且

See also: 旦, 目, and 自

且	U+4E14, 且 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E14

← 专
[U+4E13]

CJK Unified Ideographs

丕 →
[U+4E15]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

且 (radical 1, 一+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月一 (BM), four-corner 7710₀, composition ⿴𠀃𠄠)

Derived characters

祖姐阻狙租粗組 (组) 宜助袓

References

KangXi: page 77, character 7

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29

Dae Jaweon: page 154, character 19

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 15, character 5

Unihan data for U+4E14

Chinese

simp. and trad.		且
variant forms		𠀇𠀃

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 且

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Oracle bone script**
j29048	j29049	j29050	j29051	j29052	j29053	j29054	j29055
j29056	j29057	j29058	j29059	j29060	j29061	j29062	j29063
j29064	j29065	j29066	j29067	j29068	j29069	j29070	j29071
j29072	j29073	j29074	j29075	j29076	j29077	j29078	j29079
j29080	j29081	j29082	j29083	j29084	j29085	j29086	j29087
j29088	j29089	j29090	j29091	j29092	j29093	j29094	j29095
j29096	j29097	j29098	j29099	j29100	j29101	j29102	j29103
j29104	j29105	j29106	j29107	j29108	j29109	j29110	j29111
j29112	j29113	j29114	j29115	j29116	j29117	j29118	j29119
j29120	j29121	j29122	j29123	j29124	j29125	j29126	j29127
j29128	j29129	j29130	j29131

**Bronze inscriptions**
b19394	b19395	b19396	b19397	b19398	b19399	b19400	b19401
b19402	b19403	b19404	b19405	b19406	b19407	b19408	b19409
b19410	b19411	b19412	b19413	b19414	b19415	b19416	b19417
b19418	b19419	b19420	b19421	b19422	b19423	b19424	b19425
b19426	b19427	b19428	b19429	b19430	b19431	b19432	b19433
b19434	b19435	b19436	b19437	b19438	b19439	b19440	b19441
b19442	b19443	b19444	b19445	b19446	b19447	b19448	b19449
b19450	b19451	b19452	b19453	b19454	b19455	b19456	b19457
b19458	b19459	b19460	b19461

**Small seal script**
s10640

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L35047	L17323	L17324	L17325	L17326	L17327	L17328	L17329
L17330	L17331	L17332	L30577	L02894

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (且) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
虘	zaːl, zaː
蔖	zlaːl, sʰaːʔ
摣	rnaː, ʔsraː
袓	ʔsjaː, zaʔ
怚	ʔsjaː, ʔsas, *zaʔ
罝	*ʔsjaː
謯	ʔslja, ʔsraːʔ
姐	*ʔsjaːʔ
抯	ʔsljaːʔ, ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː
飷	*ʔsjaːʔ
且	sʰjaːʔ, ʔsa
趄	sʰjaːs, sʰa
笡	*sʰjaːs
查	ʔsraː, zraː, *zraː
柤	*ʔsraː
樝	*ʔsraː
皻	*ʔsraː
渣	*ʔsraː
楂	*zraː
苴	zraː, ʔsa, ʔsaʔ, sʰa
駔	ʔslaːŋʔ, zaːʔ
租	*ʔsaː
蒩	ʔsaː, ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa
祖	*ʔsaːʔ
組	*ʔsaːʔ
珇	*ʔsaːʔ
靻	*ʔsaːʔ
粗	sʰaː, zaːʔ
徂	*zaː
殂	*zaː
麆	zaːʔ, zras
伹	zaːʔ, sʰa
蛆	ʔsa, sʰa
沮	ʔsa, ʔsas, sʰa, zaʔ, *ʔsra
咀	ʔsaʔ, zaʔ
疽	*sʰa
雎	*sʰa
狙	sʰa, sʰas
岨	*sʰa
砠	*sʰa
坥	sʰa, sʰas
刞	*sʰas
覰	*sʰas
覷	*sʰas
跙	*zaʔ
筯	*das
菹	*ʔsra
葅	*ʔsra
阻	ʔsraʔ, ʔsras
俎	*ʔsraʔ
詛	ʔsraʔ, ʔsras
鉏	zra, zraʔ
豠	*zra
鋤	*zra
耡	zra, zras
齟	*zraʔ
助	*zras

Pictogram (象形) . Multiple interpretations:

A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ).
An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).

In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script.

Etymology

“and; also; almost; be going to”: Cognate with 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiě (qie³)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄝˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ce²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): cie²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhiá
Min Dong (BUC): chiā
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chhiáⁿ / chhiá

(Teochew, Peng'im): cian²
Wu (Wiktionary): qia (T2); qi (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: qiě
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄝˇ
  - Wade–Giles: ch'ieh³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiie
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ce²
  - Yale: ché
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tse²
  - Guangdong Romanization: cé²
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɛː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: cie²
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiɛ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiá
  - Hakka Romanization System: qia`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: qia³
  - IPA: /t͡ɕʰi̯a³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: chiā
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰia³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiáⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: tshiánn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chviar
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕʰiã⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡ɕʰiã⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰiã⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiá
  - Tâi-lô: tshiá
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chiar
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕʰia⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: cian²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiáⁿ
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰĩã⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: qia (T2); qi (T2)
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰia̱³⁴/, /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/

Note:

2qia - vernacular;
2qi - literary.

Middle Chinese: /t͡sʰia^X/▼

Rime
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七也切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰia^X/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰia^X/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰia^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰia^X/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰia^X/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭa^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯a^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiě

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]Aʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*sʰjaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiě
Middle Chinese	‹ tshjæ^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]Aʔ/
English	moreover
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
No.	10379
Phonetic component	且
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	且
Old Chinese	/*sʰjaːʔ/

Definitions

且

this
almost; nearly
be going to; will; shall
just; for the time being
even (placed after a hypothetical extreme scenario for emphasis)
(dialectal Mandarin) for a long time
這水太燙，且得晾會兒呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
这水太烫，且得晾会儿呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
Zhè shuǐ tài tàng, qiě děi liàng huǐr ne. [Pinyin]
This water is so hot; [it] need to be left alone to cool down for a long time.

這活兒且幹不完呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
这活儿且干不完呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
Zhèi huór qiě gàn bu wán ne. [Pinyin]
(please add an English translation of this example)
and; also (for juxtaposition)
而且 ― érqiě ― and; but also
- 他的演講簡短且切中要害。 [MSC, trad.]
  他的演讲简短且切中要害。 [MSC, simp.]
  Tā de yǎnjiǎng jiǎnduǎn qiě qièzhòng yàohài. [Pinyin]
  His speech was short and to the point.
both ... and ...
or (to list alternatives)
moreover (to indicate progression)
if; assuming (to indicate hypotheticality)
sentence-initial or sentence-medial modal particle
A surname.

Compounds

Derived terms from 且

不苟且
且住
且則／且则
且夫 (qiěfú)
且如
且慢 (qiěmàn)
且戰且走／且战且走
且是
且歌且舞
且自
且行且談／且行且谈
且要
且見／且见
且說／且说 (qiěshuō)

且道
並且／并且 (bìngqiě)
因循苟且
姑且 (gūqiě)
尚且 (shàngqiě)
得過且過／得过且过 (déguòqiěguò)
急且
抑且
故且 (gùqiě)
敢且
方且
暫且／暂且 (zànqiě)
暫且擱下／暂且搁下
更且

權且／权且 (quánqiě)
死且不朽
況且／况且 (kuàngqiě)
甚且
窮且益堅／穷且益坚
而且 (érqiě)
聊且
苟且 (gǒuqiě)
苟且偷安
苟且偷生 (gǒuqiětōushēng)
苟且唐塞
苟且自度
載歌且舞／载歌且舞

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jū (ju¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zeoi¹, ceoi²
Min Dong (BUC): cṳ̆
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chu / chir

(Teochew, Peng'im): zu¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: jū
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
  - Wade–Giles: chü¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zeoi¹, ceoi²
  - Yale: jēui, chéui
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoey¹, tsoey²
  - Guangdong Romanization: zêu¹, cêu²
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡ʃʰɵy̯³⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̆
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sy⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chu
  - Tâi-lô: tsu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zw
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chir
  - Tâi-lô: tsir
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zu¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsu
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡su³³/

Middle Chinese: /t͡sɨʌ/▼

Rime
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	子魚切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sɨʌ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɔ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡siɔ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sɨə̆/
Li Rong	/t͡siɔ/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭo/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡si̯wo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jū

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tsa/

(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsa/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jū
Middle Chinese	‹ tsjo ›
Old Chinese	/*tsa/
English	[final particle]
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
No.	10413
Phonetic component	且
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	且
Old Chinese	/*ʔsa/

Definitions

且

Alternative form of 俎 (zǔ, “chopping board”).
many; numerous; flourishing
sixth month in the lunar calendar
sentence-final modal particle
Alternative form of 駔 (zǎng, “steed”).

Compounds

Derived terms from 且

且月
狂且

猼且

鉗且／钳且

Pronunciation 3

Mandarin
(Pinyin): cú (cu²)

(Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: cú
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˊ
  - Wade–Giles: ts'u²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tswu
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu³⁵/

Definitions

且

Alternative form of 徂 (cú, “to go to”).

Pronunciation 4

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jū (ju¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ceoi¹, cou⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: jū
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
  - Wade–Giles: chü¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ceoi¹, cou⁴
  - Yale: chēui, chòuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsoey¹, tsou⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: cêu¹, cou⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃʰɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰou̯²¹/

Definitions

且

Only used in 次且 (“hesitant in walking”).

Japanese

Kanji

且

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: しゃ (sha); しょ (sho); ぞ (zo)
Kan-on: しゃ (sha); しょ (sho); そ (so)
Kan’yō-on: しょ (sho)
Kun: かつ (katsu, 且つ, Jōyō)

Compounds

Related terms

且 (か)つ (katsu)

Korean

Hanja

且 • (cha, jeo, jo)

Eumhun:
- Sound (hangeul): 차, 저, 조 (revised: cha, jeo, jo, McCune–Reischauer: ch'a, chŏ, cho)
- Name (hangeul): 또, 공경스러울, 도마 (revised: tto, gonggyeongseureoul, doma, McCune–Reischauer: tto, konggyŏngsǔrǒul, toma)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Naver Hanja Dictionary: 且

Vietnamese

Han character

且 (thả, vả, vã)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

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