History of Haryana

In some ancient Hindu texts, the boundaries of Kurukshetra[1] correspond roughly to the state of Haryana. Thus according to the Taittiriya Aranyaka 5.1.1., the Kurukshetra region is south of Turghna (Srughna/Sugh in Sirhind, Punjab), north of Khandava (Delhi and Mewat region), east of Maru (desert) and west of Parin.[2]

c. 1910s portrayal of Hemu Vikramaditya

After ousting the Huns, king Harshavardhana established his capital at Thanesar near Kurukshetra in the 7th century CE. After his death, the kingdom of his clansmen, the Pratiharas ruled over a vast region for quite a while from Harsha's adopted capital Kannauj. The region remained strategically important for the rulers of North India even though Thanesar was no more as central as Kannauj. Prithviraj Chauhan established forts at Taraori and Hansi in the 12th century.

Muhammad Ghori conquered Haryana after the Second Battle of Tarain. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate was established that ruled much of India for several centuries. The earliest reference to 'Hariana' occurs in a Sanskrit inscription dated 1328 AD kept in Delhi Museum, which refers to this region as The heaven on earth, indicating that it was fertile and relatively peaceful at that time. Firuz Shah Tughlaq established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region, and also constructed canals or rajwahas as they were referred to in the Indo-Persian historical texts.

The defeat of Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat, c. 1556, Akbarnama.

The three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town of Panipat. The first battle took place in 1526, where Babur, the ruler of Kabul defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate, through the use of field artillery. This battle marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire in India.

In the Second Battle of Panipat (5 November 1556), Akbar's general Bairam Khan defeated Hemu, the local Haryanvi who grew up in Rewari. Hemu, who belonged to Rewari in Haryana, rose from a businessman to become adviser to Afghan kings and then Prime Minister-cum-Chief of Army. He fought and won 22 battles in between 1553 and 1556, from Punjab to Bengal against Afghans and Mughals and won all of them without losing any. Hemu defeated Akbar's army at Tughlaqabad in Battle of Delhi-1556 and became king at Delhi on 7 October 1556 declaring himself as Vikramaditya following the reigns of earlier Vedic kings.[3] Hemu lost his life in the Second Battle of Panipat.

The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Afghan warlord Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Maratha Empire under Sadashivrao Bhau of Pune. Ahmad Shah won decisively, on 13 January 1761.

The first war of independence in 1857 war started first at Ambala Cantonment, 8 hours before revolt started in Meerut, when the soldiers of 5th Indian Infantry Brigade and 60th Indian Infantry Brigade revolted but it was crushed.[4] 5th and 60th Regiments of Benga Native Infantry rebelled at Umballa (Ambala). During the Battle of Narnaul at Nasibpur on 16 November 1857, British lost 70 British soldiers and their commanders colonel Gerrard and Captain Wallace. 40 British soldiers and officers Captain Craige, Captain Kennedy and Captain Pearse were wounded.[5] The major centers of rebellion were at Hisar, Hansi, Sirsa, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Bahadurgarh, Farrukhnagar, Ballabhgarh, Rewari, Ambala, Panipat and Thanesar.[5] Under the "Delhi Agency" there were seven Princely states, Jhajjar, Farrukhnagar, Ballabhgarh, Loharu, Pataudi and Dujana. The Chiefs of the last two estates remained loyal to the British and others rebelled.[6] The Rajput rulers of Rajasthan also kept out of the mutiny.[7]

Raja Nahar Singh the Jat ruler of Ballabhgarh, Rao Tula Ram ruler of Rewari and his cousin Gopal Dev, Nawab Abdur Rahman Khan Jhajjar, Nawab Ahmad Ali of Farrukhnagar, Sadruddin the peasant leader of Mewat, Harsukh Rai and Mirza Gauhar Ali of Palwal and Imam of Bu Ali Shah Qalandar mosque in Panipat played key role.[5]

After the failure of revolt by Indians, Haryana was taken out of North-Western Provinces and merged with Punjab as a punishment.[4]

This rebellion was partly caused by the unjust tax system implemented through the use of The Great Hedge of India, a historic inland customs border which ran through several states including Haryana.

Lala Lajpat Rai worked towards the social reform, spread of Arya Samaj, creation of mass support for the Indian independence movement and he died protesting against the Simon Commission. Lala Murlidhar of Ambala and journalist Balmukund Gupt of Rewari were the members of the founding session of congress who promoted Swadeshi movement. Chhotu Ram, Pandit Nekiram Sharma, Lala Ugrasen and Ramswaroop Jaglan of Bidhwan were also key independence activists.[4]

During the 1907 Punjab unrest, which coincided with the upheaval resulting from the Partition of Bengal in 1905, the soldiers of Jat paltan revolted and sided with Bengali revolutionaries to take over the government treasury. Their revolt was crushed by British colonists, and several Jat soldiers had to suffer long sentences of imprisonment . In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the Ghadar Party hailing from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial rulers. Subhas Chandra Bose's Azad Hind Fauj had 2847 soldiers from Haryana, of whom 346 attained martyrdom.[4]

During the partition of India in 1947, state experienced riots at many places, which also scores of death and migration of millions of people from Haryana to Pakistan and vice versa.

A map of the distribution of native Punjabi speakers in India and Pakistan

Hindi language movement of Punjab in the Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab started on 30 April 1957 and lasted till 27 December 1957, which paved the way for the demand for the formation of Haryana as a separate state for the Hindi speaking people of the united Punjab province. At the same time Punjab also had Punjabi suba & Punjabi language movement, under which Punjabi and gurmukhi were made official state language and script respectively, which was also made mandatory in schools of the whole of post-independence united Punjab. People of Hindi speaking areas of Punjab resisted this imposition. Punjab government retaliated by mass arrests and imprisonments, some of arrested activists were tortured in the prison. Sumer Singh of Naya Bans in Rohtak district gave his life for this cause during this movement.[8]

In 2018, the Government of Haryana started to award INR10,000 per month pension to the Matribhasa Satyagrahis (Hindi language activists).[9]

On 1 November 1966, Haryana was carved out on the basis of that the parts of Punjab which were to be Haryana's "Hindi-speaking areas." Same example was followed in creation of Himachal Pradesh as well. Haryana state was formed on the recommendation of the Sardar Hukam Singh Parliamentary Committee. The formation of this committee was announced in the Parliament on 23 September 1965. On 23 April 1966, acting on the recommendation of the Hukam Singh Committee, the Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah, to divide and set up the boundaries of Punjab and Haryana. The commission gave its report on 31 May 1966. According to this report the then districts of Hissar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak, and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further the Tehsils of Jind (district Sangrur), Narwana (district Sangrur) Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhari of district Ambala were also included. The commission recommended that Tehsil Kharar (including Chandigarh) should also be a part of Haryana.[10]

Rakhigarhi granary

Haryana has network of canals across of state divided into 8 canal command areas. Haryana has 47% share (reduced from 70% afte an agreement with Delhi in 1994) in Yamuna river water and ?% share in Sutlej river water too for which disputed Sutlej Yamuna link canal is still partially completed for several decades.[11]

Indus treaty covers a total of 168 million acre-feet of water, of which India can utilize 33 million acre-feet (20% of total) from the three reivers assigned to India. In 2019, India utilizes only 93–94% (30 million acre-feet) of its share, and 6–7% (2 million acre-feet) of India's unitilised share flows to Pakistan, resulting in a total of 87% water flowing to Pakistan. India is building three dams to utilize 100% of its 33 million acree-fet share (20% of total water under treaty).[12]

Indus treaty covers a total of 168 million acre-feet of water, of which India can utilize 33 million acre-feet (20% of total) from the three reivers assigned to India. In 2019, India utilizes only 93–94% (30 million acre-feet) of its share, and 6–7% (2 million acre-feet) of India's unitilised share flows to Pakistan, resulting in a total of 87% water flowing to Pakistan. India is building three dams to utilize 100% of its 33 million acree-fet share (20% of total water under treaty). India is undertaking 3 projects to ensure India utilizes its full share of Indus Waters Treaty, (a) Shahpurkandi dam project on Ravi River in Pathankot district of Punjab (b) Sutlej-Beas link in Punjab (see also Pandoh Dam) and the Ujh Dam project on Ujh River (a tributary of Ravi river) in Jammu and Kashmir. [12]

Renukaji dam, is INR4,596.76 crore 148m high rockfileld gravity dam project being built on the Giri river in Sirmour district with live storage of 0.404 MAF on 1,508 hectares to supply 23 cusec water and generate 40MW peak flow power. An agreement for its construction and sharing of cost and benefits (water and electricity) was signed by the Union Minister for Water and Chief Ministers of six states, namely Haryana (47.8% share of water), UP and Uttakhand (33.65% joint share) Rajasthan (9.3%), Delhi (6.04%) and Himachal Pradesh (3.15), on 11 January 2019. It has been declared a national project, resulting in 90% funding from the centre govt and the rest from the stakeholder states.[13] Giri River (cord: 30.44549 °N and 77.67358 ° Ö) in the state of Uttrakhand and Himachal is a tributary of Yamuna, which in turn is tributary of Ganges.[14]

(a) Lakhwar Dam on Yamuna in Uttrakhand, (b) Renukaji Dam on Giri river in Himchal and (c) Kishau Dam on Tons River in Uttrakhand. The agreements among the stakeholder states and centre govt has been signed for the Kishwar Dam (August 2018 and Renukaji Dam (January 2019) and the agreement for the remaining Kishau Dam is likely to be signed soon. The funding for the Kishwar Dam has already been approved for the centre govt's cabinet and the funding for the Renukaji Dam is expected to be approved soon.[13]

Renukaji dam, is INR4,596.76 crore 148m high rockfileld gravity dam project being built on the Giri river in Sirmour district with live storage of 0.404 MAF on 1,508 hectares to supply 23 cusec water and generate 40MW peak flow power. An agreement for its construction and sharing of cost and benefits (water and electricity) was signed by the Union Minister for Water and Chief Ministers of six states, namely Haryana (47.8% share of water), UP and Uttakhand (33.65% joint share) Rajasthan (9.3%), Delhi (6.04%) and Himachal Pradesh (3.15), on 11 January 2019. It has been declared a national project, resulting in 90% funding from the centre govt and the rest from the stakeholder states.[13] Giri River (cord: 30.44549 °N and 77.67358 ° Ö) in the state of Uttrakhand and Himachal is a tributary of Yamuna, which in turn is tributary of Ganges.[14]

Haryana has 1356 canal tailends of which 250 had not seen the water for up to 39 years. Between 2016–2018, govt rejuvenated all but 10 worst tailends. Specially the canals in Narnaul, Loharu and Rewari area were rehabilitated and water started to reach the tailend of canals after a gap of 39 years.[15]

• Johad wetlands and Haryana State Waterbody Management Board. In 2018, govt began rejuvenating 500 of these ponds in the initial phase, 390 injection well were built to pump rainwater into the ground to recharge the groundwater.[15]
• Saraswati
  • Adi Badri
  • Ghaggar-Hakra River
• Sutlej
  • Bhakhra Dam
    • Indira Gandhi Canal
  • Sutlej Yamuna link canal
• Yamuna, Haryana has 47.8% share in Yamuna water to be distributed for irrigation.[16]
  • Western Yamuna Canal
  • Lakhwar Dam: Haryana share is 177 cusec,[16] construction on this national project started in 2018[15]
  • Kishau Dam: Haryana share is 709 cusec[16] in this under construction national project.
  • Renuka Dam: Haryana share is 266 cusec[16] in this under construction national project.
  • Tajewala Barrage (1873)
  • South haryana
    • Masani barrage
    • Sahibi River including Najafgarh drain
      • Krishnavati river (drain 8)
      • Dohan river
    • Nuh System of Lakes (also called Kotla lake) with bund built by British Raj.Haryana commenced an INR82 crore project in 2018 to restore these lakes.[15]

• Metal smelter and manufacturing at Tosham from Indus Valley Civilisation.
• Rakhigarhi silver bronze smelters and manufacturing
• Great Hedge of India for tariffs during British Raj

Mines at Tosham Hill range from Indus Valley Civilisation.

Attire and ornament of Priest-King from Indus Valley Civilisation.

Rakhigarhi silver bronze ornaments finds and Dancing Girl ornaments.

Dancing girl attire and ornaments from Indus Valley Civilisation.

Dancing Girl attire.

• IVC Black and red ware culture (1450BCE-1200BCE)
• Vedic Era Painted Grey Ware culture (1200BCE to 600BCE)
• Pre-Islamic architecture of Haryana
  • Bhima Devi Temple Site Museum
  • Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex
  • Adi Badri, Haryana
  • Morni Hills Shiva temple
  • Pillars of Ashoka in Africa.
    • Topra Kalan pillar relocated as Delhi-Topra pillar at Feroz Shah Kotla
    • Agroha Mound pillar relocated to Lat Mosque Hisar (bottom half)) and Fatehabad mosque (top half)

Nangal Sirohi in Mahendragarh district, 130 km from Delhi, is popular for its havelis of shekhavati architecture within NCR.[17]

Chanetic Buddhist monastic university as chronicled by Hieun Tsang.

Pashupati Shiva in yoga pose from Indus Valley Civilisation.

Pashupati Shiva in yoga pose from Indus Valley Civilisation.

In 1948, first airstrip was built in Haryana when Ambala Air Force Station was established following the independence of India. It is also the home to the SEPECAT Jaguar of No. 5 Squadron IAF and No. 14 Squadron IAF, and aging MiG-21bis of No. 21 Squadron IAF. In 1948, a Flying Instruction School (FIS) was formed here. In 1954, FIS Ambala was moved to Tambaram near Chennai in Tamil Nadu, at Tambaram Air Force Station.

By 1964, the diversionary Indian Air Force airfield at Sirsa was ready.[18]

In 1965, Hisar airfield, spread over 194 acres (79 ha), was built for the Hisar Aviation Club. In 1999, Hisar Aviation Club was merged with Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation (HICA). The airport is managed by HICA, which provides flight training using light aircraft.[19]

In 1967, Karnal Air Strip was set up.[20] The Karnal Flying Club has been running at this airfield since 1967 year .[21]

In 1970–71, a privately managed air service was introduced from Delhi-Patiala-Hisar and Delhi which was terminated after a period of about 6 months due to being financially unviable.[22]

During 1980s, the Gurugram Airstrip, hangar, air conditioned yoga ashram and TV studio were built by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's favorite godman and yoga guru Dhirendra Brahmachari who died in 1994 in a plane crash.[23][24] Indira use to visit Brahmachari here once a week.[23][24] The 1980s teleserials "India Quiz" and Hum Log (ran from July 1984 to 17 December 1985) were shot here.[23] Brahmachari charged INR25,000 per shift for the use of ashram's TV studio facilities here for the shooting of Hum Log.[23] In 1983, Brahmachari had written letter to then Chief Minister of Haryana, Bhajan Lal, with a request to acquire 5,000 acre land around Aravalli Range, potentially up to 70,000 acres in total, to build facilities to rival Disneyland, including a yoga research and training centre, a wildlife sanctuary, folk arts and crafts centre, amusement centre and other facilities such as helipad, aquarium, planetarium and games and thrillers.[25] The aircraft hangar still has two ruined aircraft belonging to Brahmachari,[24] likely including a Maule M-5 American aircraft owned by him that landed him in investigations for tax evasions.[26] Ownership of some of the facilities is currently being disputed in the court (c. 2014), including 32 acre land and yoga studio.[24]

In 2002, the Delhi Flying Club (DFC) shifted all its flying activities and aircraft to Hisar from Safdarjung Airport in Delhi.[27]

On 31 January 2010, the Rajiv Gandhi National Centre for Aero Sports was inaugurated at Narnaul Airport. 51 acres were acquired for this purpose.[28] Chief Minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda and Aero Club of India President Satish Sharma were present at the inauguration ceremony. The centre was set up by Aero Club of India and the Department of Civil Aviation, Haryana. It is the first ever modern state-of-the-art aero sports centre in India to provide training in comprehensive range of various aero sports, including para-jumping (simulated parachute jump from a tower), parasailing, hot air ballooning, gliding, power flying, sky diving, aero modelling and micro light flying,[28] with the purpose of introducing the state's youth to aviation and providing the general population a cheap opportunity to experience aero sports.[29][30] On 27 November 2017, Runway 1 a quirky restaurant based inside an Airbus A320 discarded by Air India was opened on Ambala Chandigarh Expressway by a Shahabad based business family.[31]

In August 2018, pre-feasibility study and field study for 3 new greenfield airports in Haryana commenced for the and Chhara Airport (Jhajjar district), Jind Airport and Kurukshetra Airport at the cost of INR30 lakh (3 million).[32]

On 26 December 2018, Haryana Health Minister Anil Vij announced that a third domestic airport will be established under UDAN III scheme 40 km from the Ambala city at Barnala village next to the Ambala Air Force Station for which a team of Airports Authority of India has already carried out the land survey.[33][34] The new greenfield airport at Ambala is included in the 13 airports included in the UDAN III scheme.[34] Since most of the technical formalities are complete, an early execution of the project is expected.[34] Hisar and Karnal airports are already included in the list of airports for which airlines can make proposals for the UDAN scheme.[34]

As of January 2019, all five existing government airports in Haryana will be developed to have runway of at least 5000 feet, night landing and parking hangars, as airlines have approached the Haryana government to park their spillover "Non-scheduled Air Operations" (NSOP) aircraft from the congested IGI airport at Delhi to Bhiwani and Narnaul airport. Some of this development work at Hisar, Bhiwani and Narnaul airports is already underway.[35]

Railway in Haryana falls in 2 railway zones (Northern Railway zone and North Western Railway zone), and 3 divisions under those.

Coach driver from Indus Valley Civilisation.

GT Road with Kos Minar and Caravanserais

The modern military history commenced with British colonial rule where George Thomas established modern European style army in 1798 to 1801,[36][37] and later Colonel James Skinner (1778 – 4 December 1841) the Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India, who founded 1st Skinner's Horse and 3rd Skinner's Horse at Asigarh Fort at Hansi in 1803, which are still part of the Indian Army.[38][39]

Current military installations in Haryana are:

• Indian Army
  • Ambala Cantonment
  • Hisar Military Station
• Indian Air Force
  • Ambala Air Force Station
  • Gurugram Air Force Station is an ammunition dump
  • Raja Nahar Singh Faridabad Air Force Logistics Station
  • Sirsa Air Force Station
• Indian Navy
  • Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) at Gurugram
• Border Security Force
  • Hisar BSF Camp
• Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
  • Hisar CRPF Camp
• Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
  • Mandawar CISF, Sohna[40]
• National Security Guard (NSG) at Manesar

Defunct British-era military installations in Haryana:

• Asigarh Fort at Hansi
• Karnal Cantonment
• Bharawas, 7 km southwest of Rewari (not to be confused with nearby Bariawas 7 km to the southeast of Rewari)
• Jharsa cantonment and palace of Begum Samru (b.1753 – d.1836), which later became a British cantonment at the same place when Bharwas cantonment was reclocated to Jharsa in Gurugram.[41][42][43][44]

Other cantonments

• Buria cantonment of Jat Sikh ruler during British colonial rule
• Bahadurgarh state cantonment of nawab during British colonial rule
• Balramgarh state cantonment of Jat Raja Nahar Singh during British colonial rule
• Dujana cantonment of nawab during British colonial rule
• Jhajjar cantonment of nawab during British colonial rule
• Jind State cantonment of nawab Jat Sikh ruler at Jind during British colonial rule
• Kalsia cantonment of Jat Sikh ruler during British colonial rule
• Kapurthala State (Narwana cantonment) of Phulkian Jat Sikh Raja
• Loharu State cantonment of nawab at Loharu during British colonial rule

Following Mahajanapadass mentioned in Mahabharata had their land in Haryana:

• Kuru Kingdom, most of area of Haryana fell under this kingdom, their main capital in Haryana was at Swarnprastha (Sonipat), other 3 capital or main cities were Indraprastha (Delhi), Waghparastha (Baghpat in Uttar Prades) and Tilprastha (Tilpat in Uttar Prades)
• Matsya Kingdom, present day South Haryana
• Surasena, present day Hodal as part of Braj region

Ancient Khandavprastha forest mentioned in Mahabharata,[45] lay to the west of Yamuna river in modern-day Delhi territory. Pandavas cleared this forest to construct their capital city called Indraprastha. This forest was earlier inhabited by Naga tribes led by a king named Takshaka.[46] Arjuna and Krishna cleared this forest by setting up a fire. The inhabitants of this forest were displaced. This was the root cause of the enmity of the Naga Takshaka towards the Kuru kings who ruled from Indraprastha and Hastinapura.[46]

The list of Janapadas falling within Haryana:

• States at the time of independence
  • With headquarter based in Haryana
    • Buria State of Jat Sikhs
    • Dujana State of Nawab
    • Jind State of Phulkian Misl Sandhu Jat Sikhs
    • Kunjpura State of Nawab
    • Loharu State
    • Pataudi State
  • With headquarter based outside of Haryana with parts of territory within Haryana
    • Kapurthala State of Phulkian Misl Sandhu Jat Sikhs included Narwana
    • Nabha State of Phulkian Misl Sandhu Jat Sikhs
    • Malerkotla State of Nawab
    • Patiala State of Phulkian Misl Sandhu Jat Sikhs includded Charkhi Dadri
• Abolished states, due to Indian Rebellion of 1857 or for other reasons.
  • Ballabhgarh State of Tewatia Jats. Abolished after 1857 revolution and Raja Nahar Singh hanged to death by British.
  • Charkhi Dadri State
  • Jhajjar State of Nawab
  • Farrukhnagar State of Nawab
• Abolished states, at other times
  • Hansi State of James Skinner and George Thomas
  • Jharsa of Begum Samru
  • Kaithal State of Bhai's Jat Sikhs of Phulkia Sidhu clan
  • Rania State of Jat Sikhs, Ranghars of Johiya and Bhatti clans

Main sites are

• Mounds: Agroha Mound, Sugh Ancient Mound,
• Pillars of Ashoka: Hisar, Fatehabad,[47] Topra Kalan Edicts Museum
• Stupas, pagodas and places in the order of travel by Lord Buddha:
  • From Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, Buddha travelled along Grand Trunk Road in Haryana (also see Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Haryana).
  • Kamashpura Aastha Pugdal Pagoda (Kumashpur) in Sonipat city, the place where Buddha gave Mahasatipatthana sutta.[48][49]
  • Kurukshetra Stupa on the banks of sacred Brahma Sarovar in Kurukshetra city was also visited by Hieun Tsang,[50]
• Topra between Kurukshetra and Yamunanagar, now has a large open air museum park housing several replica of Ashoka's edicts including largest Ashoka Chakra in the world,[51][52] original site of Ashokan pillar which was moved to Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi in 1356 CE by Firuz Shah Tughlaq.[53]
  • Srughna, now known as the Sugh Ancient Mound, on outskirts of Yamunanagar city
  • Chaneti Buddhist Stupa, on outskirts of Yamunanagar city, according to Hieun Tsang it was built by the King Ashoka.[54][55][56]
• Other Stupas: Adi Badri Sharirika stupa, Assandh Kushan stupa

• Adi Badri
• Agroha Dham
• Baba Thakur
• Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore
• Bhuteshwar Temple
• Chhapadeshwar Mahadev Mandir
• Dhosi Hill
• Eklavya temple
• Gurugram Bhim Kund
• Jayanti Devi Temple
• Jhirkeshwar mahadev
• Kali Mata Temple
• Kalesar Mahadev
• Kapal Mochan
• Kurukshetra: 48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra, Brahma Sarovar and Sannihit Sarovar, Jyotisar, Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa
• Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex
• Mata Mansa Devi
• Narnaul
• Pindara Temple
• Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon
• Sharda Mata
• Sita Mai Temple
• Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
• Surajkund
• Tosham
• Nar Narayan Cave in Yamuna Nagar
• State Protected Monuments
• Monuments of National Importance

• Dehra Temple

• Kapal Mochan
• Lohgarh
• Pehowa

• Gazetteers of the Hisar District, 1883–1884
• Punjab District Gazetteers: Gurgaon District statistical tables, 1935. Vol. III
• Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. XXVI: