December 18, 1898France Achères, FranceFrance Gaston de Chasseloup-LaubatJeantaud Duc[17]Electric 39.2463.15[18]
January 17, 1899France Achères, FranceBelgium Camille Jenatzy[17]GCA DogcartElectric 41.4266.66[18]
January 17, 1899France Achères, FranceFrance Gaston de Chasseloup-LaubatJeantaud DucElectric 43.9370.31[18]
January 27, 1899France Achères, FranceBelgium Camille JenatzyGCA DogcartElectric 49.9380.35[18]
March 4, 1899France Achères, FranceFrance Gaston de Chasseloup-LaubatJeantaud Duc ProfiléeElectric 57.6592.78[18]
April 29, 1899France Achères, FranceBelgium Camille JenatzyCITA No 25 La Jamais ContenteElectric 65.79105.88First purpose designed land speed racer.[19] First record over 100 km/h (62 mph)[18]
April 13, 1902France Nice, FranceFrance Léon SerpolletGardner-Serpollet
Œuf de Pâques (Easter Egg)		Steam[4] 75.06120.80
August 5, 1902France Ablis, FranceUnited States William K. VanderbiltMors Z Paris-VienneInternal combustion 76.03122.438First internal combustion powered record[4]
November 5, 1902France Dourdan, FranceFrance Henri FournierMors Z Paris-VienneInternal combustion
4-cylinder, 9.2 litre, 60 bhp		 76.59123.25[20]
November 17, 1902France Dourdan, FranceFrance Maurice AugièresMors Z Paris-VienneInternal combustion 77.13124.13[18]
July 17, 1903Belgium Ostend, BelgiumBelgium Arthur DurayGobron Brillié Paris-MadridInternal combustion 83.46132.32[18]
Nov 5, 1903France Dourdan, FranceBelgium Arthur DurayGobron Brillié Paris-MadridInternal combustion 84.73136.35[20]
January 12, 1904 United States New Baltimore, United States United States Henry Ford Ford 999 Racer Internal combustion 84.73 136.35 91.37 147.05 [21]
March 31, 1904France Nice, FranceFrance Louis RigollyGobron-Brillié Paris-MadridInternal combustion94.78152.53[18]
May 25, 1904Belgium Ostend, BelgiumBelgium Pierre de CatersMercedes Simplex 90Internal combustion97.25156.50[18]
July 21, 1904 [20]Belgium Ostend, BelgiumFrance Louis RigollyGobron-Brillié Gordon BennettInternal combustion103.56166.66First record over 100 mph (161 km/h)[18]
November 13, 1904Belgium Ostend, BelgiumFrance Paul BarasDarracq Gordon BennettInternal combustion104.53168.22[18]
December 30, 1905France Arles, FranceFrance Victor HémeryDarracq SpecialInternal combustion109.59176.37[18]
January 26, 1906United States Daytona Beach, United StatesUnited States Fred MarriottStanley Rocket[6]Steam 127.66205.44 First record over 200 km/h (124 mph). First speed greater than contemporary rail speed record. Held record for steam powered vehicles 2009.[22]
November 6, 1909United Kingdom Brooklands, United KingdomFrance Victor HémeryBenz No 1
200 hp (150 kW)		Internal combustion:
21.5 L (1,310 cu in) inline-4 Benz engine		125.94202.68115.93186.57First run using electronic timing[6]
June 24, 1914United Kingdom Brooklands, United KingdomUnited Kingdom Lydston HornstedBenz No 3
200 hp (150 kW)		Internal combustion:
21.5 L (1,310 cu in) inline-4 Benz engine		 —124.09199.70 First 2-way record, set at Brooklands under new Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) 2-way rule[6]
May 17, 1922United Kingdom Brooklands, United KingdomUnited Kingdom Kenelm Lee GuinnessSunbeam 350 hpV12, single o.h.c, 18.3 litre,
350 b.h.p. engine		133.75215.25The third and last time the record was set at Brooklands[20]
July 6, 1924France Arpajon, FranceFrance René ThomasDélageInternal combustion, V12, ohv, 10.6 litre, 280 bhp engine143.31230.634[20]
July 12, 1924France Arpajon, FranceUnited Kingdom Ernest EldridgeFIAT MephistophelesInternal combustion:
21.7 L (1,320 cu in) inline-6 FIAT A.12 aero engine		 —145.89234.98 Fastest land speed record ever on a public road[6]
September 25, 1924United Kingdom Pendine, United KingdomUnited Kingdom Malcolm CampbellSunbeam 350HPInternal combustion:
18.3 L (1,120 cu in) V12 Sunbeam aero engine		 —146.16235.22 First land speed record by Malcolm Campbell[23]
July 21, 1925United Kingdom Pendine, United KingdomUnited Kingdom Malcolm CampbellSunbeam 350HPInternal combustion:
18.3 L (1,120 cu in) V12 Sunbeam aero engine		 —150.87242.8 First person to travel over 150 mph (241 km/h)[23]
April 28, 1926United Kingdom Pendine, United KingdomUnited Kingdom Parry ThomasBabsInternal combustion:
27 L (1,600 cu in) V12 Liberty L-12 aero engine		 —170273.6
February 4, 1927United Kingdom Pendine, United KingdomUnited Kingdom Malcolm CampbellNapier-Campbell Blue BirdInternal combustion:
22.3 L (1,360 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine		 —174.88281.44[23]
March 29, 1927United States Daytona Beach, United StatesUnited Kingdom Henry SegraveMystery
(aka "Sunbeam 1000 hp")		Internal combustion:
2 x 22.4 L (1,370 cu in) V12 Sunbeam Matabele aero engines		203.79327.97The first car to reach a speed over 200 mph (320 km/h)[24]
February 19, 1928United States Daytona Beach, United StatesUnited Kingdom Malcolm CampbellNapier-Campbell Blue BirdInternal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine		206.956333.048[7]
April 22, 1928United States Daytona Beach, United StatesUnited States Ray KeechTriplex SpecialInternal combustion:
3 x 27 L (1,600 cu in) V12 Liberty L-12 aero engines		207.552334.007[25]
March 11, 1929United States Daytona Beach, United StatesUnited Kingdom Henry SegraveGolden ArrowInternal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine		231.446372.459Segrave was knighted for this effort.[26]
February 5, 1931United States Daytona Beach, United States[20]United Kingdom Malcolm CampbellCampbell-Napier-Railton Blue BirdInternal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine		246.09396.025Campbell was knighted for this effort.[26]
February 24, 1932United States Daytona Beach, United StatesUnited Kingdom Malcolm CampbellCampbell-Napier-Railton Blue BirdInternal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine		253.97408.73First 250 mph (400 km/h) pass.[23]
February 22, 1933United States Daytona Beach, United StatesUnited Kingdom Malcolm CampbellCampbell-Railton Blue BirdInternal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		272.46438.48[23]
March 7, 1935United States Daytona Beach, United StatesUnited Kingdom Malcolm CampbellCampbell-Railton Blue BirdInternal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		276.816445.472[26]
September 3, 1935United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited Kingdom Malcolm CampbellCampbell-Railton Blue BirdInternal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		301.129484.598First 300 mph (480 km/h) pass, first absolute record set at Bonneville[26]
November 19, 1937United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited Kingdom George EystonThunderboltInternal combustion:
2 x 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines		311.42501.16[26]
August 27, 1938United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited Kingdom George EystonThunderboltInternal combustion:
2 x 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines		345.49[26]556.012
15 September 1938United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited Kingdom John CobbRailtonInternal combustion:
2 x 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines		350.2563.566[26]
September 16, 1938United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited Kingdom George EystonThunderboltInternal combustion:
2 x 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines		357.5575.314[26]
August 23, 1939United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited Kingdom John CobbRailton SpecialInternal combustion:
2 x 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines		369.74[26]595.04367.91592.091
September 16, 1947United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited Kingdom John CobbRailton Mobil SpecialInternal combustion:
2 x 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines		394.196[6]634.397394.19634.39
September 9, 1960United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Mickey ThompsonChallenger IInternal combustion:
4 x GMC 6-71 Supercharged Pontiac V8 engines		406.60654.36Piston-engined record with modified regular production automotive engines
November 12, 1965United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Bob SummersGoldenrodInternal combustion:
4 x Fuel Injected Chrysler Hemi V8 engines		409.277658.526Piston-engined record with modified regular production automotive engines

1963–present (jet and rocket propulsion)

Craig Breedlove's mark of 407.447 miles per hour (655.722 km/h),[8][27] set in Spirit of America in September 1963, was initially considered unofficial. The vehicle breached the FIA regulations on two grounds: it had only three wheels, and it was not wheel-driven, since its jet engine did not supply power to its axles. Some time later, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme created a non-wheel-driven category, and ratified Spirit of America's time for this mark.[8] On July 27, 1964, Donald Campbell's Bluebird CN7 posted a speed of 403.10 miles per hour (648.73 km/h) on Lake Eyre, Australia. This became the official FIA LSR, although Campbell was disappointed not to have beaten Breedlove's time.[28] In October, several four-wheel jet-cars surpassed the 1963 mark, but were eligible for neither FIA nor FIM ratification.[28] The confusion of having three different LSRs lasted until December 11, 1964, when the FIA and FIM met in Paris and agreed to recognize as an absolute LSR the higher speed recorded by either body, by any vehicles running on wheels, whether wheel-driven or not.[29] Thus, Art Arfons' Green Monster was belatedly recognized as the absolute LSR holder, Bluebird the holder of the wheel-driven land speed record, and Spirit of America the tricycle record holder. No wheel-driven car has since held the absolute record.

Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed over
1 km		 Speed over
1 mile		 Comments
mphkm/hmphkm/h
August 5, 1963United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Craig BreedloveSpirit of AmericaTurbojet 407.447655.722[8][27] Initially considered unofficial since the machine had 3 wheels. Later ratified by FIM.
October 2, 1964United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Tom GreenWingfoot ExpressTurbojet 413.2665.0[8]
October 5, 1964United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Art ArfonsGreen MonsterTurbojet 434.03698.50[8]
October 13, 1964United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Craig BreedloveSpirit of AmericaTurbojet 468.719754.330[18]
October 15, 1964United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Craig BreedloveSpirit of AmericaTurbojet 526.277846.961[18]
October 27, 1964United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Art ArfonsGreen MonsterTurbojet 536.710863.751[18]
November 2, 1965United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Craig BreedloveSpirit of America - Sonic 1Turbojet555.485893.966555.485893.966[30]
November 7, 1965United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Art ArfonsGreen MonsterTurbojet576.553 927.872576.553927.872[18]
November 15, 1965United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Craig BreedloveSpirit of America - Sonic 1Turbojet594955.950600.601966.574[31]
October 23, 1970United States Bonneville Salt Flats, United StatesUnited States Gary GabelichBlue FlameRocket 630.4781014.656622.4071001.667[32]
October 4, 1983United States Black Rock Desert, United StatesUnited Kingdom Richard NobleThrust2Turbojet: 1 x Rolls-Royce Avon 634.0511020.406633.471019.47[32]
September 25, 1997United States Black Rock Desert, United StatesUnited Kingdom Andy GreenThrustSSCTurbofan: 2 x Rolls-Royce Spey 713.9901149.055714.1441149.303 [32]
October 15, 1997United States Black Rock Desert, United StatesUnited Kingdom Andy GreenThrustSSCTurbofan: 2 x Rolls-Royce Spey 760.3431223.657763.0351227.986[33]First supersonic LSR

See also

References

  1. ↑ "FIA land speed records". FIA. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  2. ↑ Regulations for Record Attempts - CHAPTER 2 Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. - FIA
  3. ↑ "§105. Conditions for the recognition of international or world records". Sporting Code: Chapter 7: Records. FIA. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  4. 1 2 3 Northey, Tom (1974). "Land Speed Record: The Fastest Men on Earth". In Ian Ward. World of Automobiles. Vol. 10. London: Orbis. p. 1162.
  5. ↑ Martin, James A.; Thomas F. Saal (2004). "Ch 17: Land Speed Record to 1939". American Auto Racing: The Milestones and Personalities of a Century of Speed. McFarland. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7864-1235-8.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Northey, p.1163.
  7. 1 2 Northey, p.1164.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Northey, p.1166.
  9. ↑ Hull, Peter G. "Napier: The Stradivarius of the Road", in Northey, Tom, ed. The World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 13, p.1483.
  10. ↑ G.N. Georgano Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985).
  11. ↑ "Women in Motorsport - Timeline". Btinternet.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
  12. ↑ Twite, Mike. (1974), "Breedlove: Towards the sound barrier", World of Automobiles, Orbis Publishing, 2: 231
  13. ↑ "Knowingly Navigating the Unknown Archived October 31, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.", Maria Russo, The New York Times, May 7, 2013
  14. ↑ Ellen Jares, Sue. "The Renaissance Woman of Danger—That's Tiny Kitty O'Neil". People. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  15. ↑ Phinizy, Coles. "A Rocket Ride To Glory And Gloom". SI Vault. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  16. ↑ "Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O'Neil sets women's land-speed record". History. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  17. 1 2 Northey, p.1161.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 http://www.landspeedrecord.org/speed-records/
  19. ↑ https://gizmodo.com/the-blazing-fast-evolution-of-land-speed-record-cars-1604716513
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Posthumus, Cyril. Land Speed Record: A complete history of the record-breaking cars from 39 to 600+ mph (Osprey Publishing, Reading, 1971)
  21. ↑ Cars Against the Clock, The World Land Speed Record, Robert B. Jackson (New York, Henry Z. Walck, Inc.), p.19, ISBN 0-8098-2078-1
  22. ↑ - The British Steam Car Challenge
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Scott A. G. M. Crawford, "Campbell, Sir Malcolm (1885–1948)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 20 April 2013
  24. ↑ Holthusen, Peter J.R. (1986). The Land Speed Record ISBN 0-85429-499-6
  25. ↑ Northey, Tom (1974). "Land Speed Record: The Fastest Men on Earth". In Tom Northey. World of Automobiles. Vol. 10 (London: Orbis), pp.1164-5.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Northey, p.1165.
  27. 1 2 Twite, Mike. "Craig Breedlove: Toward the Sound Barrier", in World of Automobiles (Volume 2, p.231).
  28. 1 2 http://www.bloodhound-risbridger.com/Land-Speed-Record-History/
  29. ↑ "from our motoring correspondent" (December 12, 1964). "Land Speed Record Agreement". The Times (Issue 56193). p. 7, col E.
  30. ↑ Cars Against the Clock, The Fastest Men on Earth, Clifton, Paul, New York, The John Day Company, page 238, L.C. 66-15097
  31. ↑ Spirit of America, Breedlove, Craig, Chicago, Illinois, Henry Regnery Company, pages 183-184, L.C. 71-143833
  32. 1 2 3 "FIA land speed records, Cat C" (PDF). FIA. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  33. ↑ "Introduction". FIA. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  34. ↑ "June 2016 Newsletter". Retrieved 4 July 2016.


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.