List of Apollo astronauts

NASA assigned 32 American astronauts to the Apollo lunar landing program, and 24, flying on nine missions between December 1968 and December 1972, orbited the Moon. During six two-man landing missions twelve astronauts walked on the lunar surface, and six of those drove Lunar Roving Vehicles. Three flew to the Moon twice, one orbiting both times and two landing once apiece. Apart from these 24 men, no human being has gone beyond low Earth orbit.

Most of the Apollo astronauts gathered at the Johnson Space Center in Houston in 1978. Names are included even for those not in the photo, with moonwalkers names in white and those who flew to the Moon without landing shown in dark grey. (Other names are shown in faint grey.)

The Apollo program included three other crewed missions. Apollo 1 did not launch and its crew died in a ground-based capsule fire, and Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were low Earth orbit missions testing spacecraft components and docking maneuvers. Nine astronauts later flew unused Apollo command modules in the Apollo Applications Program's Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz Test Project.

Of the 24 astronauts who flew to the Moon, two went on to command a Skylab mission, one commanded Apollo–Soyuz, one flew as commander for Approach and Landing Tests of the Space Shuttle, and two commanded orbital Space Shuttle missions. Twenty-four NASA astronauts from the Apollo era flew on the Space Shuttle.

Prime crew members

NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations during the Gemini and Apollo programs was Donald K. "Deke" Slayton, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts, who was medically grounded in September 1962 due to a minor cardiac arrythmia – paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Slayton was responsible for making all Gemini and Apollo crew assignments. In March 1972, Slayton was restored to flight status, and flew on the 1975 Apollo–Soyuz Test Project mission.

The prime crew members selected for actual missions are here grouped by their NASA astronaut selection groups, and within each group in the order selected for flight. Two versions of the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) spacecraft were developed: Block I intended for preliminary low Earth orbit testing, and Block II which was designed for the lunar landing. The Block I crew position titles were Command Pilot, Senior Pilot (second seat), and Pilot (third seat). The corresponding Block II titles were: Commander, Command Module Pilot (second seat), and Lunar Module Pilot (third seat). The second seat pilot was given secondary responsibility for celestial navigation to keep the CSM's guidance computer accurately calibrated with the spacecraft's true position, and the third seat pilot served as a flight engineer, monitoring the health of the spacecraft systems.

From the Mercury Seven
(L to R) Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Grissom, Schirra, Shepard, and Slayton
  • Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom – Pilot of Liberty Bell 7 and commander of the first crewed Gemini mission, Grissom was selected in 1966 as Command Pilot for the first crewed mission, Apollo 1, a low Earth orbit test of the Block I Command/Service Module. This mission ended a month before its scheduled launch[1] when a cabin fire on the launch pad killed Grissom and his entire crew—Ed White and Roger Chaffee—on January 27, 1967. According to Slayton, Grissom would have been his choice to be the first to walk on the Moon.[2][3]
  • Walter M. Schirra Jr. – Pilot of Sigma 7 and commander of Gemini 6A, was selected to command a second CSM test flight which was canceled in late 1966, at which time he was reassigned as Grissom's backup. Twenty-one months after the Apollo 1 fire, Schirra commanded the first Block II CSM test flight, Apollo 7. He was the only member of the "Mercury Seven" to fly on all three programs.
  • Alan B. Shepard Jr. – America's first man in space on Freedom 7 was originally selected to command Gemini 3, but was medically grounded for the duration of Gemini due to Ménière's disease and assisted Slayton in Flight Operations. After corrective surgery, Shepard was restored to flight status and commanded Apollo 14, the third successful Moon landing mission.

From Astronaut Group 2
NASA Astronaut Group 2: Back row: Elliot M. See (died in Gemini training), McDivitt, Lovell, White, Stafford. Front row: Conrad, Borman, Armstrong, Young

All of these astronauts flew on Gemini, and except for White, each commanded one Gemini and one Apollo mission:

  • Ed White – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 4 who made the United States' first walk in space, selected as Senior Pilot (second seat) on Apollo 1. White was killed in the Apollo 1 fire along with Grissom and Chaffee.
  • James A. McDivitt – Commander of Gemini 4, selected in late 1966 to command the first Earth orbital flight test of the Apollo Lunar Module with the CSM. This mission flew in March 1969 as Apollo 9. After his flight, McDivitt was promoted to Manager of Lunar Landing Operations, and in August 1969 was promoted to Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program.
  • Frank F. Borman II – Commander of Gemini 7, selected to command a higher Earth orbit test of the complete Apollo spacecraft. But when delays prevented the LM from being ready in time for its first flight in December 1968, Borman's mission was changed to the first lunar orbital flight of the CSM on Apollo 8.
  • James A. Lovell Jr. – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 7, and commander of Gemini 12, flew as Command Module Pilot (second seat) on Apollo 8. Lovell became the first to fly a second Apollo mission as commander of Apollo 13, the third lunar landing attempt. This mission was unsuccessful, due to a Service Module electrical system failure caused by an oxygen tank explosion. Lovell and his crew managed to return to Earth safely.
  • Thomas P. Stafford – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 6A and commander of Gemini 9A, commanded a lunar orbital test of the Lunar Module on Apollo 10. He also commanded the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project mission.
  • John W. Young – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 3 and commander of Gemini 10, flew as Command Module Pilot on Apollo 10. Young later commanded the successful Apollo 16 lunar landing. He also commanded the first Space Shuttle flight, STS-1 Columbia, April 12–14, 1981, and STS-9, also on Columbia, November 28-December 8, 1983.
  • Neil A. Armstrong – Commander of Gemini 8, commanded Apollo 11, becoming the first human to set foot on the Moon.
  • Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr. – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 5 and commander of Gemini 11, commanded Apollo 12, the second lunar landing. He went on to command Skylab 2, successfully completing repairs to the spacecraft that saved it for this and two subsequent missions.

From Astronaut Group 3
NASA Astronaut Group 3

This was the first class of astronauts for which test pilot experience was not required, but military jet fighter pilot experience was acceptable.

Five of this group got their first spaceflight experience as second seat on Gemini:

The remaining six members of this group were selected for their first space flights on Apollo:

From Astronaut Group 4
Harrison Schmitt (seated, center) became NASA's first scientist astronaut to fly in space.

In June 1965, NASA named a group of five scientist astronauts, the first group qualified by doctorate degrees rather than test or military fighter pilot experience.[4] Geologist Harrison H. "Jack" Schmitt participated heavily in the geological training of the lunar landing astronauts, as well as assisting in the analysis of returned samples and the preparation of mission reports. In 1970, he was selected as Lunar Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 backup crew, and prime crew on Apollo 18. When program cutbacks canceled missions 18 through 20, NASA's lunar geological community insisted on having a geologist on the Moon, so Slayton reassigned Schmitt to Apollo 17.

From Astronaut Group 5
NASA Astronaut Group 5

NASA named a group of 19 more astronauts in April 1966. None had spaceflight experience before their Apollo mission.

Other astronauts who trained for Apollo but did not fly

Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon
Main article: List of people who have walked on the Moon

Twelve people have walked on the Moon. Four of them are still living as of March 2020. All crewed lunar landings took place between July 1969 and December 1972 as part of the Apollo program. Most astronauts at that time came from the military services and were considered to be on active duty during their NASA service; the few exceptions were considered civilian NASA astronauts (regardless of any prior military service).

Image Name Born Died Age at
first step		 Mission Lunar EVA dates Military service Alma Mater
1 Neil Armstrong(1930-08-05)August 5, 1930August 25, 2012(2012-08-25) (aged 82)38y 11m 15d Apollo 11July 21, 1969[6]Civilian[7]Purdue University, University of Southern California
2 Buzz Aldrin (1930-01-20) January 20, 193039y 6m 0dAir ForceUnited States Military Academy, MIT
3 Pete Conrad(1930-06-02)June 2, 1930July 8, 1999(1999-07-08) (aged 69)39y 5m 17d Apollo 12November 19–20, 1969NavyPrinceton University
4 Alan Bean(1932-03-15)March 15, 1932May 26, 2018(2018-05-26) (aged 86)37y 8m 4dNavyUniversity of Texas, Austin
5 Alan Shepard(1923-11-18)November 18, 1923July 21, 1998(1998-07-21) (aged 74)47y 2m 18d Apollo 14February 5–6, 1971NavyUnited States Naval Academy, Naval War College
6 Edgar Mitchell(1930-09-17)September 17, 1930February 4, 2016(2016-02-04) (aged 85)40y 4m 19dNavyCarnegie Mellon University, Naval Postgraduate School, MIT
7 David Scott (1932-06-06) June 6, 193239y 1m 25d Apollo 15July 31 – August 2, 1971Air ForceUniversity of Michigan, United States Military Academy, MIT
8 James Irwin(1930-03-17)March 17, 1930August 8, 1991(1991-08-08) (aged 61)41y 4m 14dAir ForceUnited States Naval Academy, University of Michigan
9 John Young(1930-09-24)September 24, 1930January 5, 2018(2018-01-05) (aged 87)41y 6m 28d Apollo 16April 21–23, 1972NavyGeorgia Institute of Technology
10 Charles Duke (1935-10-03) October 3, 193536y 6m 18dAir ForceUnited States Naval Academy, MIT
11 Eugene Cernan(1934-03-14)March 14, 1934January 16, 2017(2017-01-16) (aged 82)38y 9m 7d Apollo 17December 11–14, 1972NavyPurdue University, Naval Postgraduate School
12 Harrison Schmitt (1935-07-03) July 3, 193537y 5m 8dCivilian[8]Caltech, University of Oslo, Harvard University

On each of the Apollo 17 extravehicular activities (EVAs), Harrison Schmitt was the second person out of, and the first person back into, the Apollo Lunar Module. Schmitt is thus the 12th and presently last person to have stepped onto the Moon. Eugene Cernan, as the second person to enter the lunar module on the final EVA, was the last person to have walked on the Moon.

Alan Shepard was the oldest person to walk on the Moon, at age 47 years and 80 days. Charlie Duke was the youngest, at age 36 years and 201 days.

Jim Lovell and Fred Haise were scheduled to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 13 mission, but the lunar landing was aborted following a major malfunction en route to the Moon. Haise was again scheduled to walk on the Moon as commander of Apollo 19, but Apollo 18 and Apollo 19 were canceled on September 2, 1970.

Joe Engle had trained on the backup crew for Apollo 14 to explore the Moon with Cernan, but he was replaced by Schmitt on the primary crew for Apollo 17. Schmitt had previously been crewed with Apollo 12 Command Module pilot Dick Gordon in anticipation of Apollo 18, but Schmitt replaced Engle on Apollo 17 after the cancellation of Apollo 18 and Apollo 19, leaving Gordon as the last Apollo astronaut to train extensively for lunar exploration without ever landing on the Moon.

Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing

Besides the 12 people who have walked on the Moon, 12 more have flown to within 0.001 lunar distance of its surface. During each of the six missions with successful lunar landings, one astronaut remained in lunar orbit while the other two landed. In addition, the three-person crews of Apollo 8 and Apollo 10 also entered lunar orbit, and the crew of Apollo 13 looped around the Moon on a free-return trajectory.

All nine crewed missions to the Moon took place as part of the Apollo program over a period of just under four years, from 21 December 1968 to 19 December 1972. The 24 people who have flown to the Moon are the only people who have traveled beyond low Earth orbit. Eleven of them are still living as of March 2020.

Jim Lovell, John Young, and Eugene Cernan are the only three people to have flown to the Moon twice. Young and Cernan each set foot on it during their respective second lunar missions, while Lovell is the only person to have flown to the Moon twice without landing.

During Cernan's first lunar mission on Apollo 10, he tied the present record set by Bill Anders on Apollo 8 as the youngest person to fly to the Moon. Each was 35 years and 65 days old on his launch date and 35 years and 68 days old when he entered lunar orbit. The oldest person to fly to the Moon was Alan Shepard, who walked on its surface during the Apollo 14 mission. Shepard was 47 years and 74 days old on his launch date and 47 years and 78 days old when he entered lunar orbit.

Because of Apollo 13's free-return trajectory, Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise flew higher above the Moon's 180° meridian (opposite Earth) than anyone else has flown (254 km/158 mi). Coincidentally, due to the Moon's distance from Earth at the time, they simultaneously set the present record for humans' greatest distance from Earth, reaching an altitude of 400,171 km (248,655 mi) above sea level at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.

Image Name Born Died Age Mission Military service Notes
1 Frank Borman (1928-03-14) March 14, 192840Apollo 8
December 21–27, 1968		Air Force
2 Jim Lovell (1928-03-25) March 25, 192840

42		Apollo 8
December 21–27, 1968
Apollo 13
April 11–17, 1970		NavyIntended to land on Apollo 13; only person to fly to the Moon twice without landing.
3 Bill Anders (1933-10-17) October 17, 193335Apollo 8
December 21–27, 1968
Air Force
4 Tom Stafford (1930-09-17) September 17, 193038Apollo 10
May 18–26, 1969		Air ForceLater flew on Apollo–Soyuz Test Project.
5 Michael Collins (1930-10-31) October 31, 193038Apollo 11
July 16–24, 1969		Air Force
6 Dick Gordon(1929-10-05)October 5, 1929November 6, 2017(2017-11-06) (aged 88)40Apollo 12
November 14–24, 1969		NavyTrained to land, slated for Apollo 18 (canceled).[9]
7 Jack Swigert(1931-08-30)August 30, 1931December 27, 1982(1982-12-27) (aged 51)38Apollo 13
April 11–17, 1970		Air Force
8 Fred Haise (1933-11-14) November 14, 193336Apollo 13
April 11–17, 1970		Marines, Air ForceIntended to land; later trained to land and slated to command Apollo 19 (canceled);[9] flew the Space Shuttle on approach / landing tests.
9 Stu Roosa(1933-08-16)August 16, 1933December 12, 1994(1994-12-12) (aged 61)37Apollo 14
January 31 – February 9, 1971		Air ForceIn rotation to land on Apollo 20 (canceled).
10 Al Worden(1932-02-07)February 7, 1932March 18, 2020(2020-03-18) (aged 88)39Apollo 15
July 26 – August 7, 1971		Air Force
11 Ken Mattingly (1936-03-17) March 17, 193636Apollo 16
April 16–27, 1972		NavyLater flew two Space Shuttle missions.
12 Ron Evans(1933-11-10)November 10, 1933April 7, 1990(1990-04-07) (aged 56)39Apollo 17
December 7–19, 1972		Navy

References
  1. George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator of the Office of Manned Spaceflight, issued a directive on April 24, 1967, that the mission would be officially recorded as Apollo 1, "first crewed Apollo Saturn flight - failed on ground test." Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W.; Brooks, Courtney G. (1978). "Vol.11, part 1 (1967 Mar/Apr), March 25 - April 24". NASA SP-4009: The Apollo Spacecraft – A Chronology. NASA. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
  2. Zornio, Mary C. Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - "Gus Grissom", NASA, accessed July 19, 2006.
  3. Slayton, Donald K; Cassutt, Michael (1994). Deke!: U.S. Manned Space from Mercury to the Shuttle (1st ed.). New York City: Forge: St. Martin's Press. p. 234. ISBN 0-312-85503-6. LCCN 94-2463. OCLC 29845663.
  4. Note: Edwin Aldrin and Eugene Cernan were selected for Group 3 without having been test pilots, though both were fighter pilots in the Air Force and Navy respectively.
  5. "Footagevault, Project MOCR". Archived from the original on 2013-06-15.
  6. This date is based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Americans alive at the time remember it as the night of July 20, 1969 (Armstrong set foot on the Moon at 10:56 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time), but the official NASA chronology was kept in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), so the first step was 2:56 a.m. on the 21st:
  7. Armstrong had mustered out of the United States Navy and was already a NASA employee when he and Elliot See became the first civilian astronauts in Astronaut Group 2; see Armstrong's NASA biography and a description of his receiving a NASA award, among others.
  8. Schmitt, a geologist, was chosen as a scientist in Astronaut Group 4.
  9. Williams, David R. "Apollo 18 through 20 - The Cancelled Missions". NASA.gov. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.