Boston, Lincolnshire

Boston is a town and small port in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England, about 100 miles (160 km) north of London. It is the largest town of the wider Borough of Boston local government district. The town itself had a population of 35,124 at the 2001 census,[1] while the borough had a total population of 66,900, at the ONS mid-2015 estimates.[2] It is north of Greenwich on the Prime Meridian.

This article is about the town in Lincolnshire. For other uses, see Boston (disambiguation) § United Kingdom.

Boston

St Botolph's Church viewed from the river
Boston
Location within Lincolnshire
Area18.42 km2 (7.11 sq mi)
Population35,124 (ONS)
• Density1,907/km2 (4,940/sq mi)
OS grid referenceTF329437
• London100 mi (160 km) S
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBOSTON
Postcode districtPE21
Dialling code01205
PoliceLincolnshire
FireLincolnshire
AmbulanceEast Midlands
UK Parliament

Boston's most notable landmark is St Botolph's Church ("The Stump"), the largest parish church in England,[3] visible for miles around from the flat lands of Lincolnshire. Residents of Boston are known as Bostonians. Emigrants from Boston named several other settlements around the world after the town, most notably Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States.

Name
Boston's coat of arms[4]

The name "Boston" is said to be a contraction of "Saint Botolph's town",[4] "stone", or "tun" (Old English, Old Norse and modern Norwegian) for a hamlet or farm, hence the Latin villa Sancti Botulfi "St. Botulf's village").[5]

History

Early history

The town was once held to have been a Roman settlement, but no evidence shows this to be the case.[4] Similarly, it is often linked to the monastery established by the Saxon monk Botolph at "Icanhoe" on the Witham in AD 654 and destroyed by the Vikings in 870,[4] but this is now doubted by modern historians. The early medieval geography of The Fens was much more fluid than it is today, and at that time, the Witham did not flow near the site of Boston. Botolph's establishment is most likely to have been in Suffolk. However, he was a popular missionary and saint to whom many churches between Yorkshire and Sussex are dedicated.

The 1086 Domesday Book does not mention Boston by name,[6] but nearby settlements of the tenant-in-chief Count Alan Rufus of Brittany are covered. Its present territory was probably then part of the grant of Skirbeck,[6] part of the very wealthy manor of Drayton, which before 1066 had been owned by Ralph the Staller, Edward the Confessor's Earl of East Anglia. Skirbeck had two churches and one is likely to have been that dedicated to St Botolph, in what was consequently Botolph's town. Skirbeck (map) is now considered part of Boston, but the name remains, as a church parish and an electoral ward.

The order of importance was the other way round, when the Boston quarter of Skirbeck developed at the head of the Haven, which lies under the present Market Place. At that stage, The Haven was the tidal part of the stream, now represented by the Stone Bridge Drain (map), which carried the water from the East and West Fens. The line of the road through Wide Bargate, to A52 and A16, is likely to have developed on its marine silt levees. It led, as it does now, to the relatively high ground at Sibsey (map), and thence to Lindsey.

The reason for the original development of the town, away from the centre of Skirbeck, was that Boston lay on the point where navigable tidal water was alongside the land route, which used the Devensian terminal moraine ridge at Sibsey, between the upland of East Lindsey and the three routes to the south of Boston:

  • The coastal route, on the marine silts, crossed the mouth of Bicker Haven towards Spalding.
  • The Sleaford route, into Kesteven, passed via Swineshead (map), thence following the old course of the River Slea, on its marine silt levee.
  • The Salters' Way route into Kesteven, left Holland from Donington. This route was much more thoroughly developed, in the later Medieval period, by Bridge End Priory (map).

The River Witham seems to have joined The Haven after the flood of September 1014, having abandoned the port of Drayton, on what subsequently became known as Bicker Haven. The predecessor of Ralph the Staller owned most of both Skirbeck and Drayton, so it was a relatively simple task to transfer his business from Drayton, but the Domesday Book of 1086 still records his source of income in Boston under the heading of Drayton, so Boston's name is famously not mentioned. The Town Bridge still maintains the preflood route, along the old Haven bank.

Growth
Blackfriars Arts Centre

After the Norman conquest, Ralph the Staller's property was taken over by Count Alan.[7] It subsequently came to be attached to the Earldom of Richmond, North Yorkshire, and known as the Richmond Fee. It lay on the left bank of The Haven.

During the 11th and 12th centuries, Boston grew into a notable town and port.[8] In 1204, King John vested sole control over the town in his bailiff.[6] That year[4] or the next,[6] he levied a "fifteenth" tax (quinzieme) of 6.67% on the moveable goods of merchants in the ports of England: the merchants of Boston paid £780, the highest in the kingdom after London's £836.[4][9] Thus, by the opening of the 13th century, Boston was already significant in trade with the continent of Europe and ranked as a port of the Hanseatic League.[10][11] In the thirteenth century it was said to be the second port in the country.[12] Edward III named it a staple port for the wool trade in 1369.[6] Apart from wool, Boston also exported salt, produced locally on the Holland coast, grain, produced up-river, and lead, produced in Derbyshire and brought via Lincoln, up-river.

A quarrel between the local and foreign merchants led to the withdrawal of the Hansards[4] around 1470.[6] Around the same time, the decline of the local guilds[6] and shift towards domestic weaving of English wool (conducted in other areas of the country) led to a near-complete collapse of the town's foreign trade.[6] The silting of the Haven only furthered the town's decline.

At the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII during the English Reformation, Boston's Dominican, Franciscan, Carmelite, and Augustinian friaries—erected during the boom years of the 13th and 14th centuries—were all expropriated. The refectory of the Dominican friary was eventually converted into a theatre in 1965 and now houses the Blackfriars Arts Centre.

Henry VIII granted the town its charter in 1545[13] and Boston had two Members of Parliament from 1552.

17th and 18th centuries
Pilgrim Fathers Memorial

The staple trade made Boston a centre of intellectual influence from the Continent, including the teachings of John Calvin that became known as Calvinism. This, in turn, revolutionised the Christian beliefs and practices of many Bostonians and residents of the neighbouring shires of England. In 1607, a group of pilgrims from Nottinghamshire led by William Brewster and William Bradford attempted to escape pressure to conform with the teaching of the English church by going to the Netherlands from Boston. At that time, unsanctioned emigration was illegal, and they were brought before the court in the Guildhall. Most of the pilgrims were released fairly soon, and the following year, set sail for the Netherlands, settling in Leiden. In 1620, several of these were among the group who moved to New England in the Mayflower.

Boston remained a hotbed of religious dissent. In 1612, John Cotton became the Vicar of St Botolph's and, although viewed askance by the Church of England for his nonconformist preaching, became responsible for a large increase in Church attendance. He encouraged those who disliked the lack of religious freedom in England to join the Massachusetts Bay Company, and later helped to found the city of Boston, Massachusetts, which he was instrumental in naming. Unable to tolerate the religious situation any longer, he eventually emigrated himself in 1633.

At the same time, work on draining the fens to the west of Boston was begun, a scheme which displeased many whose livelihoods were at risk. (One of the sources of livelihood obtained from the fen was fowling, supplying ducks and geese for meat and in addition the processing of their feathers and down for use in mattresses and pillows. The feathery aspect of this is still reflected in the presence of the bedding company named Fogarty, nearby in Fishtoft.) This and the religious friction put Boston into the parliamentarian camp in the Civil War, which in England began in 1642. The chief backer of the drainage locally, Lord Lindsey, was shot in the first battle and the fens returned to their accustomed dampness until after 1750.

Boston sunset

The later 18th century saw a revival when the Fens began to be effectively drained. The Act of Parliament permitting the embanking and straightening of the fenland Witham was dated 1762. A sluice, called for in the act, was designed to help scour out The Haven. The land proved to be fertile, and Boston began exporting cereals to London. In 1774, the first financial bank was opened, and in 1776, an act of Parliament allowed watchmen to begin patrolling the streets at night.

Modern history

In the 19th century, the names of Howden, a firm located near the Grand Sluice, and Tuxford, near the Maud Foster Sluice, were respected among engineers for their steam road locomotives, threshing engines, and the like. Howden developed his business from making steam engines for river boats, while Tuxford began as a miller and millwright. His mill was once prominent near Skirbeck Church, just to the east of the Maud Foster Drain.

The railway reached the town in 1848, and it was briefly on the main line from London to the north. The area between the Black Sluice and the railway station was mainly railway yard and the railway company's main depôt. The latter facility moved to Doncaster when the modern main line was opened. Boston remained something of a local railway hub well into the 20th century, moving the produce of the district and the trade of the dock, plus the excursion trade to Skegness and similar places, but it was much quieter by the time of the Beeching cuts of the 1960s.

Boston once again became a significant port in trade and fishing in 1884, when the new dock with its associated wharves on The Haven were constructed. It continued as a working port, exporting grain, fertiliser, and importing timber, although much of the fishing trade was moved out in the interwar period.

During the First World War, many of the town's trawlermen, together with those from Grimsby, were taken prisoner after their ships were sunk by German raiders in the North Sea. Their families did not know what had happened to them until late September 1914. The men were taken to Sennelager camp, then on to Ruhleben POW camp, where most remained till repatriated in 1918. A full report of their homecoming is in the Lincolnshire Standard newspaper, January 1918. Meanwhile, the port was used by hospital ships and some 4,000 sick or wounded troops passed through Boston.[14]

The first cinema opened in 1910, and in 1913, a new town bridge was constructed. Central Park was purchased in 1919, and is now one of the focal points of the town. Electricity came to Boston during the early part of the century, and electrical street lighting was provided from 1924.[15]

In the Second World War, the borough lost 17 civilian dead through enemy air raids.[16] A memorial in Boston Cemetery commemorates them.[14]

The Haven Bridge, which now carries the two trunk roads over the river, was opened in 1966, and a new dual carriageway, John Adams Way, was built in 1976-8 to take traffic away from the town centre. A shopping centre, named the Pescod Centre, opened in 2004, bringing many new shops into the town.

Transport

Railway

The railways came to Boston in 1848 following the building of the East Lincolnshire Railway from Grimsby to Boston and the simultaneous building of the Lincolnshire Loop Line by the Great Northern Railway, which ran between Peterborough and York via Boston, Lincoln, and Doncaster. This line was built before the East Coast Main Line and for a short while put Boston on the map as the GNR's main locomotive works before it was relocated to Doncaster in 1852.

Boston railway station is served by East Midlands Railway on the Poacher Line from Grantham to Skegness. It was the southern terminus of the East Lincolnshire Line to Louth and Grimsby until closure in 1970.

Politics

Boston residents voted strongly (75.6%) in favour of leaving the European Union in the 2016 UK referendum on EU membership, the highest such vote in the country. [17]

Boston Borough Council
See also: Boston Bypass Independents

No party currently has a majority of seats on Boston Borough Council; the Conservatives are the largest group, currently holding 15 of the 30 seats, followed by UKIP, which holds seven.[18] In May 2007, a single-issue political party, the Boston Bypass Independents, campaigning for a bypass to be built around the town, took control of the council when they won 25 of the 32 seats up for election. Describing their victory, the new council leader Richard Austin said: "We knew that the mood of the people of Boston was very black and they really do want something to happen to Boston that isn't happening at the moment."[19] However, in the subsequent elections in 2011, the group lost all but four of its seats.

Governance

Boston received its charter in 1545. It is the main settlement in the Boston local government district of Lincolnshire, which includes the unparished town of Boston and 18 other civil parishes.

Borough Council wards

As of 2015, Boston Borough council consisted of 30 members:[20]

  • Coastal Ward elects two councillors
  • Fenside Ward elects two councillors.
  • Fishtoft Ward elects three councillors.
  • Five Villages Ward elects two councillors.
  • Kirton & Frampton Ward elects three councillors.
  • Old Leake & Wrangle elects two councillors
  • Skirbeck Ward elects three councillors.
  • Staniland Ward elects two councillors.
  • Station Ward elects one councillor.
  • St Thomas Ward elects one councillor.
  • Swineshead & Holland Ward elects two councillors.
  • Trinity Ward elects two councillors.
  • West Ward elects one councillor.
  • Witham Ward elects two councillors.
  • Wyberton Ward elects two councillors.

Lincolnshire County Council divisions

In 2017, six county council divisions existed for the Borough of Boston, each of which returned one member to Lincolnshire County Council:

  • Boston Coastal
  • Boston North
  • Boston Rural
  • Boston South
  • Boston West
  • Skirbeck

UK Parliament

The town is part of the Boston and Skegness parliamentary constituency, currently represented by Conservative MP Matt Warman. The town was previously represented for 35 years by Conservative Sir Richard Body.

European Parliament

Boston is part of the East Midlands European Parliament constituency, which elects five members.

Demography

Population

According to the 2001 census, 35,124 people were residing in Boston town, of whom 48.2% were male and 51.8% were female. Children under five accounted for about 5% of the population; 23% of the resident population in Boston were of retirement age. In the 2011 census, the Borough of Boston had a population of 64,600 with 15% of the population having been born outside of the UK and 11% having been born in EU accession countries (2001–2011) such as Poland and Lithuania.[21] The non-White population made up 2.4% of the total population in 2011.[21]

Arts and culture

Boston has historically had strong cultural connections to the Netherlands, and Dutch influence can be found in its architecture.[22]

Landmarks

Some of the most interesting things to be seen in Boston lie not in the usual list of tourist features, but in the area of civil engineering. However, the remarkable sights are of the more usual sort:

The parish church of Saint Botolph is known locally as Boston Stump and is renowned for its size and its dominant appearance in the surrounding countryside.

The Stump, viewed from the Market Place: The statue of the journalist and politician Herbert Ingram is in the left foreground.

The Grand Sluice is disguised by railway and road bridges, but it is there, keeping the tide out of the Fens and twice a day, allowing the water from the upland to scour the Haven. Not far away, in the opposite direction, was the boyhood home of John Foxe, the author of Foxe's Book of Martyrs.

The Town Bridge maintains the line of the road to Lindsey and from its western end, looking at the river side of the Exchange Building to the right, it is possible to see how the two ends of the building, founded on the natural levees of The Haven, have stood firm while the middle has sunk into the infill of the former river.

From 1552, Bostonians used to have their jail near the Stump (about where the red car in the photograph is located). This is likely to be where the Scrooby Pilgrims were imprisoned in 1607.

There is a statue of Herbert Ingram, founder of The Illustrated London News, in front of the Stump. The statue was designed by Alexander Munro and was unveiled in October 1862. The allegorical figure at the base of the monument is a reference to Ingram's efforts to bring the first piped water to the town. He was also instrumental in bringing the railways to Boston. Born in nearby Paddock Grove, son of a butcher,[23] he was also MP for Boston, from 1856 until his death in 1860, in a shipping accident on Lake Michigan.

Maud Foster Mill

The seven-storeyed Maud Foster Tower Windmill, completed in 1819 by millwrights Norman and Smithson of Kingston upon Hull for Issac and Thomas Reckitt, was extensively restored in the late 1980s and became a working mill again. It stands next to the drain after which it is named, and is unusual in having an odd number (five) of sails.

The Guildhall in which the Pilgrim Fathers were tried was converted into a museum in 1929. The cells in which the pilgrims are said to have been held at the time of their trial are on the ground floor. After a major refurbishment during which the museum was closed for several years, it reopened in 2008.

The Pilgrim Fathers Memorial is located on the north bank of The Haven a few miles outside the town. Here at Scotia Creek, the pilgrims made their first attempt to leave for the Dutch Republic in 1607.

Hussey Tower

The ruined Hussey Tower is all that remains of a medieval brick-fortified house, built in 1450, and occupied by John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford until he was executed in the wake of the Lincolnshire Rising.[24] 2 miles (3 km) east, Rochford Tower is another medieval tower house.[25]

In Skirbeck Quarter, on the right bank of The Haven, is the Black Sluice, the outfall of the South Forty-Foot Drain.

The Prime Meridian passes through the eastern side of Boston, marked by the fairly modern, suburban Meridian Road (PE21 0NB), which straddles the line after which the road was named.

The annual Boston May Fair has been held in the town since at least 1125. This fair is held during the first week of May, and is one of the few remaining fairs in the country still held in the town centre. By tradition, the fair was officially opened by the mayor at midday on 3 May, although this date has varied in recent years.

The Haven Gallery, opened in 2005, was closed to the public in 2010 in a cost-cutting measure by Boston Borough Council.

Frampton Marsh and Freiston Shore are two nature reserves, managed by the RSPB, which lie on The Wash coast on either side of the mouth of The Haven.[26][27]

  • The novel The Last Dickens is set in Boston, as is The Pilgrims' Bounty by Ken Bloomfield, a local author.[28]
  • Boston is often assumed to be the prototype for Flaxborough, in the detective novels of Colin Watson.
  • Boston was the birthplace of the 19th-century author and poet Jean Ingelow.
  • Boston stood in as a Dutch town in the wartime film One of Our Aircraft Is Missing.
  • Boston is mentioned several times in the English band To Kill a King's EP My Crooked Saint.
  • Boston may have been depicted in Anthony Horowitz's book Oblivion, in which he describes the village with the church of St Botolph's.
  • The 2019 television series Wild Bill is set in and was filmed in Boston.

Local economy

Boston's most important industries are food production, including vegetables and potatoes; road haulage and logistics companies that carry the food; the Port of Boston, which handles more than one million tons of cargo per year including the import of steel and timber and the export of grain and recyclable materials; shellfishing; other light industry; and tourism. The port is connected by rail, with steel imports going by rail each day to Washwood Heath in Birmingham, and the port and town are also connected by trunk roads including the A16 and the A52.

Boston has two weekly newspapers, the Boston Standard and the Boston Target, and a community radio station called Endeavour Radio.[29]

Boston's market[30] is held every Wednesday and Saturday[31] in one of England's largest marketplaces, with an additional market and outside auction held on Wednesdays on Bargate Green.

Boston has a theatre and arts centre called Blackfriars,[32] which was formerly the refectory of the Benedictine friary, built in the 13th century and once visited by King Edward I.

Work was due to commence in 2014 on a new marina of the river Witham, which would offer moorings, a restaurant, and other facilities. The town is also set to be a major part of the Fens waterway project, which will be an equivalent of the Norfolk Broads. This is scheduled to be completed in 2018.

In late 2013, a £100 million development was announced for the outskirts of town on the A16 towards Kirton. This development, named the Quadrant, is split in two phases. Phase one consists of a new football ground for Boston United F.C., 500 new homes, retail and business outlets, and a possible supermarket. This development also includes the beginning of a distributor road that will eventually link the A52 Grantham Road and the A16 together. Phase two, still in the development stage, consists of a possible second new marina, more new homes, and retail units.

Sport

The Princess Royal Arena is located on the Boardsides, just outside Boston. Boston Rugby Club is based at the Princess Royal Arena. The club was established in 1927 by Ernst Clark, who had an interest in providing activity for boys.

Football

The town has two nonleague football clubs. The more senior Boston United, nicknamed the Pilgrims, plays in the National League North. The stadium is currently located on York Street in the centre of the town and has an approximate capacity of 6,200. The town's second club, Boston Town, nicknamed the Poachers, plays in the United Counties Football League. Its home games are played at their stadium on Tattershall Road, on the outskirts of Boston.

Rowing

Boston Rowing Club, near Carlton Road, hosts the annual 33 miles (53 km) Boston Rowing Marathon each year in mid-September. Crews from throughout the world compete, starting at Brayford Pool in Lincoln, and finishing in times from three to six hours.

Speedway

Speedway racing was staged at a stadium in New Hammond Beck Road in the 1970s and 1980s. The Boston Barracudas raced in the British League Division Two, (now the Premier League) and in 1973 won the League and the Knock-out Cup, with one member winning the League Individual Championship. After the New Hammond Beck Road Stadium was sold for redevelopment in 1988, attempts to secure a new venue in the 1990s failed. A team, known as Boston, raced in the Conference League at King's Lynn.

Swimming

Boston Amateur Swimming Club holds galas and open meets, including the Boston Open, and two yearly club championship events. It trains at the Geoff Moulder Swimming Pool.

Sailing

Witham Sailing Club is a based on the banks of the Witham, with its own clubhouse.

Health

In the mid-2000s Boston was shown to have the highest obesity rate of any town in the United Kingdom, with one-third of its adults (31%) considered clinically obese. Obesity has been linked to social deprivation.[33]

Education

Secondary schools

Boston Grammar School, an all-male selective school, is on Rowley Road. Its female counterpart, Boston High School is on Spilsby Road. Both schools have sixth forms open to both boys and girls. Haven High Academy is on Marian Road - it was created in 1992 on the site of Kitwood Girls' School following its merger with another secondary modern school, Kitwood Boys' School. The town previously also had a Roman Catholic secondary school, St Bede's in Tollfield Road, but this was closed in 2011 following poor exam results.

Colleges

Boston College is a predominantly further education college that opened in 1964 to provide A-level courses for those not attending the town's two grammar schools. It currently has three sites in the town. It also took over the site of Kitwood Boys' school in Mill Road following the school's merger with Kitwood Girls' School in 1992, but this was closed in 2012, with the buildings subsequently demolished and housing built on the site.

Independent schools

St George's Preparatory School is the only independent school in the town. Established in 2011, it is housed in a Grade II listed building, the former home of the town architect William Wheeler, and caters for the 3–11 year age group.[34]

Notable Bostonians
Bishop Simon Patrick
John Westland Marston
Jean Ingelow
Janet Lane-Claypon 1907
Brian Bolland 2010
Robert Webb 2007

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century
  • Andrew Kippis (1725–1795) nonconformist clergyman[44] in Boston (1746 to 1750) and biographer.
  • George Bass (1771–1803 presumed) naval surgeon[45] and explorer of Australia
  • John Platts (1775–1837) Unitarian minister[46] and author, a compiler of reference works.
  • John R. Jewitt (1783–1821) an armourer in Canada,[47] wrote memoirs of his captivity by local indigenous people
  • Pishey Thompson (1784–1862) publisher[48] and antiquarian writer

19th century

20th century

Sport
Simon Lambert 2015
Emma Bristow

Town twinning and association
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom and Hanseatic Parliament

Boston joined the new Hanseatic League, in July 2015, a project for trade, cultural and educational integration. Boston's twin towns include:

  •  – Boston, Massachusetts (United States)
  •  – Laval (France); Boston's link with Laval is one of the oldest twinnings in the world.
  •  – Hakusan (Japan)

Destinations

See also

Notes
  1. Foundation, Internet Memory (17 June 2004). "[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives". www.ons.gov.uk.
  2. "Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2015" (Excel). Office for National Statistics. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  3. "Church sells bits of Boston Stump". BBC News. 3 November 2005. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
  4. EB (1878).
  5. "Key to English Place-names". Key to English Place-Names. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  6. EB (1911), p. 290.
  7. Morris (1986), Landowner 12, §67.
  8. Morris (1979), p. 101.
  9. Thompson (1856), Div. VIII.
  10. Borough of Boston. Official Guide to Boston. Ed J Burrow & Co Ltd. p. 13 paragraph 1.
  11. H. W. Nicholson, ed. (1986). A Short History Of Boston (4th ed.). Guardian Press of Boston. p. 2.
  12. J.B.Priestley ‘’English Journey’’ 1934 p.373 “When Boston was a port of some importance-and at one time, in the 13th century, it was the second port in the country...”
  13. Thompson (1856).
  14. CWGC Cemetery Report, Boston Cemetery.
  15. "A History of Boston". www.localhistories.org. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  16. CWGC Cemetery Report, Boston Municipal Borough.
  17. "EU referendum results". The Financial Times Ltd. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  18. "Your Councillors". 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  19. "Bypass group wins race for Boston". BBC. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  20. "Boston Borough Council". Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  21. http://www.research-lincs.org.uk/UI/Documents/country-of-birth-ethnicity-and-nationality-of-lincolnshire-residents-census2011-112013.pdf
  22. "Brexitland versus Londonia". Economist. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  23. The Oxford Book of National Biography – September 2004, quoted on The Early History of The Illustrated London News
  24. "Hussey Tower". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  25. Historic England. "Rochford Tower (353869)". PastScape. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  26. "Frampton Marsh". www.rspb.org.uk. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  27. "Freiston Shore". www.rspb.org.uk. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  28. Waterstones
  29. Endeavour Radio
  30. "Refurbishment of Boston Market Place". Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  31. (Mr) SKDC Details, Council Offices (26 January 2012). "Boston Market".
  32. "Blackfriars Theatre and Arts Centre". www.blackfriarsartscentre.co.uk.
  33. Carter, Helen (12 October 2006). "Lincolnshire: home of the porker?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 July 2007.
  34. "Welcome to St George's Preparatory School, Boston". Boston, Lincolnshire: St George's Preparatory School and Little Dragons Nursery. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  35. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 60, Weston, Richard (1466?-1542) retrieved 16 January 2018
  36. Encyclopædia Britannica, John Taverner retrieved 16 January 2018
  37. Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), Volume 4, Ven. Sir Thomas Dingley retrieved 16 January 2018
  38. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 10, Foxe, John retrieved 16 January 2018
  39. The History of Parliament Trust, IRBY, Anthony (1547-1625) retrieved 17 January 2018
  40. The History of Parliament Trust, ELLYS (ELLIS), William (1607–80) retrieved 17 January 2018
  41. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, LEVERETT, JOHN retrieved 17 January 2018
  42. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 20, Patrick, Simon retrieved 17 January 2018
  43. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 18, Farrow, Joseph retrieved 16 January 2018
  44. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 31, Kippis, Andrew retrieved 16 January 2018
  45. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 03, Bass, George retrieved 17 January 2018
  46. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 45, Platts, John retrieved 17 January 2018
  47. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, Volume VI (1821–1835), JEWITT, JOHN RODGERS retrieved 17 January 2018
  48. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 56, Thompson, Pishey retrieved 17 January 2018
  49. Works by James Richardson, Project Gutenberg retrieved 19 January 2018
  50. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 19, Flowers, Frederick retrieved 16 January 2018
  51. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 19, Flowers, George French retrieved 19 January 2018
  52. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 29, Ingram, Herbert retrieved 14 September 2018
  53. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 36, Marston, John Westland retrieved 19 January 2018
  54. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 14, Ingelow, Jean retrieved 19 January 2018
  55. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 6, Conington, John retrieved 19 January 2018
  56. Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement, Raven, John James retrieved 19 January 2018
  57. Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Garfit retrieved 19 January 2018
  58. William Frederick Horry, History in the making, www.capitalpunishmentuk.org retrieved 19 January 2018
  59. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Fred Maddison retrieved 19 January 2018
  60. CWGC Archive Online, Commonwealth War Graves Commission retrieved 19 January 2018
  61. UK National Archives, Archival material relating to Arthur James Grant retrieved 19 January 2018
  62. British Medical Journal, 29 July 1967, Obituary Notices retrieved 19 January 2018
  63. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir Walter Liddall retrieved 19 January 2018
  64. Who Was Who, McNAIR, John retrieved 19 January 2018
  65. The Aerodrome, Arthur Stanley Gould Lee retrieved 19 January 2018
  66. Wiley Online Library, 1987, OBITUARIES H. N. Southern retrieved 19 January 2018
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References

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