Patron saints of places
This is a list of patron saints of places by nation, region, and town/city. If a place is not listed here, it may be listed in "Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary".
Continents
Patron saints by regions
Patron saints of Europe
| Continent | Patron saint | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Asia | The Blessed Virgin Mary (Our Lady of All Nations), Joseph, Francis Xavier | |
| Africa | Moses the Black, Our Lady of Kibeho | |
| The Americas | Tamanend
The Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus (as Our Lady of Guadalupe)[1][2] |
|
| Antarctica | The Virgin Mary (as Our Lady of the Snows)[4] John Bosco[5] |
|
| Europe | Benedict of Nursia[6][7] Saints Cyril and Methodius[8][9] Bridget of Sweden[6] Catherine of Siena[6] Edith Stein (Teresa Benedicta of the Cross)[6] |
Benedict of Nursia is the main patron saint,[10] the others are considered co-patrons.[11] The Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus (It is believed the whole of Europe was granted protection under Our Lady of Europe in the 14th Century[12]) |
| Oceania | Peter Chanel[13] | |
Regions
Countries
This list only includes sovereign states; subdivisions, such as the constituent countries of the United Kingdom, are listed below under "Administrative subdivisions".
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Former states
- Kingdom of Bosnia – Gregory the Miracle-Worker and Saint Gregory after 1461.[63]
- Czechoslovakia – Adalbert of Prague,[33] John of Nepomuk,[6] Ludmila, Cyril and Methodius,[33] Wenceslas[6]
- Flanders – Willibrord
- Lorraine – Nicholas of Myra
- The Mi'kmaq Nation – Anne
- Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro – Petar I Petrović Njegoš[64][65]
- Prussia – Adalbert of Prague, Dorothy of Montau, Jutta of Kulmsee
- Moldavia – John of Suceava
- Kingdom of Serbia – Vitus[66]
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia – Cyril and Methodius[25]
- Republic of Genoa – Saint George
- Duchy of Milan – Saint Ambrose
- Republic of Venice – Saint Mark
Non-Christian saints
| Region | Muslim saint |
|---|---|
 |
Shah Jalal[67] |
 |
Sai Baba of Shirdi[68][69] |
 |
Fariduddin Ganjshakar[70] |
Administrative subdivisions
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Cities and towns
Catherine of Siena writing
Argentina
- Junín, Buenos Aires – Ignatius Loyola
Australia
Austria
- Graz – Giles
- Linz – Florian
- Salzburg – Rupert of Salzburg, Vergilius
- Vienna – Clemens Maria Hofbauer
Belgium
- Affligem – Michael (archangel)
- Anderlecht – Guy of Anderlecht[77]
- Antwerp – Walburga
- Brecht – Michael (archangel)
- Bruges – Andrew the Apostle[78]
- Brussels – Gudula, Michael (archangel)
- Ghent – Bavo, Macarius of Antioch, Pharaildis
- Lier – Gummarus
- Mons – Waltrude[71]
- Oudenarde – Walburga
- Temse – Amalberga
Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto – Sebastian
- Taquaritinga – Sebastian
- Rio de Janeiro – Sebastian
- São Paulo – Paul the Apostle
- Belo Horizonte – Ignatius of Loyola
- Jaboticabal – Our Lady of Mount Carmel
- Uberlândia – Our Lady of Abbey
- Niterói – John the Baptist
- Ilhéus – Sebastian
- Vitória – Our Lady of Victory
- Salvador – Francis Xavier
Canada
- Deschambault, Quebec – Joseph
- St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador – John the Baptist
- Toronto – Michael (archangel)
Colombia
- Barranquilla – Nicholas of Tolentino and Saint Roch
- Bogotá – Elizabeth of Hungary
- Bucaramanga – Immaculate Conception
- Buenaventura – Bonaventure
- Cali – James the Greater
- Cartagena – Peter Claver
- Cúcuta – Saint Joseph
- El Guamo – Saint Lucy
- Envigado – Gertrude the Great
- Ibagué – Saint Boniface
- Ipiales – Our Lady of Las Lajas
- Medellín – Virgin of Candelaria and Lawrence of Rome
- Mocoa – Michael (archangel)
- Montería – Jerome
- Neiva – Immaculate Conception
- Pasto – Virgin of Mercy and John the Baptist
- Popayán – Ecce homo
- Santa Fe de Antioquia – Saint Barbara
- Santa Marta – Martha
- Soacha – Bernardino of Siena
- Tunja – James the Greater
- Valledupar – Ecce homo
Croatia
- Dubrovnik – Blaise
- Losinj – Gaudentius of Ossero
- Rab – Christopher
- Rijeka – Vitus
- Sibenik – Michael (archangel)
- Sisak – Quirinus
- Split – Duje
- Zagreb – Mary
Cuba
- Caraballo – Paul the Apostle's Conversion
- Havana, Cuba – Christopher
Czech Republic
- Brandýs nad Labem-Stará Boleslav – Wenceslas
- Brušperk – George
- Brno – Saint Primitivus and Saint Constantius
- České Budějovice – Saint Auratianus
- Dobřany – Vitus
- Frenštát pod Radhoštěm – Martin of Tours
- Hradec Králové – Clement of Rome
- Nepomuk – John of Nepomuk
- Olomouc – Paula of Rome
- Plzeň – Bartholomew
- Polná – Saint Ligorius
- Prague – John of Nepomuk, Wenceslas
Denmark
- Odense – Saint Alban
- Slagelse – Michael (archangel)
- Aarhus – Saint Clement of Rome
Ecuador
- Guayaquil – James the Greater
- Quito – Francis of Assisi
- Quito – Santa Maria del Cisne
Egypt
- Alexandria – Cyril of Alexandria
France
- Abbeville – Wulfram of Sens
- Albi – Cecilia
- Autun – Symphorian
- Avignon – Agricola of Avignon -,[79] Benezet
- Baume-les-Messieurs, Fleury-sur-Loire – Drogo
- Besançon – Ferreolus and Ferrutio
- Dijon – Benignus of Dijon, Urban of Langres
- Saint-Fiacre – Fiacre
- Gap, Hautes-Alpes – Arnulph
- Limoges – Martial
- Lourdes – Bernadette of Lourdes
- Orléans – Joan of Arc
- Paris – Denis,[47] Genevieve
- Ploërmel – Saint Armel
- Plourin – Budoc
- Toulouse – Saturnin
- Tours – Gatianus of Tours, Martin of Tours
- Vannes – Paternus
Germany
- Aachen – Mary, Matthias
- Augsburg – Afra, Ulric
- Berlin – Benno, Otto of Bamberg, Hedwig of Silesia
- Bonn – Cassius of Narni, Adelaide
- Bremen – Oscar
- Brunswick – Andrew, Auctor, Blaise, Christopher
- Cologne – Cunibert, Ursula
- Dresden – Benno
- Düsseldorf – Apollinaris of Ravenna
- Dormagen – Michael
- Hamburg – Oscar
- Hanover – Matthias
- Frankfurt am Main – Helen
- Freiburg im Breisgau – George
- Koblenz – Mary
- Konstanz – Pelagius of Constance
- Lübeck – Nicholas
- Mainz – Alban of Mainz, Boniface
- Munich – Benno
- Münster – Ludger of Utrecht
- Nuremberg – Sebaldus
- Regensburg – Wolfgang, Emmeram
- Stuttgart – Christopher
- Trier – Maximinus, Peter
- Würzburg – Burchard of Würzburg
- Zeitz – Michael
Greece
- Agios Nikolaos, Crete – Nicholas
- Athens – Dionysius the Areopagite
- Cephallonia – Gerasimus of Cephallonia
- Corfu – Arsenius of Corfu, Spyridon
- Corinth – Dionysius of Corinth
- Heraklion – Menas
- Katerini – Catherine
- Larissa – Achillius of Larissa
- Lefkada – Spyridon
- Patras – Andrew
- Piraeus – Spyridon
- Skiathos – Mary
- Skopelos – Riginos
- Sparta – Nikon the Metanoeite
- Syros – Nicholas
- Thessaloniki – Demetrius of Thessaloniki
- Tinos – Pelagia
- Zakynthos – Dionysios of Zakynthos
Haiti
- Port-au-Prince – Our Lady of the Assumption
- Cap-Haïtien – Our Lady of the Assumption
- Les Cayes – Our Lady of the Assumption
- Jacmel – St James the Less and St Philip the Apostle
Hungary
India
- Agartala – Francis Xavier
- Ahmedabad – Francis Xavier
- Bombay – Francis Xavier, Gonsalo Garcia
- Calcutta – Saint Teresa of Calcutta
- Goa – Francis Xavier
- Sivagangai – John de Britto
Ireland
- Clonmacnoise – Ciaran the Younger
- Cloyne – Colman of Cloyne
- Cork – Finbarr
- Dublin – Laurence O'Toole
- Fahan – Mura
- Ferns – Aeden of Ferns
- Kilbarry/Tarmonberry – Saint Berach[80]
- Kilmallock, County Limerick – Mochelloc
- Limerick – Munchin
- Ross – Fachanan
Italy
- Abruzzi – Saint Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows
- Amalfi – Andrew the Apostle[49]
- Ancona – Judas Cyriacus
- Aosta – Gratus of Aosta
- Aquila – Maximus of Aquila
- Assisi – Francis of Assisi
- Bari – Nicholas, Sabinus
- Benevento – Arthelais, Barbatus of Benevento
- Bergamo – Alexander of Bergamo
- Bologna – Saint Petronius
- Brescia – Faustinus and Jovita
- Brindisi – Lawrence of Brindisi
- Caltanissetta – Michael
- Capriate San Gervasio – Alexander of Bergamo[81]
- Castellabate – Constabilis
- Castelplanio – Joseph
- Catania – Agatha,[82] Aloysius Gonzaga[83]
- Cervignano d'Adda – Alexander of Bergamo[81]
- Como – Abundius
- Cuneo – Michael (archangel)
- Craco – Vincenzo Martyr
- Fabriano – Adrian of Nicomedia[84]
- Ferrara – George
- Florence – John the Baptist, Joseph, Zenobius
- Fonte Nuova – Joseph
- Genoa – George, John the Baptist, Syrus of Genoa
- Grosseto – Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia[84]
- Imperia – Leonard of Port Maurice
- La Spezia – Joseph
- Ladispoli – Joseph
- Lecce – Bernardino Realino
- Lecco – Nicholas
- Macchia Valfortore – Nicholas
- Matelica – Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia[84]
- Messina – Aloysius Gonzaga[83]
- Milan – Ambrose
- Modica, Sicily – George
- Naples – Agnellus, Aloysius Gonzaga,[83] Alphonsus Maria de Liguori,[83] Andrew Avellino, James of the Marches, Januarius, John IV, Bishop of Naples, Patricia of Naples
- Nocera – Raynald of Nocera
- Orvieto – Joseph
- Otranto – Antonio Primaldo and his Companion Martyrs
- Palermo – Agatha, Benedict the Black, Rosalia
- Pavia, Italy – Syrus of Pavia (Siro), Theodore of Pavia
- Padua – Anthony of Padua
- Pescia – Abdon[85]
- Pisa – Rainerius
- Ponza – Silverius
- Querceta, Seravezza – Joseph
- Randazzo – Joseph
- Reggio Calabria – George
- Reggio Emilia – Prosper of Reggio
- Ripacandida – Donatus
- Rome – Lawrence, Martina of Rome, Philip Neri, Paul, Peter, Sebastian
- Sant'Agata de' Goti – Alphonsus Maria de Liguori[83]
- Salerno – Matthew the Apostle[86]
- Siena – Ansanus the Baptizer, Ambrose Sansedoni of Siena
- Sorrento – Antoninus of Sorrento
- Spadafora – Joseph
- Syracuse – Lucy of Syracuse
- Taranto – Catald
- Trapani – Albert of Trapani,[87]
- Trieste – Justus of Trieste
- Turin – John the Baptist, Joseph, Maximus of Turin, Octavius, Solutor
- Urbino – Crescentinus
- Venice – Mark the Evangelist[61] George, Theodore of Amasea
- Veroli – Mary Salome
- Verona – Zeno of Verona
- Volperino, Foligno – Maro
Lebanon
- Beirut – George
- Zahlé – Prophet Elias
- Zgharta – Virgin Mary, Saydet Zgharta
Lithuania
- Kaunas – Nicholas
- Vilnius – Antony of Vilnius, Christopher, Eustace of Vilnius, John of Vilnius
Malta
- Birgu – Lawrence
- Birkirkara – Anthony of Padua, Saint Helena, Joseph, Our Lady of Mount Carmel
- Birzebbugia – Peter
- Kalkara – Joseph
- Luqa – Andrew
- Marsaskala – Anne
- Mdina, Paul the Apostle's Conversion
- Msida – Joseph
- Qala – Joseph
- Siġġiewi – Nicholas
- Valletta – Saint Augustine, Saint Dominic, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Paul the Apostle
- Victoria, Gozo – George
- Xewkija, Gozo – John the Baptist
- Zejtun – Catherine of Alexandria
- Zurrieq – Catherine of Alexandria
Mexico
- Santiago de Querétaro – James the Greater
Montenegro
The Netherlands
- Alkmaar – Lawrence
- Amersfoort – George
- Amsterdam – Nicholas
- Dordrecht – Mary
- Gouda – John the Baptist
- Groningen – Walburga, Martin of Tours
- Haarlem – Bavo
- Kerkrade – Barbara
- Maastricht – Amand of Maastricht
- Nijmegen – Stephen
- The Hague – Gabriel
- Utrecht – Martin of Tours
- Winschoten – Vitus
- Zutphen – Walburga
Norway
Philippines
- Antipolo City, Rizal – Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
- Bantay, Ilocos Sur – Saint Augustine, Our Lady of Charity
- Cabatuan, Iloilo, – Nicholas of Tolentino
- Cagayan de Oro – Augustine of Hippo
- Calatagan – Dominic of Silos
- Cavite – Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga, Francis of Assisi
- Cebu – Our Lady of Guadalupe, Pedro Calungsod
- Las Piñas – Joseph
- Lipa – Sebastian
- Malabon City – Saint Bartholomew, Immaculate Conception
- Manila – The Immaculate Conception
- Naga City – Our Lady of Peñafrancia
- Obando – Our Lady of Salambao, Pascal Baylon, Claire of Assisi
- Pasay – Claire of Assisi
- Pateros, Metro Manila – Martha, Roch
- Quezon City – Our Lady of La Naval de Manila
- San Juan – John the Baptist
- San Marcelino – Isidore the Laborer
- Surigao City – Nicholas of Tolentino
- Taal – Martin of Tours
- Tagum – Christ the King
- Tandag – Nicholas of Tolentino
- Tarlac – St. Sebastian
Poland
- Cracow – Faustina, Stanislaus of Szczepanów
- Częstochowa – Mary
- Łódź – Faustina
- Poznań – Paul, Peter
- Warsaw – Andrew Bobola, Faustina, Władysław of Gielniów
- Wrocław – John the Baptist
Portugal
Romania
- Bucharest, Romania – Andrew the Apostle
- Curtea de Argeș-Saint Nicholas, Filofteia
- Iași-Parascheva of the Balkans
- Sfântu Gheorghe – George
Russia
- Arkhangelsk – Michael (archangel)
- Moscow – Boris, George
- Pskov – Vsevolod of Pskov
- Saint Petersburg – Peter, Xenia
- Samara – Alexius of Moscow
Rwanda
- Kigali – Stephen
Serbia
- Belgrade – Jesus (as the Holy Saviour)[88] and Demetrius[89]
- Sremska Mitrovica – Demetrius[90] and Methodius
- Kragujevac – George
- Leskovac – Holy Trinity
- Niš – Procopius[91]
- Novi Sad – George
- Prizren – George
- Arilje – Achillius
- Požarevac – Holy Trinity
- Svilajnac – Constantine and Helena
Slovakia
Slovenia
- Celje – Maximilian of Lorch
- Koper – Nazarius of Koper
- Ljubljana – George
- Maribor – John the Baptist
- Ptuj – George
Spain
- Alcalá de Henares – Justus, Pastor
- Andalusia – Saint Luke
- Barakaldo – Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Vincent of Saragossa
- Barcelona – Eulalia
- Calahorra – Emeterius and Celedonius
- Candeleda – Bernard of Valdeiglesias
- Cartagena – Modestus
- Cordoba – Acisclus and Victoria –[92]
- Estremadura – Peter of Alcantara
- Granada, Spain – Caecilius of Elvira
- Jaén – Saint Luke
- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) – Anne
- Madrid – Eustace, Isidore the Farmer, Justus, Pastor
- Mallorca – Alphonsus Rodriguez -[93]
- Sahagun – Abdon[85]
- San Cristóbal de La Laguna (Canary Islands) – Christopher
- Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands) – James the Greater
- Santander – Emeterius and Celedonius
- Santiago de Compostela – James the Greater
- Sestao – Peter
- Seville, Spain – Ferdinand III of Castile, Justa
- Toledo – Leocadia
- Valencia – Vincent Martyr
- Zamarramala – Agatha
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Tanzania
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
- Aberdeen – Machar, Nicholas, Our Lady of Aberdeen
- Abingdon-on-Thames – Edmund of Abingdon, Helen
- Bampton, Oxfordshire – Beornwald
- Bodmin – Petroc
- Boston – Botulph
- Buckingham – Rumwold
- Caerleon – Cadog
- Canterbury – Augustine of Canterbury, Thomas Becket
- Cardiff – Teilo, Piran
- Chester – Werburgh
- Chichester – Richard of Chichester
- Colchester – Helen of Constantinople
- Crowland – Guthlac
- Derby – Alcmund of Derby
- Dorchester-on-Thames – Birinus
- Droitwich – Richard of Chichester
- Dumfries – Michael (archangel)
- Dundee – Mary
- Durham – Cuthbert of Lindisfarne
- Edinburgh – Giles
- Ely – Etheldreda
- Exeter – Sativola (English: Sidwell)
- Glasgow – Kentigern, Theneva
- Greenwich – Alfege
- Hereford – Thomas Cantilupe
- Holywell – Winifred
- Jarrow – Bede[94]
- Leicester – Martin of Tours[95]
- Lichfield – Chad of Mercia
- Lincoln – Mary, Hugh of Lincoln
- Linlithgow – Michael (archangel)
- Liverpool – Nicholas
- Llandeilo Fawr – Teilo
- Llantwit Major – Illtud
- London – Erkenwald, George, Mellitus, Michael, Paul the Apostle
- Malmesbury – Aldhelm
- Northampton – Crispin
- Newport – Gwynllyw the Bearded
- Oxford – Frideswide
- Padstow – Piran
- Paisley – Mirin, James the Greater, Our Lady of Paisley
- Perranporth – Piran
- Perth – John the Baptist
- Portsmouth – Thomas Becket, Nicholas
- Reading – James the Greater
- Ripon – Wilfrid
- St. Albans – Alban
- St. Andrews – Andrew
- St. Brides Wentloog – Brigit of Kildare (Welsh: Ffraid)
- St. Davids – David (Dewi Sant)
- St. Helier, Jersey – Helier
- St. Peter Port, Guernsey – Peter
- Salisbury – Osmund
- Shrewsbury – Winifred
- Stafford – Beorhthelm[96]
- Steyning – Cuthman
- Sunderland – Benedict Biscop[97]
- Tyne and Wear – Bede
- Winchcombe – Kenelm
- Winchester – Swithun
- Worcester – Oswald of Worcester, Wulfstan
- Wrexham – Richard Gwyn
- York – Peter, William of York
United States
- Acoma Pueblo – James the Greater
- Arlington, Virginia – Thomas More
- Boston – Patrick
- Detroit, Michigan – Anne
- Kalamazoo, Michigan – Augustine of Hippo
- Las Vegas, Nevada – Paul the Apostle
- Los Angeles, California– Our Lady, Queen of Angels
- New Orleans, Louisiana – Joan of Arc
- New York City – Nicholas
- Ruskin, Florida – Anne
- Saint Augustine, Florida – Augustine of Hippo
- Saint Paul, Minnesota – Paul the Apostle
- San Diego, California – Didacus of Alcalá
- San Francisco, California – Francis of Assisi
- Santa Fe, New Mexico – Francis of Assisi
- Santa Rosa, California – Rose of Lima
- St. Louis, Missouri – Louis
- Superior, Wisconsin – Augustine of Hippo
- Taos, New Mexico – Anne, John the Apostle
- Thibodaux, Louisiana – Valeria of Milan
- Tucson, Arizona – Augustine of Hippo
Archdioceses and dioceses
- Archdiocese of Anchorage, Alaska
- Archdiocese of Verapoly, India
- Archdiocese of Hyderabad, India
- Archdiocese of Tellichery, India
- Diocese of Neyattinkara, India
- Diocese of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
- Diocese of Balanga, Philippines
- Diocese of Bangued, Philippines
- Diocese of Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Diocese of Biloxi, Mississippi
- Diocese of Buffalo, New York
- Diocese of Butuan, Philippines
- Diocese of Cheyenne, Wyoming
- Archdiocese of Cologne, Germany
- Diocese of Daet, Philippines
- Archdiocese of Hanoi, Vietnam
- Archdiocese of Hartford, Connecticut
- Diocese of Itanagar, India
- Diocese of La Crosse, Wisconsin
- Archdiocese of Lipa, Philippines
- Diocese of Libmanan, Philippines
- Archdiocese of Louisville, Kentucky
- Archdiocese of Edmonton, Alberta
- Diocese of Manchester, New Hampshire
- Diocese of Mangalore, India
- Diocese of Menevia, Wales
- Diocese of Nashville, Tennessee
- Diocese of Osnabrück, Germany
- Diocese of Palghat, India
- Diocese of Rarotonga, Cook Islands
- Diocese of Romblon, Philippines
- Diocese of San Jose, California
- Apostolic Vicariate of San Jose in Mindoro, Philippines
- Diocese of San Jose, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
- Diocese of Sioux Falls, South Dakota
- Diocese of Tagbilaran, Philippines
- Diocese of Virac, Philippines
- Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston, West Virginia[98]
- Mary
- Immaculate Conception – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Diocese of Badulla, Sri Lanka
- Our Lady of Mount Carmel – Diocese of Chilaw, Sri Lanka
- Diocese of Galle, Sri Lanka
- Immaculate Mother of God – Diocese of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
- Our Lady of Madhu – Diocese of Mannar, Sri Lanka
- Our Lady of Prompt Succor – Archdiocese of New Orleans, Louisiana
- Anne – Diocese of Kurunegala, Sri Lanka
- Saint Anthony of Padua – Diocese of Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Asicus – Diocese of Elphin
- Augustine of Hippo – diocese of Bridgeport, Connecticut
- Ciaran the Elder – Diocese of Ossory
- Eurosia – the diocese of Jaca
- Jarlath – the archdiocese of Tuam, Ireland
- Kevin – Archdiocese of Dublin, Ireland
- Lawrence O'Toole – archdiocese of Dublin, Ireland
- Louis – the Archdiocese of St. Louis
- St. James the Greater – Archdiocese of Seattle
- Saint Peter and Saint Paul – Diocese of Ratnapura, Sri Lanka
- Stanislaus of Cracow – archdiocese of Cracow, Poland
- Francis of Assisi – the Archdiocese of San Francisco, California
- Ignatius Loyola – Archdiocese of Baltimore, Baltimore
- John Fisher – the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester, New York
- Munchin – diocese of Limerick; Limerick (city)
- Saint Mary MacKillop – Roman Catholic Diocese of Wagga Wagga[99]
See also
- Patron saints of ailments, illness, and dangers
- Patron saints of occupations and activities
- Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary
References
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This would also explain how St Gregory came to be the patron saint of Bosnia in 1461 (AB, p. 244). Thus we conclude that at least some Bosnians celebrated a family saint, the slava, and also some, like the Sankovici, honored the saints, ...
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From one and all their offers met with savage refusal, the answer given by Peter Petrovic, ancestor of King Nikolas, and to-day- Patron Saint of Montenegro, is typical of the spirit of the Crnagora : to the offer of a gift of territory and a Turkish title ...
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