山

See also: ш
山 U+5C71, 山
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C71
← 屰
[U+5C70] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 屲 →
[U+5C72]

Translingual
Stroke order
Stroke order
(cursive)

Han character

山 (radical 46, 山+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 山 (U), four-corner 22770, composition ⿱丨凵)

  1. Kangxi radical #46, ⼭.

Derived characters
  • Index:Chinese radical/山

References
  • KangXi: page 307, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7869
  • Dae Jaweon: page 604, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 759, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+5C71

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 山
珠穆朗瑪峰，地球海拔最高的山

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 山
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (山) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
山 *sreːn
疝 *sreːn, *sraːns
邖 *sreːn
汕 *sreːnʔ, *sraːns
訕 *sraːn, *sraːns
仙 *sen
秈 *sen
苮 *sen
屾 *srin

Pictogram (象形) – three mountain peaks. In the Oracle Bone Script, they were represented by triangles rather than vertical strokes. Compare 丘 (qiū), particularly earlier forms.

Etymology

Unknown – cognates not known outside Sino-Bai. Cognate with Central Bai svrt (“mountain”) (< Proto-Bai *sro⁴). Starostin compares it with Kayan sʰôn (“mountain”).

Pronunciation
Note:
  • san - literary;
  • soaⁿ - vernacular.
Note:
  • suan1 - vernacular;
  • sang1 - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 山
Mandarin Beijing /ʂan⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂan⁴⁴/
Tianjin /san²¹/
Jinan /ʂã²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ʂan²⁴/
Xi'an /sã²¹/
Xining /sã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂan⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /san⁴⁴/
Wuhan /san⁵⁵/
Chengdu /san⁵⁵/
Guiyang /san⁵⁵/
Kunming /ʂã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ʂaŋ³¹/
Hefei /ʂæ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /sæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /sɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /sæ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /se⁵³/
Suzhou /se̞⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /sa³³/
Hui Shexian /sɛ³¹/
Tunxi /sɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /san³³/
Xiangtan /san³³/
Gan Nanchang /san⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /san⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sɑm²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /san⁵³/
Nanning /san⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /san⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /san⁵⁵/
/suã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /saŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /suiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /suã³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /saŋ²³/
/tua²³/
Rime
Character 山
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 山 (73)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 所閒切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʃˠɛn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʃᵚæn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʃæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʂəɨn/
Li
Rong		 /ʃɛn/
Wang
Li		 /ʃæn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʂăn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shān
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 山
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ srɛn ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s-ŋrar/
English mountain, hill

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 山
Reading # 1/1
No. 11052
Phonetic
component		 山
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 山
Old
Chinese		 /*sreːn/

Definitions

山

  1. mountain; hill (Classifier: 座 m c; 粒 mn)
    登山  ―  dēngshān  ―  to climb a mountain
  2. hill-shaped object
    冰山  ―  bīngshān  ―  iceberg
  3. bundled straw in which silkworms spin cocoons
  4. gable
  5. A surname​. Shan

See also

Compounds
Derived terms from 山

Japanese

Kanji
山

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. mountain
  2. mine
  3. temple, temple ground
  4. Short for 比叡山 (Hieizan): Mount Hiei

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
山
やま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

Noun

山 (hiragana やま, katakana ヤマ, rōmaji yama)

  1. a mountain (large mass of earth and rock) or (large) hill
  2. a mine (excavation usually consisting of small tunnels)
    Synonym: 鉱山 (kōzan)
  3. a heap, pile
  4. the top or high part of an object
    ねじ山 (nejiyama, “thread of a screw”)
    帽子の山 (bōshi no yama, “crown of a hat”)
  5. a climax, peak
    Synonyms: クライマックス (kuraimakkusu), 絶頂 (zetchō)
  6. a chance, gamble
  7. a guess, speculation
  8. a crime, criminal case
    Synonym: 犯罪事件 (hanzai jiken)
  9. mountain climbing, mountaineering
    Synonym: 山登り (yamanobori)
  10. Short for 山鉾 (yamaboko): a festival float usually decorated with a 鉾 (hoko)
  11. (colloquial) Mount Hiei and/or Enryaku-ji
    Antonym: 寺 (tera)
  12. (mahjong) a wall, wall tile
Derived terms
Derived terms
Idioms
Idioms
  • 山 (やま)が当 (あ)たる (yama ga ataru)
  • 山 (やま)が見 (み)える (yama ga mieru)
  • 山 (やま)高 (たか)く水 (みず)長 (なが)し (yama takaku mizu nagashi)
  • 山 (やま)高 (たか)ければ谷 (たに)深 (ふか)し (yama takakereba tani fukashi)
  • 山 (やま)なす (yama nasu)
  • 山 (やま)に千年海 (せんねんうみ)に千 (せん)年 (ねん) (yama ni sennen umi ni sennen)
  • 山 (やま)を当 (あ)てる (yama o ateru)
  • 山 (やま)を掛 (か)ける (yama o kakeru)
  • 山 (やま)を越 (こ)す (yama o kosu)
  • 山 (やま)を立 (た)てる (yama o tateru)
  • 山 (やま)を止 (と)める (yama o tomeru)
  • 山 (やま)をなす (yama o nasu)
  • 山 (やま)を張 (は)る (yama o haru)
  • 山 (やま)を踏 (ふ)む (yama o fumu)
  • 塵 (ちり)も積 (つ)もれば山 (やま)となる (chiri mo tsumoreba yama to naru)
Proverbs
Proverbs
  • 山高 (やまたか)きが故 (ゆえ)に貴 (たっと)からず (yama takaki ga yue ni tattokarazu)
  • 山 (やま)と言 (い)えば川 (かわ) (yama to ieba kawa)
  • 山 (やま)に躓 (つまず)かずして垤 (てつ)に躓 (つまず)く (yama ni tsumazukazu shite tetsu ni tsumazuku)
  • 山 (やま)を鋳 (い)，海 (うみ)を煮 (に)る (yama o i, umi o niru)
  • 山 (やま)を抜 (ぬ)く (yama o nuku)

Prefix

山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji yama-)

  1. prefix for species that are wild or residing in mountains
Derived terms
Derived terms

Counter

山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji -yama)

  1. counter for number of stock rise and fall like a mountain (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  2. counter for number of mountains, forests and/or mines
Derived terms
  • 一山 (ひとやま) (hitoyama)

Proper noun

山 (hiragana やま, rōmaji Yama)

  1. a surname

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
山
さん
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 山 (MC ʃˠɛn).

Sometimes spelled with rendaku (連濁), as -zan.

Suffix

山 (hiragana さん, rōmaji -san)

  1. Mount, Mt.
    1. suffix for names of mountains
    2. suffix for a temple's honorific mountain name
      Synonym: 山号 (sangō)
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
山
むれ
Grade: 1
Irregular

From Old Japanese.

Borrowed from Old Korean 牟禮 (morye).[1][3](Compare Middle Korean 뫼 (mwoy))

Alternative forms
  • 牟礼

Noun

山 (hiragana むれ, rōmaji mure)

  1. (archaic, obsolete) a hill or mountain

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

山 (eumhun 메 산 (me san))

  1. mountain

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

山: Hán Việt readings: sơn[1][2][3], san[3]
山: Nôm readings: sơn[1][2], san[2][4]

  1. Hán tự form of sơn (“mountain”).

Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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