List of Indian monarchs

The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents.

Early later documented rulers and dynasties who are deemed to have ruled a portion of the Indian subcontinent are included in this list.

Chronological list of Hindu empires and dynasties

Magadha dynasties

Legendary kings

This list includes the legendary kings of Magadha.

  • Dharma
  • Sunita
  • Satyajit
  • Biswajit
  • Ripunjaya

Pradyota dynasty (c. 779 BCE – 544 BCE)
Main article: Pradyota dynasty
  • Pradyota Mahasena
  • Palaka
  • Visakhayupa
  • Ajaka
  • Varttivarddhana

Haryanka dynasty (c. 544 BCE – 413 BCE)
Main article: Haryanka dynasty

Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413 BCE – 345 BCE)
  • Shishunaga (412–395 BCE), king of Magadha
  • Kalashoka (Kakavarna)
  • Kshemadharman
  • Kshatraujas
  • Nandivardhana
  • Mahanandin (until 345 BCE), his empire was inherited by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda

Nanda dynasty (c. 345 BCE – 321 BCE)
  • Mahapadma Nanda (from 345 BCE), son of Mahanandin, founded the Nanda Empire after inheriting Mahanandin's empire
  • Pandhukananda
  • Panghupatinanda
  • Bhutapalananda
  • Rashtrapalananada
  • Govishanakananda
  • Dashasidkhakananda
  • Kaivartananda
  • Karvinatha Nand (Illegitimate son of Mahapadma Nanda)
  • Dhana Nanda (Agrammes, Xandrammes) (until 321 BCE), lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him.

Maurya dynasty (c. 321 BCE – 185 BCE)
RulerReignNotes
Chandragupta Maurya321 - 298 BCE
Bindusara Amitraghata298 - 273 BCE
Ashoka the Great273 - 232 BCEHis son, Kunala, was blinded, and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson.
Dasharatha232 - 224 BCEGrandson of Ashoka.
Samprati224 - 215 BCEBrother of Dasharatha.
Shalishuka215 - 201 BCE
Devavarman201 - 195 BCE
Shatadhanvan195 - 187 BCEThe Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
Brihadratha187 - 185 BCEAssassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga

Shunga dynasty (c. 185 BCE – 73 BCE)
Main article: Shunga Empire
  • Pushyamitra Shunga (185–149 BCE), founded the dynasty after assassinating Brihadratha
  • Agnimitra (149–141 BCE), son and successor of Pushyamitra
  • Vasujyeshtha (141–131 BCE)
  • Vasumitra (131–124 BCE)
  • Andhraka (124–122 BCE)
  • Pulindaka (122–119 BCE)
  • Ghosha (119–116 BCE)
  • Vajramitra (116–110 BCE)
  • Bhagabhadra (c. 110 BCE), mentioned by the Puranas
  • Devabhuti (83–73 BCE), the last Shunga king

Kanva dynasty (c. 73 BCE – 26 BCE)
Main article: Kanva dynasty
  • Vasudeva (c. 75 BCE – 66 BCE)
  • Bhumimitra (c. 66 – c. 52 BCE)
  • Narayana (c. 52 – c. 40 BCE)
  • Susarman (c. 40 – c. 26 BCE)

Gupta dynasty (c. 240–605 CE)
Main article: Gupta Empire
RulerReignNotes
Sri-Gupta I240 - 290 CEFounder of the dynasty.
Ghatotkacha290 - 320 CE
Chandra-Gupta I320 - 325 CEHis title Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power.
Samudra-Gupta325 - 375 CEDefeated several kings of northern India, and annexed their territories to his empire. He also marched along the south-eastern coast of India, advancing as far as the Pallava kingdom. In addition, he subjugated several frontier kingdoms and tribal oligarchies. His empire extended from Ravi River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to central India in the south-west; several rulers along the south-eastern coast were his tributaries.
Kacha4th-century CERival brother/king, possibly an usurper, there are coins who attest him as ruler; possibly identical with Samudra-Gupta.
Rama-Gupta375 - 380 CE
Chandra-Gupta II Vikramaditya380 - 415 CEContinued the expansionist policy of his father Samudragupta: historical evidence suggests that he defeated the Western Kshatrapas, and extended the Gupta empire from the Indus River in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the Narmada River in the south.
Kumara-Gupta I415 - 455 CEHe seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from Gujarat in the west to Bengal region in the east.
Skanda-Gupta455 - 467 CEIt is stated that he restored the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family, which has led to suggestions that during his predecessor's last years, the Empire may have suffered reverses, possibly against the Pushyamitras or the Hunas. He is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors.
Puru-Gupta467 - 472 CE
Kumara-Gupta II Kramaditya472 - 479 CE
Buddha-Gupta479 - 496 CEHe had close ties with the rulers of Kannauj and together they sought to run the Alchon Huns (Hunas) out of the fertile plains of Northern India.
Narasimha-Gupta Baladitya496 - 530 CE
Kumara-Gupta III530 - 540 CE
Vishnu-Gupta Candraditya540 - 570 CE
Bhanu-Gupta?A lesser-known king with uncertain position in the list.

Ancient southern dynasties

Pandyan dynasty (c. 1500 BCE – 345 CE)

Central Pandyas

  • Kadungkon, (c. 550–450 BCE)
  • Pandion (c. 50 BCE – 50 CE), known as Pandion to Greeks and Romans

Early Pandyas

  • Nedunj Cheliyan I (Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan)
  • Pudappandiyan
  • Mudukudumi Paruvaludhi
  • Nedunj Cheliyan II (Pasumpun Pandiyan)
  • Nan Maran
  • Nedunj Cheliyan III (Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan )
  • Maran Valudi
  • Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan
  • Ukkirap Peruvaluthi

First Empire

  • Kadungon (c. 600–700 CE), revived the dynasty
  • Maravarman Avani Culamani (590–620 CE)
  • Cezhiyan Cendan (620–640 CE)
  • Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran (640–674 CE)
  • Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran (675–730 CE)
  • Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasinga (730–765 CE)
  • Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–790 CE)
  • Rasasingan II (790–800 CE)
  • Varagunan I (800–830 CE)
  • Sirmara Srivallabha (830–862 CE)
  • Varaguna II (862–880 CE)
  • Parantaka Viranarayana (862–905 CE)
  • Rajasima Pandian II (905–920 CE)

Pandyan Revival

  • Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (1251–1268), revived Pandyan glory, considered one of the greatest conquerors of Southern India
  • Maravarman Sundara Pandyan
  • Maravarman Kulasekaran I (1268–1308)
  • Sundara Pandya (1308–1311), son of Maravarman Kulasekaran, fought with his brother Vira Pandya over the throne
  • Vira Pandya (1308–1311), son of Maravarman Kulasekaran, fought with his brother of Sundara Pandya over the throne, Madurai was conquered by the Khalji dynasty

Pandalam Dynasty (c. 1200)

  • Raja Rajasekhara (c. 1200 – 1500), descendant of the Pandya Dynasty, father of Ayyappan (often regarded as a Hindu deity)

Chera dynasty (c. 300 BCE – 1124 CE)
Main article: Chera dynasty

Note that years are still highly disputed among the scholars, and the given is only one version.

Ancient Chera kings
  1. Udiyancheralatan
  2. Antuvancheral
  3. Imayavaramban Nedun-Cheralatan (56–115 CE)
  4. Cheran Chenkutuvan (from 115)
  5. Palyanai Sel-Kelu Kuttuvan (115–130)
  6. Poraiyan Kadungo (from 115)
  7. Kalankai-Kanni Narmudi Cheral (115–140)
  8. Vel-Kelu Kuttuvan (130–185)
  9. Selvak-Kadungo (131–155)
  10. Adukotpattu Cheralatan (140–178)
  11. Kuttuvan Irumporai (178–185)
  12. Tagadur Erinda Perumcheral (185–201)
  13. Yanaikat-sey Mantaran Cheral (201–241)
  14. Ilamcheral Irumporai (241–257)
  15. Perumkadungo (257–287)
  16. Ilamkadungo (287–317)
  17. Kanaikal Irumporai (367–397)

Kulashekhara dynasty (1020–1314 CE)
  1. Kulashekhara Varman (800–820 CE), also called Kulashekhara Alwar
  2. Rajashekhara Varman (820–844 CE), also called Cheraman Perumal
  3. Sthanu ravi Varman (844–885 CE), contemporary of Aditya Chola
  4. Rama Varma Kulashekhara (885–917 CE)
  5. Goda Ravi Varma (917–944 CE)
  6. Indu Kotha Varma (944–962 CE)
  7. Bhaskara Ravi Varman I (962–1019 CE)
  8. Bhaskara Ravi Varman II (1019–1021 CE)
  9. Vira Kerala (1021–1028 CE)
  10. Rajasimha (1028–1043 CE)
  11. Bhaskara Ravi Varman III (1043–1082 CE)
  12. Rama Varman Kulashekhara (1090–1122 CE), also called Cheraman Perumal
  13. Ravi Varman Kulashekhara (c. 1250 – 1314), last of the Cheras

Chola dynasty (c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE)
Main article: Chola dynasty

Sangam Cholas
Main article: Sangam period

Imperial Cholas (848–1279 CE)

Foreign invaders in north-western India

These empires were vast, centered in Persia or the Mediterranean; their satrapies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts.

Satavahana dynasty (c. 271 BCE – 220 CE)
Main article: Satavahana dynasty

The beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30 BCE.[1] Satavahanas dominated the Deccan region from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE.[2] It lasted till the early 3rd century CE. The following Satavahana kings are historically attested by epigraphic records, although the Puranas name several more kings (see Satavahana dynasty#List of rulers):

  • Simuka Satavahana (c. 230 BCE – 207 BCE)
  • Kanha Satavahana (c. 207 BCE – 189 BCE)
  • Malia Satakarni (c. 189 BCE – 179 BCE)
  • Purnothsanga (c. 179 BCE – 161 BCE)
  • Shathakarni (c. 179 BCE – 133 BCE)
  • Lambodara Satavahana (c. 87 BCE – 67 BCE)
  • Hāla (c. 20–24 CE)
  • Mandalaka (c. 24–30 CE)
  • Purindrasena (c. 30–35 CE)
  • Sundara Satakarni (c. 35–36 CE)
  • Cakora Satakarni (c. 36 CE)
  • Mahendra Satkarni (c. 36–65 CE)
  • Gautamiputra Satakarni (c. 106–130)
  • Vashishtiputra Pulumayi (c. 130–158)
  • Vashishtiputra Satakarni (c. 158–170)
  • Sri Yajna Satakarni (c. 170–199)

Vakataka dynasty (c. 250 – c. 500 CE)
Main article: Vakataka dynasty

The Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch

The Vatsagulma branch

Indo-Scythian rulers (c. 90 BCE – 45 CE)
Main article: Indo-Scythian

Northwestern India (c. 90 BCE – 10 CE)
  • Maues (c. 85–60 BCE)
  • Vonones (c. 75–65 BCE)
  • Spalahores (c. 75–65 BCE)
  • Spalarises (c. 60–57 BCE)
  • Azes I (c. 57–35 BCE)
  • Azilises (c. 57–35 BCE)
  • Azes II (c. 35–12 BCE)
  • Zeionises (c. 10 BCE – 10 CE)
  • Kharahostes (c. 10 BCE – 10 CE)
  • Hajatria
  • Liaka Kusuluka, satrap of Chuksa
  • Kusulaka Patika, satrap of Chuksa and son of Liaka Kusulaka

Mathura area (c. 20 BCE – 20 CE)
  • Hagamasha (satrap)
  • Hagana (satrap)
  • Rajuvula (Great Satrap) (c. 10 CE)
  • Sodasa, son of Rajuvula

Apracharaja rulers (12 BCE – 45 CE)
  • Vijayamitra (12 BCE – 15 CE)
  • Itravasu (c. 20 CE)
  • Aspavarma (15–45 CE)

Minor local rulers
  • Bhadrayasha Niggas
  • Mamvadi
  • Arsakes

Indo-Parthian rulers (c. 21–100 CE)
Main article: Indo-Parthian

Western Kshatrapas (c. 35–405 CE)

Kushana dynasty (1–225)
RulerReignNotes
Heraios1 - 30 CEKing or clan chief of the Kushans. Founder of the dynasty.
Kujula Kadphises30 - 80 CEUnited the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century CE, and became the first Kushan emperor.
Vima Takto Soter Megas80 - 90 CEAlias The Great Saviour. His empire covered northwestern Gandhara and greater Bactria towards China, where Kushan presence has been asserted in the Tarim Basin. Under his reign, embassies were also sent to the Chinese court.
Vima Kadphises90 - 127 CEThe first great Kushan emperor. He introduced gold coinage, in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage. Most of the gold seems to have been obtained through trade with the Roman Empire.
Kanishka I the Great127 - 144 CECame to rule an empire in Bactria extending to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain. His conquests and patronage of Buddhism played an important role in the development of the Silk Road, and in the transmission of Mahayana Buddhism from Gandhara across the Karakoram range to China.
Huvishka144 - 191 CEHis rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire.
Vasudeva I191 - 232 CEHe was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sassanians as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the Indo-Sassanians or Kushanshahs from around 240 CE.
Kanishka II232 - 245 CEIt is likely he lost part of his empire to the Kushano-Sassanians.
Vashishka245 - 250 CE
Kanishka III250 - 275 CE
Vasudeva II275 - 310 CE
Chhu310 - 325 CE
Vasudeva III c.300 CE? Kings whose existence is uncertain.
Vasudeva IV
Vasudeva V
Shaka Kushan/Shaka I325 - 350 CE
Kipunada350 - 375 CEMay have been a subject of Samudragupta from Gupta Empire.

Nagas of Padmavati (early 3rd century–mid-4th century)
Main article: Nagas of Padmavati
  • Vrisha-naga alias Vrisha-bhava or Vrishabha, possibly ruled at Vidisha in the late 2nd century
  • Vrishabha or Vrisha-bhava may also be the name of a distinct king who succeeded Vrisha-naga
  • Bhima-naga, r. c. 210-230 CE, probably the first king to rule from Padmavati
  • Skanda-naga
  • Vasu-naga
  • Brihaspati-naga
  • Vibhu-naga
  • Ravi-naga
  • Bhava-naga
  • Prabhakara-naga
  • Deva-naga
  • Vyaghra-naga
  • Ganapati-naga

Pallava dynasty (275–882)
Main article: Pallava dynasty

Early Pallavas (275–355)
  • Simha Varman I (King) (275–300 or 315–345)
  • Skanda Varman I (Queen) (345–355)

Middle Pallavas (355–537)
  • Vishnugopa (350–355)
  • Kumaravisnu I (355–370)
  • Skanda Varman II (370–385)
  • Vira Varman (385–400)
  • Skanda Varman III (400–438)
  • Simha Varman II (438–460)
  • Skanda Varman IV (460–480)
  • Nandi Varman I (480–500)
  • Kumaravishnu II (c. 500–510)
  • Buddha Varman (c. 510–520)
  • Kumaravisnu III (c. 520–530)
  • Simha Varman III (c. 530–537)

Later Pallavas (537–882)

Kadambas of Chandravalli at Chitradurga (345–525 CE)
Main article: Kadambas
  • Mayurasharma (Varma) (345–365)
  • Kangavarma (365–390)
  • Bagitarha (390–415)
  • Raghu (415–435)
  • Kakusthavarma (435–455)
  • Santivarma (455–460)
  • Mrigeshavarma (460–480)
  • Shivamandhativarma (480–485)
  • Ravivarma (485–519)
  • Harivarma (519–525)
  • Kadambas of Goa (until 1345)
  • Kadambas of Hangal (until 1347)

Western Ganga dynasty of Talakad (350–1024 CE)
Main article: Western Ganga dynasty
  • Konganivarma Madhava (350–370)
  • Madhava II (370–390)
  • Harivarman (390–410)
  • Vishnugopa (410–430)
  • Tadangala Madhava (430–466)
  • Avinita (466–495)
  • Durvinita (495–535)
  • Mushkara (535–585)
  • Srivikrama (585–635)
  • Bhuvikarma (635–679)
  • Shivamara I (679–725)
  • Sripurusha (725–788)
  • Shivamara II (788–816)
  • Rajamalla I (817–853)
  • Nitimarga Ereganga (853–869)
  • Rajamalla II (870–907)
  • Ereyappa Nitimarga II (907–919)
  • Narasimhadeva (919–925)
  • Rajamalla III (925–935)
  • Butuga II (935–960)
  • Takkolam in (949)
  • Maruladeva (960–963)
  • Marasimha III (963–974)
  • Rajamalla IV (974–985)
  • Rakkasa Ganga (985–1024)

Rai dynasty (c. 524–632 CE)
Main article: Rai dynasty

Maitrakas of Vallabhi (470–776 CE)
Main article: Maitraka dynasty
  • Bhatarka (c. 470–c. 492)
  • Dharasena I (c. 493–c. 499)
  • Dronasinha (also known as Maharaja) (c. 500–c. 520)
  • Dhruvasena I (c. 520–c. 550)
  • Dharapatta (c. 550–c. 556)
  • Guhasena (c. 556–c. 570)
  • Dharasena II (c. 570–c. 595)
  • Siladitya I (also known as Dharmaditya) (c. 595–c. 615)
  • Kharagraha I (c. 615–c. 626)
  • Dharasena III (c. 626–c. 640)
  • Dhruvasena II (also known as Baladitya) (c. 640–c. 644)
  • Chkravarti king Dharasena IV (also known as Param Bhatarka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara) (c. 644–c. 651)
  • Dhruvasena III (c. 651–c. 656)
  • Kharagraha II (c. 656–c. 662)
  • Siladitya II (c. 662–?)
  • Siladitya III
  • Siladitya IV
  • Siladitya V
  • Siladitya VI
  • Siladitya VII (c. 766–c. 776)[3]

Chahamanas of Shakambhari (6th century – 12th century)
Main article: Chahamanas of Shakambhari

Chahamana Dynasty (6th century – 12th century)

The Chahamanas of Shakambhari, colloquially known as the Chauhans of Sambhar (Sambhar Lake Town), were an Indian dynasty that ruled parts of the present-day Rajasthan and its neighbouring areas between 6th to 12th centuries. The territory ruled by them was known as Sapadalaksha. They were the most prominent ruling family of the Chahamana (Chauhan) clan, and were categorized among Agnivanshi Rajputs (Agnivansha) in the later medieval legends.

Chalukya dynasty (500–1200)
Main articles: Chalukya dynasty, Eastern Chalukyas, and Western Chalukyas
RulerReignCapitalNotes
Jayasimha I500 - 520 CEBadamiFounder of the dynasty. He ruled the area around modern Bijapur in the early 6th century.
Ranaraga520 - 540 CEBadami
Pulakeshin I540 - 567 CEBadamiHe ruled parts of the present-day Maharashtra and Karnataka states in the western Deccan region of India.
Kirtivarman I567 - 592 CEBadamiHe expanded the Chalukya kingdom by defeating the Nalas, the Mauryas of Konkana, the Kadambas, the Alupas, and the Gangas of Talakad.
Mangalesha592 - 610 CEBadamiBrother of Kirtivarman. Expanded the Chalukya power in present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra after defeating the Kalachuri king Buddharaja. He also consolidated his rule in the Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra and Goa after conquering Revati-dvipa from the rebel Chalukya governor Svamiraja. His reign ended when he lost a war of succession to his nephew Pulakeshin II, a son of Kirttivarman I.
Pulakeshin II610 - 642 CEBadamiSon of Kirtivarman I, he overthrew his uncle Mangalesha to gain control of the throne. Suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi in the south. Consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of Konkana. He was victorious against the

powerful northern emperor Harsha-vardhana. He also achieved some successes against the Pallavas in the south, but was ultimately defeated, and probably killed, during an invasion by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I.

Kubja Vishnu-Vardhana I615/24 - 641 CEVengi (Eastern)Brother of Pulakeshin II. Ruled under him as viceroy in Vengi, and then declared independence in 624.
Jayasimha II641 - 673 CEVengi (Eastern)
Adityavarman642 - 645 CEBadamiFirst son of Pulakeshin II. Probably ruled under the Pallavas.
Abhinavaditya645 - 646 CEBadamiSon of the predecessor.
Chandraditya646 - 649 CEBadamiSecond son of Pulakeshin II.
Vijaya-Bhattarika (regent) 649-655 CEBadamiRegent for her minor son. She was deposed by her brother-in-law.
A son of ChandradityaBadami
Vikramaditya I655 - 680 CEBadamiHe restored order in the fractured kingdom and made the Pallavas retreat from the capital.
Indra Bhattaraka673 CEVengi (Eastern)Brother of Jayasimha II. Ruled for a week.
Vishnu-Vardhana II673 - 682 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vinayaditya680 - 696 CEBadamiHe carried campaigns against the Pallavas, Kalabhras, Haihayas, Vilas, Cholas, Pandyas, Gangas and many more.
Mangi Yuvaraja682 - 706 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya I696 - 733 CEBadamiHis long reign was marked by general peace and prosperity. Vijayaditya also built a number of temples. He fought against the Pallavas and extracted tributes from Parameshwar Varma V.
Jayasimha III706 - 718 CEVengi (Eastern)
Kokkli718 - 719 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vishnu-Vardhana III719 - 755 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vikramaditya II733 - 746 CEBadamiConducted successful military campaigns against their enemy, the Pallavas of Kanchipuram, in three occasions: the first time as a crown prince, the second time as an emperor and the third time under the leadership of his son and crown prince Kirtivarman II.
Kirtivarman II Rahappa746- 757 CEBadamiHis reign was continuously troubled by the growing power of the Rashtrakutas and Pandyas. He finallt succumbed to the Rashtrakutas, who ended the power of the family in Badami.
Vijayaditya II755 - 772 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vishnu-Vardhana IV755 - 808 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya III808 - 847 CEVengi (Eastern)His first military victories against the Rashtrakutas made the path for the independence of the dynasty from this occupant.
Kali Vishnu-Vardhana V847 - 849 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya IV 849 - 892 CEVengi (Eastern) Brothers, ruled together.
Vikramaditya IIIVengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla IVengi (Eastern)
Bhima I892 - 921 CEVengi (Eastern)During his rule, Vengi could claim some independence as capital from the Rashtrakutas.
Vijayaditya V921 CEVengi (Eastern)
Amma I 921 - 927 CEVengi (Eastern) Probably brothers, ruled jointly.
Vishnu-Vardhana VIVengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya VI927 CEVengi (Eastern)Ruled for fifteen days.
Tadapa927 CEVengi (Eastern)Ruled for a month.
Vikramaditya IV927 - 928 CEVengi (Eastern)
Bhima II928 - 929 CEVengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla II929 - 935 CEVengi (Eastern)
Bhima III935 - 947 CEVengi (Eastern)
Amma II947 - 970 CEVengi (Eastern)
Danarnava970 - 973 CEVengi (Eastern)Deposed by Jata Choda Bhima. Sought for help within the Chola Empire.
Tailapa II Ahvamalla973 - 997 CEKalyani (Western)6th great-grandson of Vijayaditya I. Ousted the Rashtrakutas in the West and recovered the power once held by his family.
Jata Choda Bhima973 - 999 CEVengi (Eastern)
Satyashraya997 - 1008 CEKalyani (Western)
Shaktivarman I999 - 1011 CEVengi (Eastern)First son of Danarnava. Returned from exile and recovered his throne. Now free from the usurper, however Eastern Vengi dynasty lost some of the independence they have gained some generations ago. Begin of the growing Chola influence in Vengi kingdom.
Vikramaditya V1008 - 1015 CEKalyani (Western)Nephew of Satyahraya, as son of his brother, Dashavarman.
Vimaladitya1011 - 1018 CEVengi (Eastern)Second son of Danarnava. In his exile period with his father and brother, he was married to Kundavai, daughter of Rajaraja I from the Chola Empire.
Jayasimha III1015 - 1043 CEKalyani (Western)He had to fight on many fronts, against the Cholas of Tanjore in the south and the Paramara dynasty in the north, to protect his kingdom. His rule however was an important period of development of Kannada literature. He saw his cousins in Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South. But, at the same time, he consolidated more firmly the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan.
Rajaraja Narendra1018 - 1061 CEVengi (Eastern)Son of Vimaladitya, had support in the throne from the Cholas, whose influence grew significantly. He supported Cholas against his cousins, the Western Chalukyas. His own son managed to succeed in the Chola Empire, in 1070, as Kulottunga I, beginning the Later Cholas period, in which the Chola Empire was ruled by a branch of the Eastern Chalukyas renamed Chola.
Someshvara I Trilokyamalla1042 - 1068 CEKalyani (Western)His several military successes in Central India made him a formidable ruler of a vast empire. During his rule, the Chalukyan empire extended to Gujarat and Central India in the north.
Shaktivarman II1061 - 1062 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya VII1062 - 1075 CEVengi (Eastern)Also son of Vimaladitya, but half-brother of Rajaraja Narendra. Ascended to the throne with support from Western Chalukyas.
Someshvara II Bhuvanaikamalla1068 - 1076 CEKalyani (Western)First son of Someshvara I, deposed by his younger brother, Vikramaditya.
Rajaraja1075 - 1079 CEVengi (Eastern)
Vikramaditya VI Tribhuvanamalla1076 - 1126 CEKalyani (Western)Second son of Someshvara I. Under his reign, the Western Chalukya Empire reached its zenith. He is noted for his patronage of art and letters. His court was adorned with famous Kannada and Sanskrit poets. Intervened in Chola politics, sitting his brother-in-law, Athirajendra Chola, on the Chola Empire throne.
Vishnu-Vardhana VII1079 - 1102 CEVengi (Eastern)Last known Chalukya ruler of Vengi.
Someshvara III1126 - 1138 CEKalyani (Western)He was a noted historian, scholar, and poet, and authored the Sanskrit encyclopedic text Manasollasa touching upon such topics as polity, governance, astronomy, astrology, rhetoric, medicine, food, architecture, painting, poetry and music – making his work a valuable modern source of socio-cultural information of the 11th- and 12th-century India.
Jagadhekamalla II1138 - 1151 CEKalyani (Western)His rule saw the slow decline of the Chalukya empire with the loss of Vengi entirely, though he was still able to control the Hoysalas in the south and the Seuna and Paramara in the north.
Tailapa III1151 - 1164 CEKalyani (Western)Faced many feudatory risings against Chalukya rule.
Jagadhekamalla III1164 - 1183 CEKalyani (Western)His rule was completely overshowded by the emergence of the Southern Kalachuris under Bijjala II who took control of Kalyani. He had to escape to the Banavasi region.
Someshvara IV1183 - 1200 CEKalyani (Western)Recovered his capital, by defeating the Kalachuris, but failed to prevent his old allies, Seuna, Hoysala and the Kakatiya dynasty, who, after deposing Someshvara by 1200, divided his empire among themselves.

Shashanka dynasty (600–626)
  • Shashanka (600–625), first recorded independent king of Bengal, created the first unified political entity in Bengal
  • Manava (625–626), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by Harshavardana and Bhaskarvarmana

Harsha dynasty (606–647)
  • Harshavardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India

Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (650–1036 CE)
Main article: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty

Rashtrakutas of Manyaketha (735–982)
Main article: Rashtrakuta dynasty

Pala Empire (c. 750–1174)
Main article: Pala Empire

Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine.[4] Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows:[5]

RC Majumdar (1971)[6] AM Chowdhury (1967)[7] BP Sinha (1977)[8] DC Sircar (1975–76)[9] D. K. Ganguly (1994)[4]
Gopala I 750–770 756–781 755–783 750–775 750–774
Dharmapala 770–810 781–821 783–820 775–812 774–806
Devapala 810–c. 850 821–861 820–860 812–850 806–845
Mahendrapala NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.) 845–860
Shurapala I 850–853 861–866 860–865 850–858 860–872
Vigrahapala I 858–60 872–873
Narayanapala 854–908 866–920 865–920 860–917 873–927
Rajyapala 908–940 920–952 920–952 917–952 927–959
Gopala II 940–957 952–969 952–967 952–972 959–976
Vigrahapala II 960–c. 986 969–995 967–980 972–977 976–977
Mahipala I 988–c. 1036 995–1043 980–1035 977–1027 977–1027
Nayapala 1038–1053 1043–1058 1035–1050 1027–1043 1027–1043
Vigrahapala III 1054–1072 1058–1075 1050–1076 1043–1070 1043–1070
Mahipala II 1072–1075 1075–1080 1076–1078/9 1070–1071 1070–1071
Shurapala 1075–1077 1080–1082 1071–1072 1071–1072
Ramapala 1077–1130 1082–1124 1078/9–1132 1072–1126 1072–1126
Kumarapala 1130–1125 1124–1129 1132–1136 1126–1128 1126–1128
Gopala III 1140–1144 1129–1143 1136–1144 1128–1143 1128–1143
Madanapala 1144–1162 1143–1162 1144–1161/62 1143–1161 1143–1161
Govindapala 1155–1159 NA 1162–1176 or 1158–1162 1161–1165 1161–1165
Palapala NA NA NA 1165–1199 1165–1200

Note:[5]

  • Earlier historians believed that Vigrahapala I and Shurapala I were the two names of the same person. Now, it is known that these two were cousins; they either ruled simultaneously (perhaps over different territories) or in rapid succession.
  • AM Chowdhury rejects Govindapala and his successor Palapala as the members of the imperial Pala dynasty.
  • According to BP Sinha, the Gaya inscription can be read as either the "14th year of Govindapala's reign" or "14th year after Govindapala's reign". Thus, two sets of dates are possible.

Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 9th century to 1305)
Main article: Paramara dynasty

According to historial Kailash Chand Jain, "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."[10] The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri (850–1334 CE)
Main article: Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
  • Dridhaprahara
  • Seunachandra (850–874)
  • Dhadiyappa (874–900)
  • Bhillama I (900–925)
  • Vadugi (Vaddiga) (950–974)
  • Dhadiyappa II (974–975)
  • Bhillama II (975–1005)
  • Vesugi I (1005–1020)
  • Bhillama III (1020–1055)
  • Vesugi II (1055–1068)
  • Bhillama III (1068)
  • Seunachandra II (1068–1085)
  • Airamadeva (1085–1115)
  • Singhana I (1115–1145)
  • Mallugi I (1145–1150)
  • Amaragangeyya (1150–1160)
  • Govindaraja (1160)
  • Amara Mallugi II (1160–1165)
  • Kaliya Ballala (1165–1173)
  • Bhillama V (1173–1192), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya
  • Jaitugi I (1192–1200)
  • Singhana II (1200–1247)
  • Kannara (1247–1261)
  • Mahadeva (1261–1271)
  • Amana (1271)
  • Ramachandra (1271–1312)
  • Singhana III (1312–1313)
  • Harapaladeva (1313–1318)
  • Mallugi III (1318–1334)

Kabul Shahi dynasties
Main article: Kabul Shahi

Brahmin Shahi dynasty (c. 890–964)
  • Lalliya (c. 890–895)
  • Kamaluka (895–921)
  • Bhima (921–964), son of Kamaluka

Shahi dynasty (964–1026 CE)
  • Jayapala (964–1001)
  • Anandapala (1001–1011)
  • Trilochanpala (1011–1022)
  • Bhímapála (1022–1026)

Chandra dynasty (900-1050)
Main article: Chandra dynasty

Hoysala dynasty (1000–1346)
Main article: Hoysala Empire
  • Nripa Kama (1000–1045)
  • Vinayaditya I (1045–1098)
  • Ereyanga (1098–1100)
  • Ballala (1100–1108)
  • Vishnuvardhana (1108–1142)
  • Narasimha I (1142–1173), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya
  • Ballala II (1173–1220)
  • Narasimha II (1220–1235)
  • Vira Someshwara (1235–1253)
  • Narasimha III and Ramanatha (1253–1295)
  • Ballala III (1295–1342)

Sena dynasty rule over Bengal (1070–1230 CE)
Main article: Sena dynasty
See also: History of Bengal
  • Hemanta Sen (1070–1096)
  • Vijay Sen (1096–1159)
  • Ballal Sen (1159–1179)
  • Lakshman Sen (1179–1206)
  • Vishwarup Sen (1206–1225)
  • Keshab Sen (1225–1230)

Eastern Ganga dynasty (1078–1434)
Main article: Eastern Ganga dynasty
  • Anantavarman Chodaganga (1078–1147)
  • Ananga Bhima Deva II (1170–1198)
  • Anangabhima Deva III (1211–1238)
  • Narasimha Deva I (1238–1264)
  • Bhanu Deva I (1264–1279)
  • Narasimha Deva II (1279–1306)
  • Bhanu Deva II (1306–1328)
  • Narasimha Deva III (1328–1352)
  • Bhanu Deva III (1352–1378)
  • Narasimha Deva IV (1378–1414)
  • Bhanu Deva IV (1414–1434)

Kakatiya dynasty (1083–1323 CE)
Main article: Kakatiya dynasty
  • Beta I (1000–1030)
  • Prola I (1030–1075)
  • Beta II (1075–1110)
  • Prola II (1110–1158)
  • Prataparudra I/Rudradeva I (1158–1195)
  • Mahadeva (1195–1198). Brother of King Rudradeva
  • Ganapathi deva (1199–1261)
  • Rudrama devi (1262–1296)
  • Prataparudra II/ Rudradeva II (1296–1323). Grandson of Queen Rudrama

Kalachuris of Kalyani (Southern) dynasty (1130–1184)
Main article: Kalachuris of Kalyani
  • Bijjala II (1130–1167), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukyas in 1162 CE
  • Sovideva (1168–1176)
  • Mallugi → overthrown by his brother Sankama
  • Sankama (1176–1180)
  • Ahavamalla (1180–83)
  • Singhana (1183–84)

Chutiya dynasty ruled over eastern Assam (1187–1524)
  • Birpal (1187–1224)
  • Ratnadhwajpal (1224–1250)
  • Vijayadhwajpal (1250–1278)
  • Vikramadhwajpal (1278–1302)
  • Gauradhwajpal (1302–1322)
  • Sankhadhwajpal (1322–1343)
  • Mayuradhwajpal (1343–1361)
  • Jayadhwajpal (1361–1383)
  • Karmadhwajpal (1383–1401)
  • Satyanarayan (1401–1421)
  • Laksminarayan (1421–1439)
  • Dharmanarayan (1439–1458)
  • Pratyashnarayan (1458–1480)
  • Purnadhabnarayan (1480–1502)
  • Dharmadhajpal (1502–1522)
  • Nitypal (1522–1524)

Bana dynasty rule over Magadaimandalam (c. 1190–1260 CE)
Main articles: Bana Kingdom and Magadai

Kadava dynasty (c. 1216–1279 CE)
Main article: Kadava dynasty
  • Kopperunchinga I (c. 1216 – 1242)
  • Kopperunchinga II (c. 1243 – 1279)

Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
Main article: Delhi Sultanate

Mamluk dynasty of Delhi (1206–1290)
Main article: Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

Khilji dynasty (1290–1320)
  • Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290–1296)
  • Alauddin Khilji (1296–1316)
  • Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah Khilji (1316–1320)
  • Khusro Khan khilji (1320)

Tughlaq dynasty (1321–1414)
Main article: Tughlaq dynasty

After the invasion of Timur in 1398, the governor of Multan, Khizr Khan abolished the Tughluq dynasty in 1414.

Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479)
Main article: Jaunpur Sultanate

Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451)
Main article: Sayyid dynasty

Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)
Main article: Lodi dynasty

Bahmani dynasty (1347–1527)
  • Ala-ud-Din Bahman Mohamed bin Laden Shah (1347–1358)
  • Muhammad Shah I (1358–1375)
  • Ala ud din Mujahid Shah (1375–1378)
  • Daud Shah I (1378)
  • Muhammad Shah II (1378–1397)
  • Ghiyas ud din Tahmatan Shah (1397)
  • Shams ud din Daud Shah II (1397)
  • Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah (1397–1422)
  • Ahmad Shah I Wali (1422–1435), established his capital at Bidar
  • Ala ud din Ahmad Shah II (1436–1458)
  • Ala ud din Humayun Shah (1458–1461)
  • Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III (1461–1463)
  • Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (1463–1482)
  • Mahmood Shah Bahmani II(1482–1518)
  • Ahmad Shah IV (1518–1521)
  • Ala ud din Shah (1521–1522)
  • Waliullah Shah (1522–1524)
  • Kalimullah Shah (1524–1527)

Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562)
Main article: Malwa Sultanate

Ghoris (1390–1436)
  • Dilavar Khan Husain (1390–1405)
  • Alp Khan Hushang (1405–1435)
  • Ghazni Khan Muhammad (1435–1436)
  • Mas'ud Khan (1436)

Khaljis (1436–1535)

Under Gujarat (1530–1534)
  • Amit parsagandites (1534–1535)

Barid Shahi dynasty (1489–1619)
Main article: Bidar Sultanate
  • Qasim Barid I 1489 – 1504
  • Amir Barid I 1504 – 1542
  • Ali Barid Shah I 1542 – 1580
  • Ibrahim Barid Shah 1580 – 1587
  • Qasim Barid Shah II 1587 – 1591
  • Ali Barid Shah II 1591
  • Amir Barid Shah II 1591 – 1601
  • Mirza Ali Barid Shah III 1601 – 1609
  • Amir Barid Shah III 1609 – 1619

Imad Shahi dynasty (1490–1572)
Main article: Berar Sultanate

Adil Shahi dynasty (1490–1686)
Main article: Adil Shahi dynasty

Nizam Shahi dynasty (1490–1636)

Qadirid (1535–1555)

Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518–1687)
Main article: Qutb Shahi dynasty

Ahom dynasty rule over Assam (1228–1826)
Main article: Ahom dynasty
See also: History of Assam

Manikya dynasty (c.1400–1949)
Main article: Manikya dynasty

Baro-Bhuyan (1576-1632)
Main article: Baro-Bhuyan

Musunuri Nayaks (1323–1368)
Main article: Musunuri Nayakas

There were at least two Musunuri Nayak rulers:

  • Musunuri Prolaya Nayudu (1323–1333)
  • Musunuri Kapaya Nayak (1333–1368)

Reddy dynasty (1325–1548 CE)
  • Prolaya Vema Reddy (1325–1335)
  • Anavota Reddy (1335–1364)
  • Anavema Reddy (1364–1386)
  • Kumaragiri Reddy (1386–1402)
  • Kataya Vema Reddy (1395–1414)
  • Allada Reddy (1414–1423)
  • Veerabhadra Reddy (1423–1448)

Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE)
Main article: Vijayanagara Empire

Sangama dynasty (1336–1487)
Main article: Sangama dynasty
  • Harihara I (Deva Raya) 1336–1343
  • Bukka I (1343–1379)
  • Harihara II (1379–1399)
  • Bukka II (1399–1406)
  • Deva Raya I (1406–1412)
  • Vira Vijaya (1412–1419)
  • Deva Raya II (1419–1444)
  • (Not known) (1444–1449)
  • Mallikarjuna (1452–1465)
  • Rajasekhara (1468–1469)
  • Virupaksha I (1470–1471)
  • Praudha Deva Raya (1476–?)
  • Rajasekhara (1479–1480)
  • Virupaksha II (1483–1484)
  • Rajasekhara (1486–1487)

Saluva dynasty (1490–1567)
Main article: Saluva dynasty
  • Narasimha (1490–1503)
  • Narasa (Vira Narasimha) (1503–1509)
  • Achyuta (1530–1542)
  • Sadasiva (1542–1567)

Tuluva dynasty (1491–1570)
Main article: Tuluva dynasty

Araveeti Dynasty (1565–1680)
  • Aliya Rama raya (1542–1565) – unofficial ruler
  • Tirumala raya (1570–1572)
  • Ranga raya I (1572–1585)
  • Venkatapathi raya II (1586–1614)
  • Ranga raya II (1614)
  • Venkatapathi raya III (1630–1642)
  • Ranga raya III (1642)

Mysore
Main article: Kingdom of Mysore

Wodeyar dynasty (first rule, 1371–1761)
  • Yaduraya Wodeyar or Raja Vijaya Raj Wodeyar (1371–1423)
  • Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar I (1423–1459)
  • Thimmaraja Wodeyar I (1459–1478)
  • Hiriya Chamaraja Wodeyar II (1478–1513)
  • Hiriya bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553)
  • Thimmaraja Wodeyar II (1553–1572)
  • Bola Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576)
  • Bettada Devaraja Wodeyar (1576–1578)
  • Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar V (1617–1637)
  • Raja Wodeyar II (1637–1638)
  • (Ranadhira) Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar I (1638–1659)
  • Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar (1659–1673)
  • Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704)
  • Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II (1704–1714)
  • Dodda Krishnaraja Wodeyar I (1714–1732)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar VI (1732–1734)
  • (Immadi) Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (1734–1766), ruled under Hyder Ali from 1761
  • Nanajaraja Wodeyar (1766–1772), ruled under Hyder Ali
  • Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar VII (1772–1776), ruled under Hyder Ali
  • Khasa Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII (1776–1796), ruled under Hyder Ali until 1782, then under Tipu Sultan until his deposition in 1796

The reign of the Kings of Mysore (Wodeyar line) was interrupted from 1761 to 1799.

Hyder Ali's dynasty of Mysore (1761–1799)
  • Hyder Ali (1761–1782), Muslim commander deposing the Hindu Maharaja, fought the British and Nizams of Hyderabad in the first of 4 Anglo-Mysore Wars
  • Tipu Sultan - (1782–1799), son of Hyder Ali, considered the greatest ruler of Mysore, assumed the novel style Badhshah Bahadur of Khudadad (thus claiming the paramountcy of India instead of the Mughal 'mere' Badhshah), fought the British, Marathas and Nizams of Hyderabad in the 3 Anglo-Mysore Wars (where iron rockets) were first used, allied to the French and lost.

Wodeyar dynasty (second rule, 1799–1950)
  • (Mummudi) Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1799–1868)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar IX (1868–1894)
  • H.H. Vani Vilas Sannidhana, queen of Chamaraja Wodeyar IX served as regent from 1894 to 1902
  • (Nalvadi) Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV (1894–1940)
  • Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur (1940–1950)

Gajapati Kingdom (1434–1541 CE)
Main article: Gajapati Kingdom
  • Kapilendra Deva (1434–67)
  • Purushottama Deva (1467–97)
  • Prataparudra Deva (1497–1540)
  • Kalua Deva (1540–41)
  • Kakharua Deva (1541)

Maharajas of Cochin (Perumpadapu Swaroopam, 1503–1964)
Main article: Kingdom of Cochin

Veerakerala Varma, nephew of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, is supposed to have been the first king of Cochin around the 7th century CE. But the records we have start in 1503.

  1. Unniraman Koyikal I (?–1503)
  2. Unniraman Koyikal II (1503–1537)
  3. Veera Kerala Varma (1537–1565)
  4. Keshava Rama Varma (1565–1601)
  5. Veera Kerala Varma (1601–1615)
  6. Ravi Varma I (1615–1624)
  7. Veera Kerala Varma (1624–1637)
  8. Godavarma (1637–1645)
  9. Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646)
  10. Veera Kerala Varma (1646–1650)
  11. Rama Varma I (1650–1656)
  12. Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658)
  13. Rama Varma II (1658–1662)
  14. Goda Varma (1662–1663)
  15. Veera Kerala Varma (1663–1687)
  16. Rama Varma III (1687–1693)
  17. Ravi Varma II (1693–1697)
  18. Rama Varma IV (1697–1701)
  19. Rama Varma V (1701–1721)
  20. Ravi Varma III (1721–1731)
  21. Rama Varma VI (1731–1746)
  22. Veera Kerala Varma I (1746–1749)
  23. Rama Varma VII (1749–1760)
  24. Veera Kerala Varma II (1760–1775)
  25. Rama Varma VIII (1775–1790)
  26. Shaktan Thampuran (Rama Varma IX) (1790–1805)
  27. Rama Varma X (1805–1809) – Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Vellarapali")
  28. Veera Kerala Varma III (1809–1828) – Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "karkidaka" month (Kollam Era))
  29. Rama Varma XI (1828–1837) – Thulam-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME))
  30. Rama Varma XII (1837–1844) – Edava-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME))
  31. Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851) – Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur)
  32. Veera Kerala Varma IV (1851–1853) – Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Kashi" or Varanasi)
  33. Ravi Varma IV (1853–1864) – Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Makaram" month (ME))
  34. Rama Varma XIV (1864–1888) – Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Mithunam" month (ME))
  35. Kerala Varma V (1888–1895) – Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chingam" month (ME))
  36. Rama Varma XV (1895–1914) – a.k.a. Rajarshi, abdicated (d. in 1932)
  37. Rama Varma XVI (1915–1932) – Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in Madras or Chennai)
  38. Rama Varma XVII (1932–1941) – Dhaarmika Chakravarthi (King of Dharma), Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chowara")
  39. Kerala Varma VI (1941–1943) – Midukkan (syn: Smart, expert, great) Thampuran
  40. Ravi Varma V (1943–1946) – Kunjappan Thampuran (Brother of Midukkan Thampuran)
  41. Kerala Varma VII (1946–1948) – Ikya-Keralam (Unified Kerala) Thampuran
  42. Rama Varma XVIII (1948–1964) – Pareekshit Thampuran

Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
Main article: Mughal Empire

Mewar Dynasty (728-1947)
Main article: Sisodia
See also: Mewar and Udaipur State

Sisodia

Took whole Mewar from Mughal till 1579.Greatest Rajput Ruler born In India.

Suri dynasty (1540–1555)

Chogyal, monarchs of Sikkim and Ladakh (1642–1975)
Main article: Chogyal
See also: History of Sikkim and History of Ladakh

1. 1642–1670 Phuntsog Namgyal (1604–1670) Ascended the throne and was consecrated as the first Chogyal of Sikkim. Made the capital in Yuksom.

2. 1670–1700 Tensung Namgyal (1644–1700) Shifted capital to Rabdentse from Yuksom.

3. 1700–1717 Chakdor Namgyal (1686–1717) His half-sister Pendiongmu tried to dethrone Chakdor, who fled to Lhasa, but was reinstated as king with the help of Tibetans.

4. 1717–1734 Gyurmed Namgyal (1707–1733) Sikkim was attacked by Nepalis.

5. 1734–1780 Phuntsog Namgyal II (1734–1780) Nepalis raided Rabdentse, the then capital of Sikkim.

6. 1780–1793 Tenzing Namgyal (1769–1793) Chogyal fled to Tibet, and later died there in exile.

7. 1793–1863 Tsugphud Namgyal (1785–1863) The longest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim. Shifted the capital from Rabdentse to Tumlong. Treaty of Titalia in 1817 between Sikkim and British India was signed in which territories lost to Nepal were appropriated to Sikkim. Darjeeling was gifted to British India in 1835. Two Britons, Dr. Arthur Campbell and Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker were captured by the Sikkimese in 1849. Hostilities between British India and Sikkim continued and led to a treaty signed, in which Darjeeling was ceded to the British Raj.

8. 1863–1874 Sidkeong Namgyal, (1819–1874)

9. 1874–1914 Thutob Namgyal (1860–1914) John Claude White appointed as the first political officer in Sikkim in 1889. Capital shifted from Tumlong to Gangtok in 1894.

10. 1914 Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal (1879–1914) The shortest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim, ruled from 10 February to 5 December 1914. Died of heart failure, aged 35, in most suspicious circumstances.

11. 1914–1963 Tashi Namgyal (1893–1963) Treaty between India and Sikkim was signed in 1950, giving India suzerainty over Sikkim.

12. 1963–1975 Palden Thondup Namgyal, (1923–1982)

Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Main article: Maratha Empire
See also: Bhosale and Chhatrapati

Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj era
  • Shivaji (born on 19 February 1630, crowned on 6 June 1674; and died on 3 April 1680)
  • Sambhaji (1680–1689), elder son of Shivaji
  • Rajaram Chhatrapati (1689–1700), younger son of Shivaji
  • Tarabai, regent (1700–1707), widow of Chhatrapati Rajaram
  • Shivaji II (b. 1696, ruled 1700–14); first of the Kolhapur Chhatrapatis

The Empire was divided between two branches of the family c. 1707–10; and the division was formalized in 1731.

Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Kolhapur (1700–1947)
Main article: Kolhapur State
  • Shivaji II (b. 1696, ruled 1700–14)
  • Sambhaji II of Kolhapur (b. 1698, r. 1714–60)
  • Rajmata Jijibai of Kolhapur|Rajmata Jijibai, regent (1760–73), senior widow of Sambhaji II
  • Rajmata Durgabai of Kolhapur|Rajmata Durgabai, regent (1773–79), junior widow of Sambhaji II
  • Shahu Shivaji II of Kolhapur (r. 1762–1813); adopted by Jijibai, his predecessor's senior widow
  • Sambhaji III of Kolhapur (b. 1801, r. 1813–21)
  • Shivaji III of Kolhapur (b. 1816, r. 1821–22) (council of regency)
  • Shahaji I of Kolhapur (b. 1802, r. 1822–38)
  • Shivaji IV of Kolhapur (b. 1830, r. 1838–66)
  • Rajaram I of Kolhapur (r. 1866–70)
  • Council of regency (1870–94)
  • Shivaji V of Kolhapur (b. 1863, r. 1871–83); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Rajarshi Shahu IV of Kolhapur (b. 1874, r. 1884–1922); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Rajaram II of Kolhapur (b. 1897 r. 1922–40)
  • Indumati Tarabai of Kolhapur, regent (1940–47), widow of Rajaram II
  • Shivaji VI of Kolhapur (b. 1941, r. 1941–46); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Shahaji II of Kolhapur (b. 1910, r. 1947, d. 1983); formerly Maharaja of Dewas Senior; adopted by Indumati Tarabai, widow of Rajaram II

The state acceded unto the Dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947.

Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Satara (1707–1839)
See also: History of Satara district and Satara state
  • Shahu I (1708–1749). Son of Sambhaji I.
  • Ramaraja (1749–1777). Grandson of Rajaram and Tarabai; adopted son of Shahu I.
  • Shahu II of Satara (1777–1808). Son of Ramaraja.
  • Pratapsinh (1808–1839)
  • Shahaji III (1839–1848)
  • Pratapsinh I (adopted)
  • Rajaram III
  • Pratapsinh II
  • Raja Shahu III (1918–1950)

The Peshwas (1713–1858)

Technically they were not monarchs, but hereditary prime ministers, though in fact they ruled instead of the Maharaja after death of Chattrapati Shahu, and were hegemon of the Maratha confederation.

See also: Peshwa
  • Balaji Vishwanath (1713 – 2 April 1720) (b. 1660, died 2 April 1720)
  • Peshwa Bajirao I (17 April 1720 – 28 April 1740) (b. 18 August 1700, died 28 April 1740)
  • Balaji Bajirao (4 July 1740 – 23 June 1761) (b. 8 December 1721, d. 23 June 1761)
  • Madhavrao Ballal (1761 – 18 November 1772) (b. 16 February 1745, d. 18 November 1772)
  • Narayanrao Bajirao (13 Dec 1772 – 30 August 1773) (b. 10 August 1755, d. 30 August 1773)
  • Raghunath Rao Bajirao (5 Dec 1773 – 1774) (b. 18 August 1734, d. 11 December 1783)
  • Sawai Madhavrao (1774 – 27 October 1795) (b. 18 April 1774, d. 27 October 1795)
  • Baji Rao II (6 Dec 1796 – 3 June 1818) (d. 28 January 1851)
  • Nana Sahib (1 July 1857 – 1858) (b. 19 May 1825, d. 24 September 1859)

Bhosale Maharajas of Thanjavur (?–1799)
Further information: Thanjavur Maratha kingdom

Descended from a brother of Shivaji; ruled independently and had no formal relationship with the Maratha Empire.

  • Ekoji I
  • Shahuji I of Thanjavur
  • Serfoji I
  • Tukkoji
  • Ekoji II
  • Sujanbai
  • Shahuji II of Thanjavur
  • Pratapsingh of Thanjavur (r. 1737–63)
  • Tulojirao Bhonsle of Thanjavur (b. 1738, r. 1763–87), elder son of Pratapasimha
  • Serfoji II of Thanjavur (r. 1787–93 & 1798–99, d. 1832); adoptive son of Tuloji Bhonsle
  • Ramaswami Amarasimha Bhonsle (r. 1793–98); younger son of Pratapasimha

The state was annexed by the British in 1799.

Bhosale Maharajas of Nagpur (1799–1881)
Further information: Nagpur kingdom
  • Raghoji I (1738–1755)
  • Janoji (1755–1772)
  • Sabaji (1772–1775)
  • Mudhoji I (1775–1788)
  • Raghoji II (1788–1816)
  • Parsoji Bhonsle (18??–1817)
  • Mudhoji II (1816–1818)
  • Raghoji III (1818–1853)
  • The kingdom was annexed by the British on 13 March 1854 under the Doctrine of Lapse.[32]

Holkar rulers of Indore (1731–1948)
Main article: Holkar
See also: Indore State

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India. The monarchy was ended in 1948, but the title is still held by Usha Devi Maharaj Sahiba Holkar XV Bahadur, Maharani of Indore since 1961.

Scindia rulers of Gwalior (1731–1947)
Main article: Scindia
See also: Gwalior State
  • Ranojirao Scindia (1731 – 19 July 1745)
  • Jayapparao Scindia (1745 – 25 July 1755)
  • Jankojirao I Scindia (25 July 1755 – 15 January 1761). Born 1745
  • Meharban Dattaji Rao Scindia, Regent (1755 – 10 January 1760). Died 1760
  • Vacant 15 January 1761 – 25 November 1763
  • Kedarjirao Scindia (25 November 1763 – 10 July 1764)
  • Manajirao Scindia Phakade (10 July 1764 – 18 January 1768)
  • Mahadaji Scindia (18 January 1768 – 12 February 1794). Born c. 1730, died 1794
  • Daulatrao Scindia (12 February 1794 – 21 March 1827). Born 1779, died 1827
  • Jankoji Rao Scindia II (18 June 1827 – 7 February 1843). Born 1805, died 1843
  • Jayajirao Scindia (7 February 1843 – 20 June 1886). Born 1835, died 1886
  • Madho Rao Scindia (20 June 1886 – 5 June 1925). Born 1876, died 1925
  • George Jivajirao Scindia (Maharaja 5 June 1925 – 15 August 1947, Rajpramukh 28 May 1948 – 31 October 1956, later Rajpramukh). Born 1916, died 1961

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India.

  • Madhavrao Scindia (6 February 1949; died 2001)
  • Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia (born 1 January 1971)

Gaekwad dynasty of Baroda (1721–1947)
Main article: Gaekwad dynasty
See also: Baroda State

The Muslim vassals of the Mughal/British Paramountcy (1707–1856)

Nawabs of Bengal (1707–1770)
Main article: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad
  • Murshid Quli Jafar Khan (1707–1727)
  • Sujauddin Khan (1727–1739)
  • Sarfraz Khan (1739–1740)
  • Alivardi Khan (1740–1756)
  • Siraj Ud Daulah (1756–1757)
  • Mir Jafar (1757–1760)
  • Mir Qasim (1760–1763)
  • Mir Jafar (1763–1765)
  • Najm ud Daulah (1765–1766)
  • Saif ud Daulah (1766–1770)

Nawabs of Oudh (1719–1858)
See also: Oudh State

Nizams of Hyderabad (1720–1948)
See also: Hyderabad State and Nizam of Hyderabad
  • Mir Qamaruddin Khan, Nizal ul Mulk, Asif Jah I (1720–1748)
  • Mir Ahmed Ali Khan Nasir Jang Nazam-ud-Dowlah (1748–1750)
  • Nawab Hidayat Mohuddin Sa'adu'llah Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang (1750–1751)
  • Nawab Syed Mohammed Khan, Amir ul Mulk, Salabat Jang (1751–1762)
  • Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Bahadur, Nizam ul Mulk, Asif Jah II (1762–1803)
  • Nawab Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah, Asif Jah III (1803–1829)
  • Nawab Mir Farkhonda Ali Khan Nasir-ud-Daulah, Asif Jah IV (1829–1857)
  • Nawab Mir Tahniat Ali Khan Afzal ud Daulah, Asif Jah V (1857–1869)
  • Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, Asif Jah VI (1869–1911)
  • Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII (1911–1948)

Savanur State
See also: Savanur State

Kingdom of Travancore (1729–1949)
See also: Travancore

Sikh Empire (1801–1849)
See also: Sikh Empire

The British Empire annexed the Punjab c. 1845–49; after the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars

Emperors/Empresses of India (1857–1947)
See also: Emperor of India and British Raj

Dominion of India (1947–1950)
See also: Dominion of India

Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)
See also: Dominion of Pakistan

See also

Notes
  1. The title "Emperor of India" did not disappear with Indian independence from Great Britain in 1947, but in 1947, as when India became the Dominion of India (1947–1950) after independence in 1947, George VI retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1947, and thereafter he remained monarch of India until it became the Republic of India in 1950.[33]

References
  1. Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India. Pearson Education India. pp. 381–384. ISBN 9788131711200.
  2. Charles Higham (2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. p. 299. ISBN 9781438109961.
  3. Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). Ancient India, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, ISBN 81-219-0887-6, pp.594–6
  4. Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1994). Ancient India, History and Archaeology. Abhinav. pp. 33–41. ISBN 978-81-7017-304-5.
  5. Susan L. Huntington (1984). The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture. Brill Archive. pp. 32–39. ISBN 90-04-06856-2.
  6. R. C. Majumdar (1971). History of Ancient Bengal. G. Bharadwaj. p. 161–162.
  7. Abdul Momin Chowdhury (1967). Dynastic history of Bengal, c. 750-1200 CE. Asiatic Society of Pakistan. pp. 272–273.
  8. Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. pp. 253–. ISBN 978-81-7017-059-4.
  9. Dineshchandra Sircar (1975–76). "Indological Notes - R.C. Majumdar's Chronology of the Pala Kings". Journal of Ancient Indian History. IX: 209–10.
  10. Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 329. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.
  11. Jain 1972, pp. 330–331
  12. Jain 1972, p. 331
  13. Jain 1972, p. 332
  14. Jain 1972, pp. 333–335
  15. Jain 1972, pp. 335, 341
  16. Jain 1972, p. 341
  17. Jain 1972, pp. 341, 345
  18. Jain 1972, p. 352
  19. Jain 1972, p. 354
  20. Jain 1972, p. 357
  21. Jain 1972, p. 359
  22. Jain 1972, p. 361
  23. Jain 1972, p. 362
  24. Jain 1972, pp. 363–364
  25. Jain 1972, p. 368
  26. Jain 1972, p. 369
  27. Jain 1972, p. 370
  28. Jain 1972, p. 371
  29. Jain 1972, p. 373
  30. Jain 1972, p. 374
  31. Jain 1972, p. 376
  32. Prabhakar Gadre (1994). Bhosle of Nagpur and East India Company. Jaipur, India: Publication Scheme. p. 257. ISBN 978-81-85263-65-6. Cogent arguments were advanced against the lapse of Nagpur State. But ... the view of the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, pravailed and the Nagpur kingdom was annexed on 13th March, 1854.
  33. "No. 38330". The London Gazette. 22 June 1948. p. 3647. Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with the Indian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. CH. 30.('Section 7: ...(2)The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words " Indiae Imperator " and the words " Emperor of India " and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm.'). According to this Royal Proclamation, the King retained the Style and Titles 'George VI by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith', and he thus remained King of the various Dominions, including India and Pakistan, though these two (and others) eventually chose to abandon their monarchies and became republics.
Timeline and
cultural period		 Northwestern India
(Punjab-Sapta Sindhu)		 Indo-Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India
Upper Gangetic Plain
(Ganga-Yamuna doab)		 Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain
IRON AGE
Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period
(Srauta culture)[lower-alpha 1]
Painted Grey Ware culture		 Late Vedic Period
(Shramanic culture)[lower-alpha 2]
Northern Black Polished Ware		 Pre-history
 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru-Panchala Magadha Adivasi (tribes)
Culture Persian-Greek influences "Second Urbanisation"
Rise of Shramana movements
Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga		 Pre-history
 5th century BC (Persian conquests) Shaishunaga dynasty Adivasi (tribes)
 4th century BC (Greek conquests) Nanda empire
HISTORICAL AGE
Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period
(300 BC – 200 AD)
 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas
Early Pandyan Kingdom
Satavahana dynasty
Cheras
46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam
Culture Preclassical Hinduism[lower-alpha 3] - "Hindu Synthesis"[lower-alpha 4] (ca. 200 BC - 300 AD)[lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 6]
Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition
Mahayana Buddhism		 Sangam period
(continued)
(300 BC – 200 AD)
 2nd century BC Indo-Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire
Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty		 Early Cholas
Early Pandyan Kingdom
Satavahana dynasty
Cheras
46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam
 1st century BC
 1st century AD

Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthians

 Kuninda Kingdom
 2nd century Kushan Empire
 3rd century Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty
Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras)
Culture "Golden Age of Hinduism"(ca. AD 320-650)[lower-alpha 7]
Puranas
Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire
Varman dynasty		 Kalabhra dynasty
Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras)
Kadamba Dynasty
Western Ganga Dynasty
 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty
Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras)
Vishnukundina
 6th century Nezak Huns
Kabul Shahi		 Maitraka Adivasi (tribes) Badami Chalukyas
Kalabhra dynasty
Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras)
Culture Late-Classical Hinduism (ca. AD 650-1100)[lower-alpha 8]
Advaita Vedanta - Tantra
Decline of Buddhism in India
 7th century Indo-Sassanids Vakataka dynasty
Empire of Harsha		 Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi (tribes) Pandyan Kingdom (Under Kalabhras)
Pandyan Kingdom(Revival)
Pallava
 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom
Kalachuri
 9th century Gurjara-Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty
Pandyan Kingdom
Medieval Cholas
Pandyan Kingdom (Under Cholas)
Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty
Kamboja-Pala dynasty		 Kalyani Chalukyas
Medieval Cholas
Pandyan Kingdom (Under Cholas)
Chera Perumals of Makkotai
Rashtrakuta
References and sources for table

References

  1. Samuel
  2. Samuel
  3. Michaels (2004) p.39
  4. Hiltebeitel (2002)
  5. Michaels (2004) p.39
  6. Hiltebeitel (2002)
  7. Michaels (2004) p.40
  8. Michaels (2004) p.41

Sources

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