Foreign relations of Canada

The foreign relations of Canada are Canada's relations with other governments and peoples. Britain was the chief foreign contact before World War II. Since then Canada's most important relationship, being the largest trading relationship in the world, is with the United States.^[1] However, Canadian governments have traditionally maintained active relations with other nations, mostly through multilateral organizations such as the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, the Organization of American States, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

The Lester B. Pearson Building is the home of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada

History

Colonial era

The British North American colonies which today constitute modern Canada had no control over their foreign affairs until the achievement of responsible government in the late 1840s. Up to that time, wars, negotiations and treaties were carried out by the British government to settle disputes concerning the colonies over fishing and boundaries and to promote trade. Notable examples from the colonial period include the Nootka Convention, the War of 1812, the Rush–Bagot Treaty, the Treaty of 1818, the Webster–Ashburton Treaty, and the Oregon Treaty. Before the granting of responsible government, British diplomats handled foreign affairs and had the goal of achieving British goals, especially peace with the United States; domestic Canadian interests were secondary. The Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 signaled an important change in relations between Britain and its North American colonies. In this treaty, the Canadas were allowed to impose tariff duties more favourable to a foreign country (the U.S.) than to Britain, a precedent that was extended by new tariffs in 1859, 1879 and 1887, despite angry demands on the part of British industrialists that these tariffs be disallowed by London.^[2]

Dominion of Canada: 1867

Soon after Confederation, the first prime minister Sir John A. Macdonald appointed Sir John Rose as his lobbyist in London. When Alexander Mackenzie became prime minister, he sent George Brown to represent Canada in Washington during British-American trade talks. After the Conservative Party came back to power in 1878, the government sent Alexander Galt to London, as well as to France and Spain. Although the British government was concerned about this nascent Canadian diplomacy, it finally consented to giving Galt the formal title of High Commissioner in 1880. A trade commissioner was appointed to Australia in 1894. As High Commissioner, Charles Tupper helped negotiate an agreement with France in 1893 but it was countersigned by the British ambassador as the Queen's official representative to France. Meanwhile, in 1882 the province of Quebec made its first of many forays into the international community by sending a representative, Hector Fabre to Paris in 1882.^[3]

Canada's responses to international events elsewhere were limited at this time. During 1878 tensions between Britain and Russia, for example, Canada constructed a few limited defences but did little else. By the time of the British campaign in Sudan of 1884–85, however, Canada was expected to contribute troops. Since Ottawa was reluctant to become involved, the Governor General of Canada privately raised 386 voyageurs at Britain's expense to help British forces on the Nile river. By 1885, many Canadians offered to volunteer as part of a potential Canadian force, however the government declined to act. This stood in sharp contrast to Australia (New South Wales), which raised and paid for its own troops.^[4]

The first Canadian commercial representative abroad was John Short Larke. Larke became Canada's first trade commissioner following a successful trade delegation to Australia led by Canada's first Minister of Trade and Commerce, Mackenzie Bowell.^[5]

The Alaska boundary dispute, simmering since the US purchased Alaska from Russia of 1867, became critical when gold was discovered in the Canadian Yukon during the late 1890s. Alaska controlled all the possible ports of entry. Canada argued its boundary included the port of Skagway, held by the U.S.. The dispute went to arbitration in 1903, but the British delegate sided with the Americans, angering Canadians who felt the British had betrayed Canadian interests to curry favour with the U.S.^[6]^[7]

In 1909, Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier reluctantly established a Department of External Affairs and the positions of Secretary and Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs, largely at the urging of the Governor-General Earl Grey and James Bryce, the British ambassador in Washington, who estimated that three-quarters of his embassy's time was devoted to Canadian-American matters.

Laurier signed a reciprocity treaty with the U.S. that would lower tariffs in both directions. Conservatives under Robert Borden denounced it, saying it would integrate Canada's economy into that of the U.S. and loosen ties with Britain. The Conservative party won the Canadian federal election, 1911.^[8]

World Wars

Due to Canada's important contributions to the British war effort in 1914–18, Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden insisted that Canada be treated as a separate signatory to the Treaty of Versailles. In 1920 Canada became a full member of the League of Nations, and acted independently of London. It was elected to the League Council (governing board) in 1927. It did not play a leading role, and generally opposed sanctions or military action by the League. The League was virtually defunct by 1939.^[9]

The government operated a Canadian War Mission in Washington, 1918 to 1921, but it was not until William Lyon Mackenzie King became Prime Minister in 1921 that Canada seriously pursued an independent foreign policy. In 1923, Canada independently signed the Halibut Treaty with the United States at Mackenzie King's insistence – the first time Canada signed a treaty without the British also signing it. In 1925, the government appointed a permanent diplomat to Geneva to deal with the League of Nations and International Labour Organization. Following the Balfour Declaration of 1926, King appointed Vincent Massey as the first Canadian minister plenipotentiary in Washington (1926), raised the office in Paris to legation status under Philippe Roy (1928), and opened a legation in Tokyo with Herbert Marler as envoy (1929).

Canada achieved legislative independence with the enactment of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, although British diplomatic missions continued to represent Canada in most countries throughout the 1930s.

In the 1930s, the Mackenzie King government strongly supported the appeasement policy of the Chamberlain government in London toward Nazi Germany.^[10]^[11]

After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Canada rapidly expanded its diplomatic missions abroad. While Canada hosted two major Allied conferences in Quebec in 1943 and 1944, neither Prime Minister Mackenzie King nor senior generals and admirals were invited to take part in any of the discussions.^[12]

1945-1957

The Canadian Institute of International Affairs (CIIA) has long been the intellectual center of foreign policy thinking. Its current name is "Canadian International Council". Under businessman Edgar Tarr, 1931 to 1950, the CIIA went beyond the original neutral and apolitical research role. Instead it championed Canadian national autonomy and sought to enlarge the nation's international role, while challenging British imperialism. Numerous diplomats attended its conferences and supported its new mission. Canada's foreign policy moved away from imperialism and toward the sort of anti-colonialism promoted by the United States. CIIA leaders and Canadian officials worked to encouraged nationalist forces in India, China, and Southeast Asia that sought to reject colonial rule and Western dominance.^[13]

Diplomats reminiscing about the postwar era stress the outsized role of Lester B. Pearson; they fondly call the 1940s and 1950s a "golden era" of Canadian foreign policy. It certainly stood apart from the embarrassing isolationism of the 1930s, which James Eayrs called a low, dishonest decade."^[14] However, the Golden Era tag has been challenged as a romantic exaggeration. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, working closely with his Foreign Minister Louis St. Laurent, handled foreign relations 1945-48 in cautious fashion. Canada lent and donated over $2 billion to Britain to help it rebuild (by purchasing Canadian exports). It was elected to the UN Security Council. It helped design NATO. However, Mackenzie King rejected free trade with the United States,^[15] and decided not to play a role in the Berlin airlift.^[16] Canada had been actively involved in the League of Nations, primarily because it could act separately from Britain. It played a modest role in the postwar formation of the United Nations, as well as the International Monetary Fund. It played a somewhat larger role in 1947 in designing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.^[17] Ties with Great Britain gradually weakened, especially in 1956 when Canada refused to support the British and French invasion of Egypt in order to seize the Suez Canal. Liberal Lester B. Pearson as External Affairs Minister (foreign minister) won the Nobel Peace Prize for organizing the United Nations Emergency Force in 1956 to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis.^[18]

From 1939 to 1968, foreign policy was based on close relationships with the United States, especially in trade and defense policy, with Canada an active member of NATO as well as a bilateral partner with the United States in forming a northern defense against Soviet bombers. In 1950-53, Canada sent troops to the Korean War in defense of South Korea.^[19]

For Lester Pearson, cultural differences, Francophonee versus Anglophone, could perhaps be narrowed by involvement in world affairs. Canadians could gain a broader, more cosmopolitan, more liberal outlook. A sense of national identity, built on the middle size nation thesis, was possible. Perhaps international commitment would produce a sense of purpose and thereby unite Canadians.^[20]

There were voices on both left and right that Warned against being too close to the United States. Few Canadians listened before 1957. Instead, there was wide consensus on Canadian foreign and defense policies 1948 to 1957. Bothwell, Drummond and English state:

That support was remarkably uniform geographically and racially, both coast to coast and among French and English. From the CCF on the left to the Social Credit on the right, the political parties agreed that NATO was a good thing, and communism a bad thing, that a close association with Europe was desirable, and that the Commonwealth embodied a glorious past.^[21]

However the consensus did not the last. By 1957 the Suez crisis alienated Canada from both Britain and France; politicians distrusted American leadership, businessmen questioned American financial investments; and intellectuals ridiculed the values of American television and Hollywood offerings that all Canadians watched. "Public support for Canada's foreign policy big came unstuck. Foreign-policy, from being a winning issue for the Liberals, was fast becoming a losing one."^[22]

Since 1957

Peacekeeping

The success of the Suez peacekeeping mission led Canadians to embrace peacekeeping as a suitable role for a middle-sized country, looking for a role, and having high regards for the United Nations. This led to sending a peacekeeping force to Cyprus in 1964, when two NATO members, Greece and Turkey were at swords' point over ethnic violence in the historic British colony. The Canadians left in 1993 after 28 were killed and many wounded in the operation. Peacekeeping help was needed in the Belgian Congo in 1960-64, after Belgium pulled out. There were numerous other small interventions. Canada took a central role in the International Control Commission (ICC), which tried to broker peace in Vietnam in the 1960s.^[23] In 1993 violent misbehavior by Canadian peacekeeping forces in Somalia shocked the nation.^[24]^[25]

Relations with US and others

Progressive Conservative John Diefenbaker (1957-1963) tried to improve relations with Britain even as it was trying to enter the European Common Market, which would greatly weaken its historic ties with Canada. US President Dwight Eisenhower took pains to foster good relations with Diefenbaker. That led to approval of plans to join the United States in what became known as NORAD, an integrated air defence system, in mid-1957. Relations with President John Kennedy were much less cordial. Diefenbaker opposed apartheid in the South Africa and helped force it out of the Commonwealth of Nations. His indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles from the United States led to his government's downfall.^[26]

The Vietnam War (1964-1975) was very unpopular in Canada, which provided only minimal diplomatic support and no military participation. Liberal Lester B. Pearson as Prime Minister (1963-1968) avoided any involvement in Vietnam.^[27] Foreign affairs was not high on his agenda, as he concentrated on complex internal political problems.^[28]

Under Liberal Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau (1968-1979 and 1980-1984) foreign policy was much less important than internal unity. There were multiple new approaches, some of which involved standing apart from the United States. Trudeau recognized communist China shortly before the United States did,^[29] improved relationships with the Soviet Union, and cut back on contributions to NATO. While not cutting back on trade with the United States, he did emphasize improved trade with Europe and Asia. By his third year in office, however, Trudeau launched a new initiatives, emphasizing Canada's role as a middle power with the ability to engage in active peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the United Nations.^[30] Foreign aid was expanded, especially to the non-white Commonwealth. Canada joined most of NATO in imposing sanctions on Russia for its invasion of Afghanistan in 1979-80.^[31] President Ronald Reagan took office in Washington in 1981, and relationships cooled.^[32] However when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, Canada joined most of NATO and sending troops to the Persian Gulf war.^[33]

Although Canada remained part of NATO, a strong military presence was considered unnecessary by 1964, and funding was diverted into peacekeeping missions. Only 20,000 soldiers were left. Andrew Richter calls this, "Forty years of neglect, indifference, and apathy."^[34]

Québec started operating its own foreign policy in the 1960s, so that in key countries Canada had two separate missions with diverging priorities.^[35]

Administration

In 1982, responsibility for trade was added with the creation of the Department of External Affairs and International Trade. In 1995, the name was changed to Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.

Canada has often carried out its foreign policy through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions.^[36] Under the aegis of Canadian foreign policy, various departments and agencies conduct their own international relations and outreach activities. For example, the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence conduct defence diplomacy in support of national interests, including through the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés,^[37] participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g., the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation,^[38] and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

There are two major elements of Canadian foreign relations, Canada-US relations and multilateralism.

Greg Donaghy, of Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs, argues:

Since taking power in 2006, Prime Minister Harper's government has clearly abandoned the liberal internationalism that had so often characterized Ottawa's approach to world affairs, replacing it with a new emphasis on realist notions of national interest, enhanced capabilities, and Western democratic values.^[39]

Canada's international relations are the responsibility of the Department of Global Affairs, which is run by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, a position currently held by Chrystia Freeland. Traditionally the Prime Minister has played a prominent role in foreign affairs decisions. Foreign aid, formerly delivered through the Canadian International Development Agency, has been administered by DFATD since March 2013.^[40]

Foreign aid

Former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Haiti Ministerial Preparatory Conference addressing earthquake relief in Montreal, January 25, 2010

Canada's foreign aid was administered by the Canadian International Development Agency, which provided aid and assistance to other countries around the world through various methods. In March 2013 CIDA ceased to exist when it was folded into DFAIT, creating DFATD.^[40] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Millennium Development Goals, while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises. However a growing focus on development, defense, and diplomacy in recent decades has produced a concentration of foreign aid funding to countries determined to be security risks to Canadian policy. For example, in 2004-2005 the largest recipients of Canada's official developmental assistance were Afghanistan and Iraq, two nations in conflict with the United States of America and its allies at the time. The structural emphasis on security and industry development has contributed to a fixed foreign policy that generally fails to consider global health and international social and economic inequalities.^[41]

In addition, although Canada’s foreign aid policies has been molded with the intentions to be in accordance to the Millennium Development Goals, its focus on human security has slowly shifted away as new policy developments arose. The foreign aid provided by the country became less "people-centered" and less health-related. Canada’s contributions have been quite inconsistent with regards to human security, which indicates that the reputation that the country has built throughout the years, in fact, exceeds the country’s actual record. Canada’s contributions internationally have been detrimental and crucial but it needs redirecting back to its original goals.^[41]

Federalism and foreign relations

The provinces have a high level of freedom to operate internationally, dating from Quebec's first representative to France in 1886, Hector Fabre. Alberta has had representatives abroad, starting with Alberta House in London (37 Hill Street), since 1948, and British Columbia around 25 years before that.^[42] By 1984, Quebec had offices in ten countries including eight in the United States and three in other Canadian provinces while Ontario had thirteen delegations in seven countries.^[43] Most provincial governments have a ministry of international relations, both Quebec and New Brunswick are members of La Francophonie (separately from the federal delegation), Alberta has quasi-diplomatic offices in Washington (currently staffed by former cabinet minister Gary Mar). Provincial premiers were always part of the famous Team Canada trade missions of the 1990s. In 2007, Quebec premier Jean Charest proposed a free trade agreement with the European Union.

Provinces have always participated in some foreign relations, and appointed agents general in the United Kingdom and France for many years, but they cannot legislate treaties. The French-speaking provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick are members of la Francophonie, and Ontario has announced it wishes to join. Quebec has pursued its own foreign relations, especially with France. Alberta opened an office in Washington, D.C., in March 2005 to lobby the American government, mostly to reopen the borders to import of Canadian beef. With the exception of Quebec, none of these efforts undermine the ability of the federal government to conduct foreign affairs.

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Algeria	1962	See Algeria-Canada relations Algeria is Canada's top trading partner in Africa. Algeria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal. Canada has an embassy in Algiers. See also Embassy of Algeria in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to Algeria
Angola	1978	See Embassy of Angola in Ottawa Angola has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. See also List of Canadian ambassadors to Angola
Burkina Faso		Burkina Faso has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada has an embassy in Ouagadougou.
Cameroon		Cameroon has a high commission in Ottawa. Canada has a high commission in Yaoundé.
Cape Verde	1976	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1976.^[44] Canada is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal. Cape Verde is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Chad		Canada is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Khartoum, Sudan and has an honorary consulate in N'Djamena. Chad has an embassy in Ottawa.
Comoros	1977	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1977.^[45] Canada is accredited to the Comoros from its high commission in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Comoros is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. Both countries are full members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.
Côte d'Ivoire	1962	See Canada–Ivory Coast relations Canada has an embassy in Abidjan. Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ottawa.
Democratic Republic of the Congo		See Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations Canada has an embassy in Kinshasa. DR Congo has an embassy in Ottawa.
Egypt	1954	See Canada–Egypt relations Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954. Canada has had an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Ethiopia	1956	See Canada–Ethiopia relations Canada has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia has an embassy in Ottawa.
Ghana		Canada has a high commission in Accra. Ghana has a high commission in Ottawa.
Guinea-Bissau	1975	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1975. Canada is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal. Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
Kenya	1965	See Canada–Kenya relations Canada has a High Commission in Nairobi. Kenya has a high commission in Ottawa.
Lesotho	1966	See Canada–Lesotho relations Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.^[46] Canada accredited to Lesotho from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.^[46] Lesotho has a high commission in Ottawa^[46] and an honorary consulate in Maseru.^[47] Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
Madagascar	1965	See Canada–Madagascar relations Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.^[48] Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.^[49]
Malawi	1973	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1973.^[50] Canada is accredited to Malawi from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique. Malawi is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Mali	1978	See Canada–Mali relations Mali's embassy in Ottawa was opened in 1978. Canada's embassy opened in Bamako in 1995. Mali also operates honorary consulates in Vancouver, British Columbia, Calgary, Alberta, Montreal, Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec and Fredericton, New Brunswick. Canada has donated one billion dollars (US$, 2007) in bilateral development aid to Mali between 1962 and 2007, ranking it Mali's fifth-largest bilateral donor. Canada's development work in Mali has been chiefly in the railways, telecommunications and hydroelectricity sectors, in the management of government decentralization, in education and health. Canada has contributed 9% towards the cost of the regional peace-keeping school, École de maintien de la paix Alioune Blondin Beye de Bamako, and has provided Canadian trainers to the school. Two industrial, open-pit gold mines in Mali, Sadiola and Yatela, are partly owned by Canadian mining company IAMGOLD Corporation, and financed in part by Canada's public pension funds. Together, they contributed to one-half of Mali's industrial gold production during 1996–2007. In 2005, there were 73 Canadian-owned mining properties in Mali. At least thirteen junior Canadian mining companies held exploration licences in Mali in 2009. Over the period 2001–2005, Canadian mining assets in Mali represented 31% of Mali's total stock of foreign direct investment. Malian-Canadian immigrants made up 0.0027% of the Canadian population in 2006.
Morocco	1956	Canada has an embassy in Rabat.^[51] Morocco has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.^[52] Both countries are full members of the Francophonie. There are 100,000 people of Moroccan descent living in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Morocco
Mozambique		See Canada–Mozambique relations Canada has a high commission in Maputo. Mozambique is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Namibia		See Canada–Namibia relations Canada is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. Namibia is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Nigeria	1960-10-01	Canada has a high commission in Abuja and a deputy high commission on Lagos.^[53] Nigeria has a high commission in Ottawa.^[54] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Jerome Iginla, Hockey player; father is Nigerian, mother is Canadian. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Nigeria
Rwanda		Canada has a high commission in Kigali. Rwanda has a high commission in Ottawa.
Senegal	1962	See Canada–Senegal relations Canada has an embassy in Dakar.^[55] Senegal has an embassy in Ottawa.^[56]
South Africa	1939	See Canada–South Africa relations Canada established diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including South Africa, as World War II broke out. Canada has a high commission in Pretoria. South Africa has a high commission in Ottawa.
South Sudan	2011-07-09	Canada currently has no true diplomatic relations with South Sudan and does not have an embassy in Juba. Although Canada has a non resident embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Canada recognized South Sudan's independence on 9 July 2011.
Sudan		Canada has an embassy in Khartoum. Sudan has an embassy in Ottawa.
Swaziland	1968	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1968.^[57] Canada is represented in Swaziland via parallel accreditation of its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.^[57] Swaziland is represented in Canada through its embassy in Washington, D.C..^[57] Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
Tanzania		Canada has a high commission in Dar-es-Salaam. Tanzania has a high commission in Ottawa.
Tunisia	1957	Since May 1966, Canada has an embassy in Tunis. Since September 1969, Tunisia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Montreal. Both countries are full members of the Francophonie. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Tunisia Tunisian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada (in French only)
Zambia	1964	Canada has an office of the High Commission located in Lusaka. Zambia's High Commission to Canada is in Ottawa. Canada currently has a development assistance program in Zambia, which is focused on the health sector to provide Zambians with equal access to quality health care. Canada and Zambia are currently in the process of negotiating a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement.^[58]
Zimbabwe	1980	Canada has an embassy in Harare Zimbabwe has an embassy in Ottawa.

Americas

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Argentina	1940-04	See Argentina–Canada relations Canada’s first ambassador to Buenos Aires, began his assignment in 1945. In 2011 Canada's largest imports were decorative items gold, wines and Iron and steal pipes.^[59] Canada's largest exports to Argentina were Energy-related products; telephones sets, and fertilizers.^[59] Bilateral trade in 2014 was $2.19 billion.^[60] Both countries are members of the Organization of American States and the Cairns Group. Argentina has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-genes in Montreal and Toronto. Canada has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Antigua and Barbuda	1981	Antigua and Barbuda is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto. The Canadian High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.^[61]
Bahamas	1973	The Canadian High Commission in Kingston, Jamaica is accredited to the Bahamas. Canada has an honorary consul in Nassau. The Bahamas is represented by their High Commission in Ottawa.^[62] Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with the Bahamas
Barbados	1966-11-30	See Barbados–Canada relations In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a Trade Commissioner Service to the Caribbean region located in Bridgetown, Barbados. Following Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom in November 1966, the Canadian High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in September 1973. There is a Barbadian High Commission in Ottawa and a Barbadian Consulate in Toronto. The relationship between both nations today partly falls within the larger context of Canada–Caribbean relations.
Belize	1981-09-21	Belize is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. Canada is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala, City, Guatemala.
Bolivia		Bolivia has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada has an embassy in La Paz.
Brazil	1941-05	See Brazil–Canada relations Brazil has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Canada has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. See also Embassy of Brazil in Ottawa, List of Brazilian ambassadors to Canada
Chile	1941	See Canada–Chile relations Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Chile's first full free trade agreement and Canada's first with a Latin American nation.^[63] Canada has an embassy in Santiago. Chile has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Colombia	1953-01	See Canada–Colombia relations Canada has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto. Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.
Costa Rica	1961	Canada has an embassy in San José. Costa Rica has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada funds Costa Rica's migrant services agency ACAI.
Cuba	1945	See Canada–Cuba relations Canada has maintained consistently cordial relations with Cuba, in spite of considerable pressure from the United States, and the island is also one of the most popular travel destinations for Canadian citizens. Canada-Cuba relations can be traced back to the 18th century, when vessels from the Atlantic provinces of Canada traded codfish and beer for rum and sugar. Cuba was the first country in the Caribbean selected by Canada for a diplomatic mission. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1945, when Emile Vaillancourt, a noted writer and historian, was designated Canada's representative in Cuba. Canada and Mexico were the only two countries in the hemisphere to maintain uninterrupted diplomatic relations with Cuba following the Cuban Revolution in 1959. Canada has an embassy in Havana and honorary consuls in Varadero and Guardalavaca. Cuba has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates in Montreal and Toronto.
Dominica	1979	Canada is accredited to Dominica from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados. Dominica is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C, United States.
Dominican Republic	1954	Canada has an embassy in Santo Domingo. Dominican Republic has an embassy in Ottawa.
Ecuador	1960	Canada has an embassy in Quito. Ecuador has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
El Salvador	1961	Canada has an embassy in San Salvador. El Salvador has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Grenada	1974-02-07	See Grenada–Canada relations Canada is accredited to Grenada from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados. Grenada is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C, United States.
Guatemala	1961	Canada has an embassy in Guatemala City. Guatemala has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Guyana	1964	See Canada–Guyana relations In 1964 Canada opened the Commission of Canada in Georgetown, Guyana. In 1966 it became a Canadian High Commission. There is a Guyanese High Commission in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto. Canada and Guyana have strong ties through the Commonwealth of Nations. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Guyanese police work closely to help with drug, and human smuggling.^[64]^[65]
Haiti	1954	See Canada–Haiti relations Canada has an embassy in Port-au-Prince. Haiti has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Honduras	1961	Canada has an embassy in Tegucigalpa. Honduras has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
Jamaica	1962	See Canada–Jamaica relations Since 4 March 1963, Canada has a high commission in Kingston. Jamaica has a high commission in Ottawa.
Mexico	1944-01	See Canada–Mexico relations Despite the fact that historic ties between the two nations have been coldly dormant, relations between Canada and Mexico have positively changed in recent years; seeing as both countries brokered the North American Free Trade Agreement. Although on different sides of the Cold War spectrum (Canada was a member of NATO while Mexico was in the Non-Aligned Movement, the two countries were still allies in World War II.) Canada has an embassy in Mexico City, a consulate-general in Monterrey and a consulate in Guadalajara, plus consular agency offices in seven resort communities.^[66] Mexico has an embassy in Ottawa, with consulates general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, and consulates in Calgary and Leamington.^[67] Both countries are members of NAFTA, APEC, OECD and the G20. See also Embassy of Mexico in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to Mexico
Nicaragua	1961	Canada has an embassy in Managua. Nicaragua is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Panama	1961	See Canada–Panama relations Canada has an embassy in Panama City.^[68] Panama has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto.^[69] Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Panama
Paraguay	1961	Canada is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and maintains an honorary consul in Asunción. Paraguay has an embassy in Ottawa.^[70] Both countries are full members of the Cairns Group and the Organization of American States. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Paraguay Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Canada
Peru	1940	See Canada–Peru relations Canada has an embassy in Lima.^[71] Peru has an embassy in Ottawa and three consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, of the Cairns Group and of the Organization of American States. The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Peru to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid. This list includes 18 countries and the West Bank and Caribbean.^[72] Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Peru Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Canada (in Spanish only)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	1983-09-19	Canada is accredited to Saint Kitts and Nevis from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados. Saint Kitts and Nevis is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C, United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto.
Saint Lucia	1979-02-22	Canada is accredited to Saint Lucia from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados. Saint Lucia is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C, United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1979-10-27	Canada is accredited to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C, United States.
Suriname	November 1975	Canada is accredited to Suriname from its embassy in Georgetown, Guyana and maintains an honorary consulate in Paramaribo. Suriname is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Trinidad and Tobago	1962-08-31	Canada has a high commission in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago has a high commission in Ottawa.
United States	1927-02-18	See Canada–United States relations Relations between Canada and the United States span more than two centuries, marked by a shared British colonial heritage, conflict during the early years of the U.S., and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and, apart from minor raids, has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during the World Wars and continued throughout the Cold War, despite Canadian doubts about certain American policies. A high volume of trade and migration between the U.S. and Canada has generated closer ties, despite continued Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in population, wealth and debt.^[73] Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners, share the world's longest shared border,^[74] and have significant interoperability within the defense sphere. See also Embassy of the United States in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Washington, United States Ambassador to Canada, List of Canadian ambassadors to the United States
Uruguay	1953-01	See Canada–Uruguay relations Canada has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto, and an honorary consul in Vancouver.
Venezuela	1953-01	See Canada–Venezuela relations In February 1948 there was a Canadian consulate-general in Caracas and a Venezuelan consulate-general in Montreal. In that year the Venezuelan Consul General, on behalf of the government of Venezuela, made a rapprochement with Canada in order to open direct diplomatic representations between the two countries;^[75] but the Canadian government delayed the opening of a diplomatic mission in Venezuela because of the lack of enough suitable personnel to staff a Canadian mission in Venezuela and the impossibility of Canada beginning a representation in Venezuela in that year without considering a policy of expansion of Canadian representation abroad.^[76] In the interest of protecting Canadian trade with Venezuela and considering the difficulties for business in being without a Canadian representation in Caracas, Canada was pushed to accept the Venezuelan offer of exchanging diplomatic missions.^[77] Finally Canada elevated the former office of the Canadian Consulate General in Caracas to the category of embassy in 1953.^[78] On the other hand, Venezuela established an embassy in Canada in 1952.^[79] Since then there have been good commercial relations between the two countries, especially in technology, oil and gas industry, telecommunications and others. Canada has an embassy in Caracas. Venezuela has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

Asia

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Afghanistan	1960s 1968 (officially)	See Afghanistan–Canada relations The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Afghanistan to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid.^[72] Afghanistan has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada has an embassy in Kabul. See also: War in Afghanistan, Embassy of Canada in Kabul, List of Canadian ambassadors to Afghanistan
Armenia	1992	See Armenia–Canada relations Armenia has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
Azerbaijan	1992	See Azerbaijan–Canada relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Bangladesh		See Bangladesh–Canada relations Bangladesh has a high commission in Ottawa. Canada has a high commission in Dhaka.
Brunei	1984-05-07	See Brunei–Canada relations Brunei has its high commission in Ottawa. Canada has its high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations
China	1970-10-13	See Canada–China relations Since 2003, China has emerged as Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for approximately six percent of Canada's total world trade. According to a recent study by the Fraser Institute, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China in 2007. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 per cent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totaled C$38.3 billion. Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400 percent.^[80] Leading commodities in the trade between Canada and China include chemicals, metals, industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, wood products, and fish products.^[81] Canada has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chongqing. Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai. China has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. See also Embassy of China in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to the People's Republic of China
Georgia	1992-07-23	Canada is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey and maintains an honorary consul in Tbilisi. Georgia has an embassy in Ottawa. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Georgia Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Canada
India	1947-08-15	See Canada–India relations In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion.^[82] However, India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the Colombo Plan.^[83] Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests.^[83] Canada has a high commission in New Delhi and has a consulate-general in Mumbai. India has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.
Indonesia	1952	See Canada–Indonesia relations Canada has an embassy in Jakarta.^[84] Indonesia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.^[85] Both countries are full members of the G-20 major economies, of the Cairns Group and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Indonesia
Iran	1955 ended 2012	See Canada–Iran relations Canadian-Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point the Canadian Consular and Commercial Affairs in Iran was handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in Tehran in 1959 and raised to embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the Iranian Revolution, Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on Roosevelt Avenue in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa which was upgraded to embassy status, however in 2012. Canada severed all diplomatic ties with Iran in regard to Iran's treatment of human rights. Canada has an interest section in Tehran. Iran has an interest section in Ottawa.
Iraq	1961-02 to 1991-12 2005-06	See Canada and the Iraq War, Embassy of Iraq in Ottawa Canada has an embassy in Baghdad. Iraq has an embassy in Ottawa.
Israel	1950	See Canada–Israel relations At the United Nations in 1947, Canada was one of the thirty-three countries that voted in favour of the creation of a Jewish homeland. Canada delayed granting de facto recognition to Israel until December 1948, and finally gave full de jure recognition to the new nation on 11 May 1949, only after it was admitted into the United Nations (UN). A week later, Avraham Harman became Israel's first consul general in Canada. In September 1953, the Canadian Embassy opened in Tel Aviv and Israeli Ambassador to Canada, Michael Comay, was appointed, although a non-resident Canadian Ambassador to Israel was not appointed until 1958. Canada has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Israel has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto. See also: Embassy of Israel in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to Israel
Japan	1928-12	See Canada–Japan relations The two countries enjoy an amicable companionship in many areas; diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1950 with the opening of the Japanese consulate in Ottawa. In 1929, Canada opened its Tokyo legation, the first in Asia;^[86] and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.^[87] Canada has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate-general in Nagoya. Japan has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. See also: Embassy of Japan in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Tokyo, List of Canadian ambassadors to Japan
Kazakhstan	1992	See Canada–Kazakhstan relations Canada has an embassy in Astana and a consulate in Almaty. Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto. Canada has designated Kazakhstan as a priority emerging market for bilateral trade.^[88]
Kuwait		Canada has an embassy in Kuwait City. Kuwait has an embassy in Ottawa.
Kyrgyzstan	1992	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.^[89] Canada is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan. Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Lebanon	1954	See Canada–Lebanon relations Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first ambassador. The embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Ottawa in 1946. A consulate-general replaced the consulate in 1949, and it was upgraded to full embassy status in 1958. Canada has an embassy in Beirut.^[90] Lebanon has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.^[91]
Malaysia	1957-08-31^[92]	See Canada–Malaysia relations Canada has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia has a High Commission in Ottawa. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canada's trade relationship with Malaysia includes commerce across several sectors.^[93]
Mongolia	1973-11-30	See Canada–Mongolia relations Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa. Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ad hoc linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980. When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency and several non-governmental organizations.^[94]
North Korea	2001-02-06 to 2010-03-26	See Canada–North Korea relations Canada and North Korea share very little trade due to the destabilizing element North Korea has caused in the Asia Pacific region. Canada is represented by the Canadian Ambassador resident in Seoul, and North Korea is represented through its office at the UN in New York City.
Pakistan	1947-08-15	See Canada–Pakistan relations Canada has a high commission in Islamabad and consulate in Karachi. Pakistan has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million in 2007.^[95] There are an estimated 300,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.^[96] See also Pakistani Canadian, High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa
Philippines	1949	Canada has an embassy in Manila and an honorary consul in Cebu City.^[97] Philippines has an embassy in Ottawa two consulates general in Toronto and Vancouver, and honorary consuls in Calgary, Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island and St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.^[98] Both countries are full members of the Cairns Group and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. There are 411,000 people of Filipino descent living in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Philippines
Qatar		See Canada–Qatar relations Canada has an embassy in Doha. Qatar has an embassy in Ottawa.
Saudi Arabia	1973-05	See Canada–Saudi Arabia relations Saudi Arabia is Canada's second largest trade partner among the seven countries of the Arabian Peninsula,^[99] totalling more than $2 billion in trade in 2005,^[100] nearly double its value in 2002, trade totaled $3.8 in 2014.^[101] Canada chiefly imports petroleum, and oil from Saudi Arabia, while The largest exporting good are such as cereals, railway/tramway equipment; machinery equipment and paper in 2010.^[102] Canada has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ottawa. See also Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa
Singapore	1965-12-15	See Canada–Singapore relations Canada has a high commission in Singapore.^[103] Singapore is represented in Canada through its embassy to the United Nations in New York City and through a consulate-general in Vancouver. Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Singapore
South Korea	1963-01-14^[104]	See Canada–South Korea relations Canadian soldiers participated in the defense of South Korea during the Korean War. Canada has an embassy in Seoul. South Korea has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are full members of the APEC, the OECD and the G20.
Taiwan	1949-1970 official 1991-quasi-official	See Canada–Taiwan relations The Government of Canada has a representative office in Taipei dealing with quasi-official affairs.^[105] Taiwan has an Economic and Cultural Office in Canada in Ottawa,^[106] consulate offices in Toronto^[107] and Vancouver.^[108] Taiwan External Trade Development Council also has offices in Toronto and Vancouver.^[109] Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
Tajikistan	1992	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992. Canada is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan. Tajikistan is accredited to Canada from it embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Thailand	1947	See Canada-Thailand relations Canada has an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate in Chiang Mai.^[110] Thailand has an embassy in Ottawa, consulates general in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Montreal, and Thai Trade Centre Offices in Vancouver and Toronto.^[111] Both countries are full members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Canada is a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum. Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Thailand
Turkey	1944	See Canada–Turkey relations Canada has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls general in Halifax, Montreal, Saskatoon, Calgary and Edmonton. The recognition of the Armenian Genocide by the Canadian parliament has soured relations between the two countries.^[112] Canada-Turkey bilateral merchandise stood at $2.3 billion in 2012. Turkey is Canada's 34th largest trade partner. Canadian merchandise exports to Turkey were $850 million in 2012, and consisted mainly of oils (not crude), minerals, iron/steel and vegetables.^[113]
United Arab Emirates		See Canada–United Arab Emirates relations Canada has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
Vietnam	1973-08-21	See Canada-Vietnam relations Since 1994, Canada has an embassy in Hanoi and since 1997 a general consulate in Ho Chi Minh City.^[114] Vietnam has an embassy in Ottawa. Both countries are full members of the Francophonie and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. There are 152,000 people of people of Vietnamese descent living in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Vietnam Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada
Yemen	1975-12 (North Yemen) 1976-05 (South Yemen) 1989-09 (united Yemen)	Canada is represented in Yemen by its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Yemen has an embassy in Ottawa. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Yemen

Europe

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Albania	1987-09-10	See Albania–Canada relations The Canadian embassy in Rome is accredited to Albania. Canada has an honorary consul in Tirana. Albania is represented by their embassy in Ottawa.^[115] Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Albania
Andorra	1995	Canada is represented in Andorra by its embassy in Spain. Andorra is represented in Canada by its embassy in New York. It also has a consulate in Montreal. Both states are members of La Francophonie.
Austria		Austria has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada has an embassy in Vienna.
Belarus		Belarus has an embassy in Ottawa. Canada is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
Belgium	1939-01	See Belgium–Canada relations Belgium has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates (in Montreal and Toronto), and four honorary consuls (in Edmonton, Halifax, Vancouver and Winnipeg) located in Canada. Belgium's three regions (Wallonia, Flanders and Brussels) each have their own offices in the Montreal consulate. Wallonia also has a second office in the Toronto consulate, which also represents Flanders and Brussels. Canada has an embassy in Brussels. Canada also has an honorary consulate in Antwerp, and Quebec maintains its own separate delegation in Brussels. The Canadian delegations to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are located in Belgium, as Belgium houses the headquarters of each. Luxembourg is often dealt with in tandem to Belgium. Belgium and Canada are member states of a variety of international organizations. They include: the United Nations, NATO, La Francophonie, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.^[116]
Bosnia and Herzegovina		Bosnia and Herzegovina have an embassy in Ottawa. Canada is accredited to Bosnia and Herzegovina from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
Bulgaria		Bulgaria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.^[117]^[118] Canada has an honorary consul in Sofia, and is represented through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania) for diplomatic matters. Both countries are members of NATO. Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about the relations with Bulgaria
Croatia	1993-04-14	Canada has an embassy in Zagreb.^[119] Croatia has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate general (in Mississauga, Ontario) and an honorary consul (in Montreal).^[120] In September 1993 Canadian peacekeepers in the Balkans encountered Croatian forces engaged in campaign against Serbs in Croatia called Operation Medak Pocket, and claim to have engaged them in a firefight. This version of events is disputed by Croatian media outlets. See also Embassy of Croatia in Ottawa, Canadians of Croatian ancestry Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Croatia Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Canada
Cyprus	1960-08-16	See Canada–Cyprus relations Canadian bilateral political relations with Cyprus stemmed initially from Cypriot Commonwealth membership at independence in 1960 (that had followed a guerrilla struggle with Britain). These relations quickly expanded in 1964 when Canada became a major troop contributor to UNFICYP. The participation lasted for the next 29 years, during which 50,000 Canadian soldiers served and 28 were killed. In large measure Canadian relations with Cyprus continue to revolve around support for the ongoing efforts of the UN, G8 and others to resolve the island's divided status. Canada has an honorary consul in Nicosia. Cyprus has a high commission in Ottawa.
Czech Republic	1993	See Canada–Czech Republic relations Canada has an embassy in Prague. Czech Republic has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Vancouver and Winnipeg).
Denmark	1949-10-14	See Canada–Denmark relations Canada has an embassy in Copenhagen.^[121] Denmark has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto.^[122] Both countries are full members of NATO and of the Arctic Council. There are more than 200,000 Canadians with Danish ancestry. Recent issues between Canada and Denmark involve the claim of Hans Island. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Denmark
Estonia	1922	Office of the Embassy of Canada to Estonia in Tallinn Canada recognised Estonia in 1922 and re-recognised Estonia on 26 August 1991. Canada is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Riga (Latvia) and an honorary consul in Tallinn. Estonia has an embassy in Ottawa and four honorary consuls (in Montreal, Vancouver, and two in Toronto).^[123] There are around 22,000 Canadians of Estonian descent. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Estonia Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada
Finland	1947-11-21	Canada has an embassy in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Ottawa and 13 honorary consuls (in Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Regina, Saskatchewan, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Sudbury, Ontario, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Timmins, Ontario, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg). With their 13 consulates across Canada, Finland is the most represented foreign country in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Canada
France	1882	See Canada–France relations In the 2007 and 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy,^[124] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Quebec Premier Jean Charest^[125] all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.^[124] Canada has an embassy in Paris. France has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Moncton, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto and Vancouver. See also: Embassy of France in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Paris, List of French ambassadors to Canada, List of Canadian ambassadors to France
Germany		See Canada–Germany relations Until 2005 Canada's embassy was in Bonn, but in April 2005 a new embassy opened in Berlin. Canada also operates consulates in Munich, Düsseldorf and Hamburg. The provinces of Ontario and Alberta have representatives in Germany, co-located in the consulates. Quebec runs a stand-alone bureau in Munich, with an "antenne culturelle" office in Berlin. In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington. See also: Embassy of Canada in Berlin, Embassy of Germany in Ottawa
Greece	1937	See also Canada–Greece relations The nations first exchanged ambassadors in 1942. Both countries are members of the United Nations, the Human Security Network, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and NATO. Greece has an embassy in Ottawa, as well as consulates general in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.^[126] Canada has an embassy in Athens and an honorary consul in Thessaloniki.^[127] See also: Embassy of Greece in Ottawa Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece Greek Ministry of Foreign Affaires about relations with Canada
Holy See	1969	See Canada–Holy See relations Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territoriality established in Canada since the founding of New France in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established under the papacy of Paul VI in the 1960s. Canada has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Ottawa.
Hungary	1964	See Canada–Hungary relations Canada has an embassy in Budapest.^[128] Hungary has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate general in Toronto and six honorary consuls (in Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg and two in Vancouver).^[129]^[130]^[131] Both countries are full members of NATO. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Hungary
Iceland	1942	See Canada–Iceland relations Iceland's first honorary consulate was established in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1942. In May 2001, Iceland opened an embassy in Ottawa and upgrade its Winnipeg mission to an official consulate.^[132]^[133] In November 2001, Canada opened an embassy in Reykjavík, before then it was represented by their embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consul in Reykjavík.^[134] Both countries are full members of NATO and of the Arctic Council. Canada Foreign Affairs and International Trade Ministry about relations with Iceland
Ireland	1929-12-28	See Canada–Ireland relations Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Roughly 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population. Canada has an embassy in Dublin. Ireland has an embassy in Ottawa. See also: Embassy of Ireland in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to the Republic of Ireland
Italy	1947	See Canada–Italy relations Canada has an embassy in Rome, and honorary consuls (in Milan and Udine).^[135] Italy has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).^[136]^[137]^[138] Both countries are full members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the G8, and NATO. There are around 1,500,000 people of Italian descent living in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relation with Italy
Kosovo	2009-04-07	See also International reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence Canada recognized Kosovo on 18 March 2008.^[139] Canada is accredited to Kosovo from its embassy in Zagreb, Croatia. Kosovo has an embassy in Ottawa.
Latvia	1921	See Canada–Latvia relations Canada re-recognized Latvia’s independence on 26 August 1991. Restored relations on 3 September 1991. Canada has an embassy in Riga. Latvia has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Quebec City and Toronto.
Lithuania	1921	Canada has an embassy office in Vilnius, but that reports to the embassy in Riga (Latvia).^[140] Lithuania has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Montreal and Vancouver.^[141] Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of NATO. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Lithuania Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list bilateral treaties with Canada in Lithuanian only
Luxembourg		Canada is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium)and an honorary consul in Luxembourg City.^[142] Luxembourg is represented in Canada through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (USA), and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver).^[143] Canada often deals with Luxembourg in tandem with Belgium. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and of NATO. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Luxembourg
Macedonia	1995	The Republic of Macedonia and Canada established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1996. In September 2007, Canada decided to recognize Macedonia under its constitutional name, the "Republic of Macedonia", for bilateral purposes. Canada is accredited to Macedonia from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia. Macedonia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
Malta	1964	Canada is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consul in Valletta. Malta is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. The Ambassador of Malta to the United States also serves as High Commissioner of Malta to Canada. Malta has a consulate general in Toronto and honorary consuls (in Quebec City and St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador).^[144] Canada hosts a large Maltese immigrant community. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Malta
Moldova	1992	Canada is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania. Moldova has an embassy in Ottawa.
Monaco	1926	Canada is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France, and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco. Monaco is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States, and maintains honorary consulates in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Netherlands	1939-01	See Canada–Netherlands relations Canada has an embassy in The Hague. The Netherlands has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
Norway	1942	See Canada–Norway relations Canada has an embassy in Oslo. Norway has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are full members of the Arctic Council, of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, of NATO and of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Poland	1935	See Canada–Poland relations The Canada-Poland diplomatic relationship goes back from the first bilateral agreement, a Convention on Merchant Shipping, which was signed in 1935. Canada has an embassy in Warsaw. Poland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver). There are over 800,000 Polish-Canadians living in Canada. Both countries are full members of NATO and OECD.
Portugal	1946	See Canada–Portugal relations Canada has an embassy in Lisbon. Portugal has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
Romania	1967-04-03	See Canada–Romania relations Canada send its first resident ambassador in December 1976, and has an embassy in Bucharest.^[145] Romania has an embassy in Ottawa, opened in 1967, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver).^[146] Both countries are members of NATO. See also: Canadians of Romanian descent, Embassy of Canada in Bucharest, Embassy of Romania in Ottawa Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about relations with Romania Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada
Russia	1942-06-12	See Canada–Russia relations Canada and Russia benefit from extensive cooperation on trade and investment, energy, democratic development and governance, security and counter-terrorism, northern issues, and cultural and academic exchanges. Canada has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto
Serbia		Canada has an embassy in Belgrade.^[147] Serbia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto and honorary consuls (in Montreal and Vancouver).^[148]^[149] There are around 150,000 people of Serbian descent living in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada
Slovakia	1993-01-01	Canada is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.^[150] Slovakia has an embassy in Ottawa.^[151] Both countries are full members of NATO. There are around 100,000 people of Slovak descent living in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign affairs and Trade about the relation with Slovakia
Slovenia		Canada recognized Slovenian independence in January 1992, and established diplomatic relations a year later. Canada is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary, and through an honorary consul in Ljubljana. Slovenia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto. Both countries are full members of NATO.^[152] There are more than 35,000 Slovenes who live in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Slovenia
Spain	1935	See Canada–Spain relations Canada has an embassy in Madrid.^[153] Spain has an embassy in Ottawa^[154] and consulates-general in Montreal^[155] and Toronto.^[156] Both countries are full members of NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. There are 213,000 people of Spanish descent living in Canada. In 1995, a fishing dispute between the two countries broke out after Canadian Officials boarded a Spanish vessel in international waters. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Spain Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation about relations with Canada (in Spanish only)
Sweden		See Canada–Sweden relations Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights. In additional, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.^[157] Canada has an embassy in Stockholm and honorary consulates in Gothenburg and Malmö. Sweden has an embassy in Ottawa and ten honorary consulates in Calgary, Edmonton, Fredericton, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Regina, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.
Switzerland	1945	The first Swiss consulate opened in Montreal in 1875. Canada has an embassy in Bern and a United Nations mission in Geneva.^[158] Switzerland has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver) and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Halifax, Quebec City and Winnipeg).^[159] Both countries are full members of the Francophonie. Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Department about relations with Switzerland Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada
Ukraine	1992	See Canada–Ukraine relations, Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa Diplomatic relations were established between Canada and Ukraine on 27 January 1992.^[160] Canada opened its embassy in Kiev^[161] In April 1992, and the Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa opened in October of that same year,^[162] paid for mostly by donations from the Ukrainian-Canadian community. Ukraine opened a consulate general in Toronto in 1993^[162]^[163] and announced plans to open another in Edmonton in 2008.^[164] The main bilateral agreement signed between the two governments is the joint declaration of the "Special Partnership" between the two countries signed in 1994 and renewed in 2001.^[162] Canada has an embassy in Kiev and a consulate in Lviv. Ukraine has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
United Kingdom	1880	See Canada–United Kingdom relations London and Ottawa enjoy cooperative and intimate contact, which has grown deeper over the years; the two countries are related through history, the Commonwealth of Nations, and their sharing of the same Head of State and monarch. Canada has a high commission in London. United Kingdom has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. See also: High Commission of the United Kingdom in Ottawa, High Commission of Canada in London, List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to Canada, List of Canadian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom

Oceania

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Australia	1939-09-12	See Australia–Canada relations Australia has a high commission in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto and a consulate in Vancouver Canada has a high commission in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney. See also High Commission of Australia in Ottawa, High Commission of Canada in Canberra, List of Australian High Commissioners to Canada, List of Canadian High Commissioners to Australia
Fiji	1970-10-10	Canada is accredited to Fiji from its high commission in Wellington, New Zealand. Fiji is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Micronesia	1998-03-03	Canada is accredited to Micronesia from its high commission in Canberra, Australia. Micronesia is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
New Zealand	1942	See Canada–New Zealand relations New Zealand and Canada have a longstanding relationship that has been fostered by both countries' shared history and culture, by their membership the Commonwealth of Nations and links between residents of both countries. The two countries have a common Head of State, currently Queen Elizabeth II. New Zealand and Canada also have links through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth and mutual treaty agreements. New Zealand-Canada relations are important to both countries. Canada has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate in Auckland. New Zealand has a high commission in Ottawa and a trade office in Vancouver. See also List of High Commissioners from New Zealand to Canada, List of Canadian High Commissioners to New Zealand
Papua New Guinea		Canada is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its high commission in Canberra, Australia. Papua New Guinea is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
Samoa		Canada is accredited to Samoa from its high commission in Wellington, New Zealand. Samoa is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, New York.
Solomon Islands	7 July 1978	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1978.^[165] Canada is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its high commission in Wellington, New Zealand. Solomon Islands is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, New York. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Tonga		Canada is accredited to Tonga from its high commission in Wellington, New Zealand. Tonga is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, New York.

Other bilateral and plurilateral relations

One important difference between Canadian and American foreign policy has been in relations with communist governments. Canada established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (13 October 1970) long before the Americans did (1 January 1979). It also has maintained trade and diplomatic relations with communist Cuba, despite pressures from the United States.

Arms Control

Countries on the Canadian Automatic Firearms Country Control List

Canadian Government guidance for export controls on weapons systems is published by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.^[166]^[167] Automatic Firearms Country Control List, comprises a list of approved export nations which include as of 2014; (Albania, Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States).

Selected dates of diplomatic representation abroad

Australia – 1939 – first high commissioner Charles Burchell
Belgium – January 1939 – first ambassador Jean Désy
China – 1943 – first ambassador General Victor Odlum
France – 1882 – agent without diplomatic status Hector Fabre
France – 1928 – first minister Philippe Roy
France – 1944 – first ambassador George Philias Vanier
International Criminal Court – 2003 – first Judge-President Philippe Kirsch
Japan – May 1929 – first minister Sir Herbert Marler
Mexico – January 1944 – first ambassador William Ferdinand Alphonse Turgeon
Netherlands – January 1939 – first ambassador Jean Désy
Newfoundland – 1941 – first high commissioner Charles Burchell
United Kingdom – 1880 – first high commissioner Sir Alexander Galt
United Nations – first ambassador General Andrew McNaughton
United States of America – 1926 – first minister Vincent Massey

Multilateralism

Constable Lorant Haged, Royal Canadian Mounted Police and instructor at the leadership and management course, looks at a target after the Afghan National Police (ANP) ceased fire at a 9mm familirization range Dec. 3. The ANP are attending a six-month Leadership and Management course where they will also take a criminal Investigation course, leadership and mangagement classes and Rule of Law. The intent of the school is teach the ANP officers and leaders at an advanced level of training that will help them become more effective in running police sub-stations.

Canada is and has been a strong supporter of multilateralism. The country is one of the world's leading peacekeepers, sending soldiers under the U.N. authority around the world.^[168] Canadian former Minister of Foreign Affairs and subsequent Prime Minister, Lester B. Pearson, is credited for his contributions to modern international peacekeeping, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957.^[169] Canada is committed to disarmament, and is especially noted for its leadership in the 1997 Convention in Ottawa on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines.^[170]

In the last century Canada has made efforts to reach out to the rest of the world and promoting itself as a "middle power" able to work with large and small nations alike. This was demonstrated during the Suez Crisis when Lester B. Pearson mollified the tension by proposing peacekeeping efforts and the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. In that spirit, Canada developed and has tried to maintain a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts.^[171]

Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations, such as the Vietnam War or the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, but does join in sanctioned operations such as the first Gulf War, Afghanistan and Libya. It participated with its NATO and OAS allies in the Kosovo Conflict and in Haiti respectively.

Despite Canada's track record as a liberal democracy that has embraced the values of the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Canada has not been involved in any major plan for Reform of the United Nations Security Council; although the Canadian government does support UN reform, in order to strengthen UN efficiency and effectiveness.^[172]

Canada hosted the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City.

Canada is working on setting up military bases around the world, while reducing aid and diplomatic efforts.^[173]^[174] In the late 90s, Canada actively promoted the notion of human security as an alternative to business-as-usual approaches to foreign aid. However, by invoking the "three Ds" (defense, diplomacy, and development) as the fundamental basis for Canadian foreign policy, and then implementing this in a manner that conforms more to military security and trade interests, Canada has successfully distanced itself from the humanitarian objectives of foreign aid, with the human security goal far from being achieved. ^[175] Under the Harper government, emphasis on promoting Canada's military presence internationally has included an effort to rebrand Canada historically as a "warrior nation", in large measure to counter the image of only supporting peacekeeping and multilateralism.^[176]

Canada–Asia relations

In 1985 the Parliament of Canada passed an Act to create the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, a think-tank focusing on Canada-Asia relations, in order to enhance Canada-Asia relations. Canada also seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC). In addition, Canada is an active participant in discussions stemming from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and has been an active member, hosting the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000.

Canada–Caribbean relations

Many Caribbean Community countries turn to Canada as a valued partner.^[177] Canadians, particularly Canadian banks, played an important economic role in the development of former British West Indies colonies. Efforts to improve trade have included the idea of concluding a free trade agreement to replace the 1986 bilateral CARIBCAN agreement. At various times, several Caribbean countries have also considered joining Canadian Confederation as new provinces or territories, although no Caribbean nation has implemented such a proposal.

Canada–Commonwealth of Nations

Canada maintains close links to the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, with which Canada has strong historic ties and shares a monarch. It also remains a member of the Commonwealth.

Canada–European Union relations

Canada–Latin American relations

In recent years Canadian leaders have taken increasing interest in Latin America. Canada has had diplomatic relations with Venezuela since January 1953 and the relations are based on mutual commercial interests, especially in technology, oil and gas industry, telecommunications and others. Canada has an ongoing trade dispute with Brazil.

International organizations

Former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper at 2015 G7 summit with Shinzō Abe, Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, François Hollande, David Cameron, and Matteo Renzi in Bavaria, Germany.

Canada is a member of the following organizations:^[178]

Asian Development Bank (ADB) (nonregional member)
African Development Bank (AfDB) (nonregional member)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Arctic Council
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (dialogue partner)
Australia Group
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Commonwealth of Nations
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) (nonregional member)
Caribbean Postal Union (CPU)
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
Group of Seven (G7)
Group of Eight (G8)
Group of Ten (G-10)
Group of Twenty (G-20)
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (also known as the World Bank)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Criminal Court (ICCt)
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
International Development Association (IDA)
International Energy Agency (IEA)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
Interpol (organization) (Interpol)
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
MINUSTAH (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti)
MONUSCO (United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, International Organisation of La Francophonie (OIF)
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Paris Club
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) (partner)
Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) (observer)
United Nations (UN)
United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Customs Organization (WCO)
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
World Health Organization (WHO)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Zangger Committee

Relations with international groups

Organization	Main article	Mission of Canada	Heads of mission from Canada
North Atlantic Treaty Organization	Canada–NATO relations	Mission of Canada to the North Atlantic Council (Brussels)	List of Canadian ambassadors to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Organization of American States	Canada–Latin America relations	Mission of Canada to the Organization of American States (Washington, D.C.)	List of Canadian ambassadors to the Organization of American States
United Nations	Canada and the United Nations	Mission of Canada to: the UN in New York, the UN in Geneva, the UN in Nairobi, UNESCO in Paris, the FAO in Rome, the ICAO in Montreal	List of Canadian ambassadors to the United Nations

Organizations with headquarters in Canada

Major treaties signed in Canada

Ottawa Treaty or Mine Ban Treaty (1997)
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
Great Peace of Montreal (1701)

Territorial and boundary disputes

Secretary Kerry Chats With Arctic Council Chairman Leona Aglukkaq, Nunavut Territory Premier Peter Taptuna, and Northwest Territory Premier Robert McLeod in Iqaluit, Canada

Canada and the United States have negotiated the boundary between the countries over many years, with the last significant agreement having taken place in 1984 when the International Court of Justice ruled on the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine. Likewise, Canada and France had previously contested the maritime boundary surrounding the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, but accepted a 1992 International Court of Arbitration ruling.

Remaining disputes include managed maritime boundary disputes with the US (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, Machias Seal Island).

Arctic disputes

A long-simmering dispute between Canada and the U.S. involves the issue of Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage (the sea passages in the Arctic). Canada’s assertion that the Northwest Passage represents internal (territorial) waters has been challenged by other countries, especially the U.S., which argue that these waters constitute an international strait (international waters). Canadians were incensed when Americans drove the reinforced oil tanker Manhattan through the Northwest Passage in 1969, followed by the icebreaker Polar Sea in 1985, both without asking for Canadian permission. In 1970, the Canadian government enacted the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, which asserts Canadian regulatory control over pollution within a 100-nautical-mile (190 km) zone. In response, the Americans in 1970 stated, "We cannot accept the assertion of a Canadian claim that the Arctic waters are internal waters of Canada.... Such acceptance would jeopardize the freedom of navigation essential for United States naval activities worldwide." A compromise was reached in 1988, by an agreement on "Arctic Cooperation," which pledges that voyages of American icebreakers "will be undertaken with the consent of the Government of Canada." However the agreement did not alter either country’s basic legal position. Essentially, the Americans agreed to ask for the consent of the Government of Canada without conceding that they were obliged to. In January 2006, David Wilkins, the American ambassador to Canada, said his government opposes Stephen Harper's proposed plan to deploy military icebreakers in the Arctic to detect interlopers and assert Canadian sovereignty over those waters. ^[179]

Also, there is a dispute with Denmark over the sovereignty of the uninhabited Hans Island and surrounding waters in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland.

Along with other nations in the Arctic Council, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Russia, the maritime boundaries in the far north will be decided after countries have completed their submissions, due in 2012. Russia has made an extensive claim based on the Russian position that everything that is an extension of the Lomonosov Ridge should be assigned to Russia.^[180]^[181] Their submission had been rejected when first submitted by the United Nations in 2001.^[182] The regions represent some of the most extreme environments on Earth yet there is a hope for hypothetically commercially viable oil and gas deposits.

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↑ Consulate-General of Spain in Toronto
↑ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
↑ "Canadian embassy in Bern". Bern.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
↑ "Swiss embassy in Ottawa". Eda.admin.ch. 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
↑ For a detailed discussion of Canada's early diplomatic engagement with Canada, see Bohdan Kordan, "Canadian Ukrainian Relations: Articulating the Canadian Interest," in L. Hajda, ed. (1996), Ukraine in the World: Studies in the International Relations and Security Structure of a Newly Independent State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
↑ The capital of Ukraine (commonly "Kiev" in English) is officially recognized by both the Canadian and Ukrainian governments as Kyiv in all English communications (although not in French).
1 2 3 "Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs". Mfa.gov.ua. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
↑ Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs,
↑ Edmonton, The (20 December 2007). "Edmonton Journal". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
↑
↑ http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-91-575/page-2.html#h-1
↑ http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/SOR-91-575.pdf
↑ "The history of Canadian peacekeeping". CBC. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
↑ "Biography - Lester Bowles Pearson". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
↑ "Disarmament - Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention". The United Nations Office at Geneva. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
↑ "Canada and International Peace Efforts". Veterans Affairs Canada. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
↑ "United Nations Reform". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
↑ Payton, Laura. "Canada considering international bases: MacKay." CBC News, 2 June 2011.
↑ Noormohamed, Taleeb. "How Harper's Foreign Policy is Failing Canada." The Tyee, 2 June 2011.
↑ Jerry M. Spiegel & Robert Huish (2009): Canadian foreign aid for global health: Human security opportunity lost, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 15:3, 60–84.
↑ McKay, I., & Swift, J. (2012). Warrior Nation: Rebranding Canada in an Age of Anxiety. Between the Lines.
↑ Staff writer. "Carrington: lauds Canada as 'special friend' of region". Stabroek Newspaper. In brief remarks at the signing, Secretary-General Carrington expressed appreciation to the Government of Canada for its support, and pointed out that over the years "Canada had proven to be a "special friend" of the Caribbean at the regional and bilateral levels." "Our relations with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) have grown to the extent that "it is now considered to be a highly valued international development partner for the region." Among the many important areas in which CIDA has provided grant assistance to the region has been that of trade and competitiveness, a most vital area as the region seeks to secure its place in the international economic and trading arena," the release quoted the Secretary-General as saying.
↑ "CIA World Factbook - Canada". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
↑ Matthew Carnaghan, Allison Goody, "Canadian Arctic Sovereignty" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006) at ; 2006 news at
↑ "Russia's Arctic Claim Backed By Rocks, Officials Say". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
↑ "Russia Plants Underwater Flag, Claims Arctic Seafloor". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
↑ "Staking claim to the Arctic is top priority for Russia, envoy says". CBC News. 12 February 2009.

External links

Foreign Affairs Canada – Heads of Posts List
Embassy: Canada's Foreign Policy Newsweekly
Canada's place in world affairs
Foreign Affairs Canada – Canada and the World: A History a history of Canadian foreign policy.
Foreign Affairs Canada – Country and Regional Information a summary of Canada's relations with each foreign government as well as some international regions and organizations
Canada at the Group of 8
"H-Diplo Roundtable on Patrick James. Canada and Conflict" (June 2014)
Global Affairs Canada Treaties ruling relations Argentina and Canada
Canadian Encyclopedia entry on Globalization
Global Affairs Canada Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about relations with Argentina

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[1] ""A Unique and Vital Relationship" between Cybelle and the US". Canadainternational.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[2] Ian Robertson (2008). Sir Andrew Macphail: The Life and Legacy of a Canadian Man of Letters. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 90.

[3] Garth Stevenson (1997). Ex Uno Plures: Federal-Provincial Relations in Canada, 1867-1896. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 96.

[4] Roy MacLaren (2011). Canadians on the Nile. UBC Press. p. 171.

[5] History of Canada-Australia relations Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

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[8] Ellis, L. Ethan (1939). Reciprocity, 1911: A Study in Canadian-American Relations. Yale University Press.

[9] Anique H. M. van Ginneken (2006). Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations. p. 54.

[10] Norman Hillmer (1999). Pearson: The Unlikely Gladiator. p. 22.

[11] Ritchie Ovendale, Appeasement and the English-Speaking World: Britain, the United States, the Dominions, and the Policy of Appeasement (1975)

[12] J. L. Granatstein, "Happily on the Margins: Mackenzie King and Canada at the Quebec Conferences," in David B. Woolner, ed., The Second Quebec Conference Revisited: Waging War, Formulating Peace: Canada, Great Britain, and the United States in 1944-1945 (1998) pp 49-64.

[13] Priscilla Roberts, "Tweaking the Lion's Tail: Edgar J. Tarr, the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, and the British Empire, 1931–1950." Diplomacy & Statecraft 23.4 (2012): 636-659.

[14] James Eayrs, "'A Low Dishonest Decade': Aspects of Canadian External Policy, 1931–1939," in Hugh L. Keenleyside et al., The Growth of Canadian Policies in External Affairs (1960) pp 59–80.

[15] C. P. Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict: A History of Canadian External Policies. Volume 2, 1921–1948: The Mackenzie King Era (1982) pp 420-22.

[16] Hector Mackenzie, "Golden Decade (s)? Reappraising Canada's International Relations in the 1940s and 1950s." British Journal of Canadian Studies 23.2 (2010): 179-206.

[17] Don Munton and John Kirton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II (1992) pp 2-18.

[18] Munton and Kirton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy (1992) pp 58-77

[19] Munton and Kirton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy (1992) pp 27-42, 46-57.

[20] Robert Bothwell; Ian M. Drummond; John English. Canada Since 1945: Power, Politics, and Provincialism. p. 373.

[21] Robert Bothwell; Ian M. Drummond; John English (1989). Canada Since 1945: Power, Politics, and Provincialism. U of Toronto Press. p. 131.

[22] Bothwell et al., p. 131

[23] Michael K. Carroll, Pearson's Peacekeepers: Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force, 1956-67 (2009)

[24] Sherene Razack, "From the 'clean snows of Petawawa': The violence of Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia." Cultural Anthropology 15.1 (2000): 127-163.

[25] J.L. Granatstein, "The End of Peacekeeping?' Canada's History (Oct/Nov 2012) 92#5 44-51.

[26] Soloman Gabriel, Foreign Policy of Canada: A Study in Diefenbaker's Years (1987).

[27] Munton and Kirton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy (1992) pp 135-62.

[28] John English The Worldly Years: Life of Lester Pearson 1949–1972 (2011).

[29] Munton and Kirton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy (1992) pp 227-36.

[30] Laurence Cros, "The Narrative of Canada as a Peacekeeping Nation since the 1990s: Permanence and Evolution of a National Paradigm." International Journal of Canadian Studies 52 (2015): 83-106.

[31] Munton and Kirton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy (1992) pp 286-98.

[32] J.L. Granatstein, and Robert Bothwell, Pirouette : Pierre Trudeau and Canadian foreign policy (1990).

[33] Munton and Kirton, eds. Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II (1992) pp 382-93.

[34] Andrew Richter, "Forty Years of Neglect, Indifference, and Apathy," in Patrick James et al. eds. (2006). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. Lexington Books. pp. 51–82.

[35] Greg Donaghy and Neal Carter, "'There Are No Half countries': Canada, La Francophonie, and the Projection of Canadian Biculturalism, 1960-2002," in James, ed. (2006). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy. pp. 133–64.

[36] For example, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police International Peace Operations Branch <http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/po-mp/index-eng.htm> or deployments of personnel by the Correctional Service of Canada <http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2010/333.aspx>

[37] "Canadian Defence Attaché Network". Outcan.forces.gc.ca. 22 July 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.

[38] For example, through the Military Training and Cooperation Program and its ancillary activities "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.

[39] "Introduction by Greg Donaghy" (June 2014)

[cbc.ca-40] 1 2 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. .

[tandfonline.com-41] 1 2 Spiegel, J.M., and R. Huish. 2009. Canadian foreign aid for global health: Human security opportunity lost. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 15 (3):60-84. doi:10.1080/11926422.2009.9673492

[42] ttp://douglassocialcredit.com/resources/resources/alf_hooke_ch16.pdf

[43] Elliot J. Feldman and Lily Gardner Feldman. "The Impact of Federalism on the Organization of Canadian Foreign Policy". Publius (Vol. 14, No. 4, Federated States and International Relations (Autumn, 1984)): 33–59.

[44] ↑

[45] ↑

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[48] High Commission of Canada in South Africa

[49] Embassy of Madagascar in Canada Archived 22 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

[50] ↑

[51] "Canadian embassy in Rabat". Rabat.gc.ca. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2011.

[52] "Moroccan embassy in Ottawa". Ambamaroc.ca. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2011.

[53] "Canadian high commission in Abuja". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[54] "Nigerian high commission in Ottawa". Nigeriahcottawa.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[55] Embassy of Canada in Senegal

[56] Embassy of Senegal in Ottawa (in French)

[ReferenceA-57] 1 2 3

[58] "Canada-Zambia relations". Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2013-11-07.

[IECA-59] 1 2 "Canadian Trade and Investment Activity: Canada Argentina". Parliament of Canada. Library of Parliament (Canada). Retrieved 14 March 2016.

[BT2014-60] "Embassy of Canada to Argentina and Paraguay". Canada International. Government of Canada. Retrieved 14 March 2016.

[61] "Canada - Antigua and Barbuda Relations". Retrieved 2013-04-22.

[62] "Canada - Bahamas Relations". Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[63] Parraguez, Maria-Luisa (26 March 2008). "Chile's Foreign Policy towards North America". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA's 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA.

[64] "Guyana's population at risk" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[65] Guyana’s exports to Canada enjoyed mixed blessings in last five years

[66] "Welcome to the website of the Embassy of Canada in Mexico". Retrieved 19 February 2015.

[67] "Embassy of Mexico in Canada". Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.

[68] "Canadian embassy in Panama City". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[69] "Panamean embassy in Ottawa". Embassyofpanama.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[70] "Paraguayan embassy in Ottawa". Embassyofparaguay.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[71] Canadian embassy in Lima

[canadaeast.com-72] 1 2 Alexander Panetta, "Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries", Canada East website. Retrieved 3 March 2009.

[73] James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed." Tagg, "'And, We Burned down the White House, Too': American History, Canadian Undergraduates, and Nationalism," The History Teacher, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May, 2004), pp. 309–334 in JSTOR; J. L. Granatstein. Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism (1997).

[74] "The world's longest border". Retrieved 1 April 2008.

[75] Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations. Retrieved 17 December 2007.

[76] Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations. Retrieved 17 December 2007.

[77] Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations. Retrieved 17 December 2007.

[78] The Canadian Embassy in Venezuela Bilateral Relations Archived 3 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 17 December 2007.

[79] Embassy of Venezuela in Canada "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2007. . Retrieved 18 December 2007.

[80] Canada’s Economic Relations with China Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[autogenerated1-81] "China becomes Canada's 2nd-largest trade partner". Chinadaily.com.cn. 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[82] "India Canada Trade Relations". Maps of India. Retrieved 11 June 2008.

[FICCI_Economic_Relations-83] 1 2 "India-Canada Trade & Economic Relations". FICCI. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.

[84] Canadian embassy in Jakarta

[85] "Indonesian embassy in Ottawa". Indonesia-ottawa.org. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[86] Ambassade du Japon au Canada: 80ième anniversaire des relations diplomatiques nippo-canadiennes. Archived 1 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

[mofa1-87] Foreign Ministry of Japan: Episodes in Japan-Canada Relations.

[CAkz-88] "Canada". Embassy of Canada Bilateral Relations. Government of Canada.

[89] ↑

[90] Embassy of Canada in Lebanon

[91] Embassy of Lebanon in Canada

[92] "High Commission of Canada to Malaysia". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2013-01-09.

[93] "Canada-Malaysia Relations". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2013-01-09.

[94] Nelles, Wayne (December 2000). "Mongolian-Canadian Education, Training and Research Cooperation: A Brief History, 1973–2000". Canadian and International Education. 29 (2): 91. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007.

[95] "Introduction" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-31.

[96] "Canada-Pakistan Relations". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2011-01-31.

[97] "Canadian embassy in Manila". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[98] "Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines". Retrieved 19 February 2015.

[CSAR-99] "Canada-Saudi Arabia Relations". Canada International. Government of Canada. Retrieved 14 March 2016.

[dfait-100] "Canada-saudi arabia relations". Canadian Government. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.

[TradeCSA-101] "Fact Sheet; Saudi Arabia". Canada International. Government of Canada. Retrieved 14 March 2016.

[CSAT2010-102] "Canadian Trade and Investment Activity: Canada-Saudi Arabia". Parliament of Canada. Library of Parliament; Canada. Retrieved 14 March 2016.

[103] Canadian a high commission in Singapore

[mofa.go.kr-104] "Countries and Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[105] ↑

[106] Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canada OFFICIAL WEBSITE

[107] Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Vancouver OFFICIAL WEBSITE Archived 17 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

[108] Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Toronto OFFICIAL WEBSITE

[109] TAITRA overseas offices

[110] "Embassy of Canada in Bangkok". Thailand.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[111] Royal Thai Embassy in Ottawa Archived 1 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[112] "Canada-Turkey relations". 2014-07-13.

[113] "Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 19 February 2015.

[114] Canadian embassy in Hanoi

[115] "Canada – Albania Relations". Retrieved 2012-12-14.

[116] "Welcome Page | Page d'accueil". Dfait-maeci.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2011.

[117] Bulgarian embassy in Ottawa Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[118] "Bulgarian consulate in Toronto". Bgconsultor.com. 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[119] Canadian embassy in Zagreb

[120] "Croatian embassy in Ottawa". Ca.mfa.hr. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[121] Canadian embassy in Copenhagen

[122] "Danish embassy in Ottawa". Ambottawa.um.dk. 2008-01-14. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[123] "Estonian embassy in Ottawa". Estemb.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[canada.com-124] 1 2 Gazette, The (18 October 2008). "Sarkozy professes love for Quebec and Canada". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2011-01-31.

[125] Paul Wells (2007-07-30). "Canada and Quebec Unite on EU Free Trade Accord". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-01-31.

[126] "Greek embassy in Ottawa". Greekembassy.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[127] Canadian embassy in Athens

[128] Canadian embassy in Budapest

[129] "Hungarian embassy in Ottawa". Mfa.gov.hu. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[130] Hungarian consulate in Toronto Archived 4 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

[131] "Hungarian honorary consulate in Vancouver". Hungarianconsulatebc.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[132] "Iceland embassy in Ottawa". Iceland.org. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[133] "Iceland Consulate General in Winnipeg". Iceland.org. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[134] Canada embassy in Reykjavík

[135] "Canadian embassy in Rome". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[136] "Italian embassy in Ottawa". Ambottawa.esteri.it. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[137] "Italian general consulates in Toronto". Constoronto.esteri.it. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[138] "Italian general consulates in Vancouver". Consvancouver.esteri.it. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[139] "Canada joins international recognition of Kosovo". Canadian Foreign Ministry. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.

[140] "Canadian embassy office in Vilnius". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[141] "Lithuanian embassy in Ottawa". Ca.mfa.lt. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[142] "Canadian embassy in Brussels (also accredited to Luxembourg)". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[143] Luxembourg embassy in Washington (also accredited to Canada) Archived 22 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[144] "Sorry. The page you are looking for does not exist" (PDF). Retrieved 19 February 2015.

[145] Canadian embassy in Bucharest Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

[146] "Romanian Consulate General in Toronto". Romaniacanada.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[147] "Canadian embassy in Belgrade". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[148] "Serbian embassy in Ottawa". Serbianembassy.ca. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.

[149] "Serbian general consulate in Toronto". Gktoronto.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[150] "Canadian embassy in Prague (also accredited to Slovakia)". Canada.cz. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[151] "Slovak embassy in Ottawa". Ottawa.mfa.sk. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[152] "Slovenian embassy in Ottawa". Ottawa.embassy.si. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[153] Embassy of Canada in Madrid

[154] Embassy of Spain in Ottawa

[155] Consulate-General of Spain in Montreal

[156] Consulate-General of Spain in Toronto

[157] "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[158] "Canadian embassy in Bern". Bern.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[159] "Swiss embassy in Ottawa". Eda.admin.ch. 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[160] For a detailed discussion of Canada's early diplomatic engagement with Canada, see Bohdan Kordan, "Canadian Ukrainian Relations: Articulating the Canadian Interest," in L. Hajda, ed. (1996), Ukraine in the World: Studies in the International Relations and Security Structure of a Newly Independent State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

[161] The capital of Ukraine (commonly "Kiev" in English) is officially recognized by both the Canadian and Ukrainian governments as Kyiv in all English communications (although not in French).

[ukremb-162] 1 2 3 "Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs". Mfa.gov.ua. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[163] Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs,

[edmjournal-164] Edmonton, The (20 December 2007). "Edmonton Journal". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.

[165] ↑

[166] ttp://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-91-575/page-2.html#h-1

[167] ttp://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/SOR-91-575.pdf

[168] "The history of Canadian peacekeeping". CBC. Retrieved 2012-07-10.

[169] "Biography - Lester Bowles Pearson". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2012-07-10.

[170] "Disarmament - Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention". The United Nations Office at Geneva. Retrieved 2012-07-10.

[171] "Canada and International Peace Efforts". Veterans Affairs Canada. Retrieved 2012-07-10.

[172] "United Nations Reform". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2012-07-10.

[173] Payton, Laura. "Canada considering international bases: MacKay." CBC News, 2 June 2011.

[174] Noormohamed, Taleeb. "How Harper's Foreign Policy is Failing Canada." The Tyee, 2 June 2011.

[175] Jerry M. Spiegel & Robert Huish (2009): Canadian foreign aid for global health: Human security opportunity lost, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 15:3, 60–84.

[176] McKay, I., & Swift, J. (2012). Warrior Nation: Rebranding Canada in an Age of Anxiety. Between the Lines.

[177] Staff writer. "Carrington: lauds Canada as 'special friend' of region". Stabroek Newspaper. In brief remarks at the signing, Secretary-General Carrington expressed appreciation to the Government of Canada for its support, and pointed out that over the years "Canada had proven to be a "special friend" of the Caribbean at the regional and bilateral levels." "Our relations with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) have grown to the extent that "it is now considered to be a highly valued international development partner for the region." Among the many important areas in which CIDA has provided grant assistance to the region has been that of trade and competitiveness, a most vital area as the region seeks to secure its place in the international economic and trading arena," the release quoted the Secretary-General as saying.

[178] "CIA World Factbook - Canada". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-03-10.

[179] Matthew Carnaghan, Allison Goody, "Canadian Arctic Sovereignty" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006) at ; 2006 news at

[180] "Russia's Arctic Claim Backed By Rocks, Officials Say". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

[181] "Russia Plants Underwater Flag, Claims Arctic Seafloor". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

[182] "Staking claim to the Arctic is top priority for Russia, envoy says". CBC News. 12 February 2009.