Paraná (state)

Paraná (Brazilian Portuguese: [paɾaˈna] (listen)[3]) is one of the 26 states of Brazil, in the south of the country, bordered on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the province of Misiones, Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line.[4]

State of Paraná

Estado do Paraná
State
Coat of arms
Anthem: Hino do Paraná
Location of State of Paraná in Brazil
Coordinates: 24°0′S 51°0′W
Country Brazil
FoundedDecember 19, 1853
Capital and Largest CityCuritiba
Government
 • GovernorRatinho Júnior (PSD)
 • Vice GovernorDarci Piana (PSD)
 • SenatorsAlvaro Dias (PODE)
Flávio Arns (Rede)
Oriovisto Guimarães (PODE)
Area
 • Total199,314.9 km2 (76,955.9 sq mi)
Area rank15th
Population
 (2010)[1]
 • Total10,444,526
 • Estimate 
(2019)
11,433,957
 • Rank6th
 • Density52/km2 (140/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Paranaense
GDP
 • Year2015 estimate
 • TotalUS$203 billions (PPP) US$114 billions (nominal) (5th)
 • Per capitaUS$17,982 (PPP) US$10,109 (nominal) (6th)
HDI
 • Year2017
 • Category0.796[2] - high (4th)
Time zoneUTC-3 (BRT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-2 (BRT)
Postal Code
80000-000 to 87999-999
ISO 3166 codeBR-PR
Websitepr.gov.br

Its area is 199,307.9 km2 (76,953.2 sq mi), and it is subdivided into 399 municipalities. Its capital is the city of Curitiba. Other major cities are Londrina, Maringá, Ponta Grossa, Cascavel, São José dos Pinhais and Foz do Iguaçu.

Crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn, Paraná has what is left of the araucaria forest, one of the most important subtropical forests in the world. At the border with Argentina is the National Park of Iguaçu, considered by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. At only 40 km (25 mi) from there, at the border with Paraguay, the largest dam in the world was built, the Hidroelétrica de Itaipu (Itaipu Hydroelectric Dam). The crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards[5] and the state is one of the most developed ones in the nation,[6] ranking 4th in gross domestic product, only behind the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais.[7]

History

Before the discovery of the region by European explorers, indigenous populations inhabited the region for thousands of years. This included the Carijó in the lands closer to the sea, from the Tupi group, and the Caingangues in the interior, who belonged to the Jê group.[8]

Colonisation of the state by settlers started in the 16th century, but was mainly confined to the coasts. Being a region mostly abandoned by the Portuguese,[9] the region was explored by other European countries, who searched primarily for Pau brasil.[9] The most noteworthy presence was that of the Spanish, which brought with them jesuits. Soon, Jesuit reductions were opened in the western and south-western parts of the state, whose territory largely belonged to the Spanish crown. In 1554, Domingo Martínez de Irala founded the town of Ontiveros, one league away from the Guaíra Falls.[10]

In the 1940s, the northern part of the state was settled as a result of the expansion of the São Paulo coffee industry. The south-eastern part of the state was settled as a result of migration from Rio Grande do Sul.[11]

Geography
Iguazu Falls

Paraná is bounded on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line.

The state can be separated into five main topographic areas, from east to west: a coastal zone, the mountains of Serra do Mar, and then three plateaus, each lower than the other, until the Paraná River is reached.[12]

Climate
Climate types of Paraná.
Frost at Botanical Garden of Curitiba

According to the Köppen climate classification, the north and west of the state, and the east coast, is of the Cfa climate type, with the remainder being Cfb.[13] An alternative analysis using the ECMWF model indicates that the Aw and Cwa Köppen types appear in the north.[14] The northern part of the state is the convergence point between the Tropical Atlantic and Equatorial Continental air masses.[15]

Temperature and precipitation

The annual mean air temperature ranges between 15 and 24°, with the highest temperatures found in the northwest and the lowest around Palmas,[14] which is considered the coldest city of Paraná by the meteorological body Simepar.[16] In the coastal plain minimum average temperatures range between 16–18 °C.[17]

Precipitation is less than 1200 mm a year in the north of the state, rising to above 1800 mm in the southwest and southeast of the state.[14]

Climate subtypes

The Cfa climate, subtropical with good distribution of annual rainfall and hot summers, occurs in the coastal plain and western parts of the state. Average temperature is 19 °C (66 °F), with rainfall of 1,500 millimetres (59.1 in) per year.[18]

The Cfb climate, warm to hot temperate with good distribution of annual rainfall and mild summers, occurs at higher elevationu. The average annual temperatures are 17 °C (63 °F) and rainfall of 1,200 millimetres (47.2 in) per year.[18]

The Cwa climate, subtropical with hot summers and dry winters, has occurred in the north-western part of the state territory. It is what is called a tropical climate, because in contrast to the two described above, whose good distribution of rainfall is registered throughout the year, this has characteristic rainy index of tropical systems, with dry winters and wet summers. The thermal medium per year varies around 20 °C (68 °F) and the wet content amounts to 1 millimetre (0.0 in) to 300 millimetres (11.8 in) per year. Almost the entire state territory is subject to a great number of frost per year.[18] Cities with this climate include Paranavaí (according with Maack) with some characteristics - Cfa(h), transition with a humid climate all year round.[19]

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1872126,722—    
1890249,491+3.84%
1900327,136+2.75%
1920685,711+3.77%
19401,236,276+2.99%
19502,115,547+5.52%
19604,296,375+7.34%
19706,997,682+5.00%
19807,749,752+1.03%
19918,443,299+0.78%
20009,558,454+1.39%
201010,444,526+0.89%
201811,348,937+1.04%
source:[20]

Parana is the sixth most populous state in Brazil. Its level of urbanization is 83.5%.[21]

Ethnic groups
Mill in the Dutch colony of Castrolanda

The 2005 IBGE survey gave the following breakdown by race for the state: White (Branca) 73.0%, Pardo (mixed) 23.3%, Black (Preta) 2.5%, and Indigenous 1.2%.[22]

Parana's white population is primarily descendant of Portuguese, Italian, Polish and Ukrainian immigrants, but many German families also settled in the state.[23] A variation of German known as Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch originated in the area.[24]

Initially settled by the Guarani and Kaingang Amerindians, until the 17th century, virtually no European presence existed in Paraná. The number of settlers grew around 1750 and the population was composed of Amerindians, Portuguese, and some Spaniards. African slaves from Angola and Mozambique were also present, but in fewer numbers than in other Brazilian areas, because Paraná was an unexplored region that did not need much slave manpower. As part of the province of São Paulo, immigration grew in the mid-19th century, mostly composed of Italian, German, Polish, Ukrainian, and Japanese peoples. While large numbers of Poles and Ukrainians are present in Paraná, their presence in the rest of Brazil is relatively small, especially Ukrainians. In the early 20th century, two waves of migration to Paraná occurred: one coming from the north, mostly of Portuguese, but also of African and Amerindian origin, and another from southern Brazil to the southwest and west, mostly of Portuguese, Italian, and German origins.[25][26]

Major cities

Economy
Downtown Curitiba

In 2013, the Paraná had the fifth largest GDP of Brazil, representing 5.90% of the Brazilian GDP in 2005, against 6.4% in 2003.

About 15% of Paraná's GDP comes from agriculture. Another 40% comes from industry and the remaining 45% comes from the tertiary sector. As for its exports, in 2012 the main products exported were soybeans (18.73%), Meat Poultry (10.50%), sugar in Natura (8.09%), Soybean Meal (8.00%) and corn (6.36%).[28]

The main economic activities are agriculture (sugarcane, maize, soybeans, coffee, tomato), industry (agribusiness, automotive, and paper) and plant extraction (wood and yerba mate).[29] Despite the good social indicators and high standard of living, unemployment is still a problem and the state is one of most difficult for foreigners trying to find jobs.[30]

Infrastructure

International airports

Sports

Two of the biggest football sides in the state are Clube Atlético Paranaense and Coritiba Foot Ball Club, who play the Atletiba derby.[31] Curitiba was one of the 12 host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

See also

References
  1. "POPULAÇÃO RESIDENTE, EM 1o DE ABRIL DE 2007, SEGUNDO AS UNIDADES DA FEDERAÇÃO" (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  2. "Radar IDHM: evolução do IDHM e de seus índices componentes no período de 2012 a 2017" (PDF) (in Portuguese). PNUD Brasil. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  3. In Brazilian Portuguese. The European Portuguese pronunciation is [pɐɾɐˈna].
  4. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Paraná" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766.
  5. Paraná, Jornal Bem. "Jovem é assassinado com vários tiros em Campo Largo -". www.bemparana.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  6. Pamplona, Nicola (28 November 2016). "Estados mais ricos ainda concentram PIB, mas participação cai, diz IBGE". Bem Paraná. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  7. "Contas Regionais 2014: cinco estados responderam por quase dois terços do PIB do país". IBGE. 28 November 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  8. CELEPAR. "Etnias - Estado do Paraná". www.cidadao.pr.gov.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  9. Mascarenhas, Maria Amélia; Biasi, Mauro De; Coltrinari, Lylian; Moraes, Antônio Carlos de Robert de (1998). "Paraná". Grande Enciclopédia Larousse Cultural (in Portuguese). 18. São Paulo: Nova Cultural. pp. 4444–4445.
  10. "Estado do Paraná". Encontra Paraná. 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  11. "Supporting the Contribution of HEIs to Regional Development" (PDF). Secretariat of Science, Technology and Higher Education, State of Parana. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  12. "Paraná". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  13. "Atlas Climatico do Paraná" (in Portuguese). Instituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  14. Lucas Eduardo de Oliveira Aparecido, Glauco de Souza Rolim, Jonathan Richetti, Paulo Sergio de Souza, Jerry Adriani Johann (2016). "Köppen, Thornthwaite and Camargo climate classifications for climatic zoning in the State of Paraná, Brazil". Ciência e Agrotecnologia. Lavras. 40 (4): 405–417. doi:10.1590/1413-70542016404003916. ISSN 1413-7054. Retrieved 3 May 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. Nice Lecocq Müller (2001). "Contribuição ao estudo do norte do Paraná". GEOGRAFIA (Londrina) (in Portuguese). 10 (1): 89–119. doi:10.5433/2447-1747.2001v10n1p89 (inactive 6 March 2020). ISSN 2447-1747. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  16. "Parecer do Simepar confirma Palmas como a mais fria do Paraná" (in Portuguese). Prefeitura Municipal de Palmas. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  17. Felipe Vanhoni, Francisco Mendonça (August 2008). "O Clima do Litoral do Estado do Paraná" (in Portuguese). Revista Brasileira de Climatologia. p. 5. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  18. Garschagen 1998, p. 133-134.
  19. "Evolução climática do Estado do Paraná" (PDF).
  20. IGBE
  21. "Brazil will improve the urban infrastructure in the state of Paraná". Inter-American Development Bank. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  22. "Tabela 9.1 - População total e respectiva distribuição percentual, por cor ou raça, segundo as Grandes Regiões, Unidades da Federação e Regiões Metropolitanas - 2005" (PDF). Síntese de indicadores sociais 2006 (in Portuguese). IBGE. p. 248. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  23. Higher Education in Regional and City Development: State of Paraná, Brazil (PDF). OECD. 2011. p. 38. ISBN 978-92-64-089020.
  24. "Wayback Machine (Indo-European phylosector)" (PDF). 31 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  25. Saloum De Neves Manta, Fernanda; Pereira, Rui; Vianna, Romulo; Rodolfo Beuttenmüller De Araújo, Alfredo; Leite Góes Gitaí, Daniel; Aparecida Da Silva, Dayse; De Vargas Wolfgramm, Eldamária; Da Mota Pontes, Isabel; Ivan Aguiar, José; Ozório Moraes, Milton; Fagundes De Carvalho, Elizeu; Gusmão, Leonor (2013). "Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75145. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075145. PMC 3779230. PMID 24073242.
  26. HLA polymorphism and evaluation of European, African, and Amerindian contribution to the white and mulatto populations from Parana, Brazil
  27. "Brazil: Paraná". City Population. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  28. "Exportações do Paranpa (2012)". Plataforma DataViva. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  29. MANTOVANI, Ana Margô (June 2003). "Paraná: Economia". Laboratórios de Informática Unilasalle. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  30. Portal, Mariana Ohde Repórter no Paraná (18 August 2017). "Taxa de desemprego fica em 8,9% no Paraná". Paraná Portal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  31. "Atlético-PR VS Coritiba: Atletiba, the rivalry that went national". Rivalries. FIFA. Retrieved 17 August 2014.

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