List of Solar System probes

This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets, but excludes lunar missions, which are listed separately at List of lunar probes and List of Apollo missions. Flybys (such as gravity assists) that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission are also included. Flybys of Earth are listed separately at List of Earth flybys. Confirmed future probes are included, but missions that are still at the concept stage, or which never progressed beyond the concept stage, are not.

For a list of active probes only, see List of active Solar System probes. For a list of landers only, see List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies.

Key

Colour key:

     – Mission or flyby completed successfully (or partially successfully)          – Failed or cancelled mission
     – Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)      – Planned mission
  • † means "tentatively identified", as classified by NASA.[1] These are Cold War-era Soviet missions, mostly failures, about which few or no details have been officially released. The information given may be speculative.
  • Date is the date of:
  • closest encounter (flybys)
  • impact (impactors)
  • orbital insertion to end of mission, whether planned or premature (orbiters)
  • landing to end of mission, whether planned or premature (landers)
  • launch (missions that never got underway due to failure at or soon after launch)
In cases which do not fit any of the above, the event to which the date refers is stated. Note that as a result of this scheme missions are not always listed in order of launch.
  • Some of the terms used under Type:
  • Flyby: The probe flies by an astronomical body, but does not orbit it
  • Orbiter: Part of a probe that orbits an astronomical body
  • Lander: Part of a probe that descend to the surface of an astronomical body
  • Rover: Part of a probe that acts as a vehicle to move on the solid-surface of an astronomical body
  • Penetrator: Part of a probe that impacts an astronomical body
  • Atmospheric probe or balloon: Part of a probe that descend through or floats in the atmosphere of an astronomical body
  • Sample return: Parts of the probe return back to Earth with physical samples
  • Under Status, in the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the successful completion of the flyby, not necessarily that of the main mission.

Solar probes
Main articles: Heliophysics and Sun § Solar space missions

While the Sun is not physically explorable with current technology, the following solar observation probes have been designed and launched to operate in heliocentric orbit or at one of the Earth–Sun Lagrangian points – additional solar observatories were placed in Earth orbit and are not included in this list:

1960–1969
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Pioneer 5 NASA/
DOD		 March–April 1960 orbiter success measured magnetic field phenomena, solar flare particles, and ionization in the interplanetary region 1960-001A
Pioneer 6(A) NASA December 1965 – still contactable in 2000 orbiter success network of solar-orbiting "space weather" monitors, observing solar wind, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields 1965-105A
Pioneer 7(B) NASA August 1966 – still contactable in 1995 orbiter success 1966-075A
Pioneer 8(C) NASA December 1967 – still contactable in 2001 orbiter success 1967-123A
Pioneer 9(D) NASA November 1968 – May 1983 orbiter success 1968-100A
Pioneer-E NASA 27 August 1969 orbiter failure intended as part of the Pioneer 6–9 network; failed to reach orbit PIONE

1974–1997
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Helios A NASA/
DFVLR		 November 1974 – 1982 orbiter success observations of solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays and cosmic dust between Earth and Sun 1974-097A
Helios B NASA/
DFVLR		 January 1976 – 1985? orbiter success 1976-003A
ISEE-3 NASA 1978–1982 orbiter success observed solar phenomena in conjunction with earth-orbiting ISEE-1 and ISEE-2; later renamed International Cometary Explorer (ICE) and directed to Comet Giacobini-Zinner 1976-003A
Ulysses
(first pass)		 ESA/
NASA		 1994 orbiter success south polar observations 1990-090B
1995 north polar observations
WIND NASA November 1994 – still active as of December 2017[2] orbiter success solar wind measurements 1994-071A
SOHO ESA/
NASA		 May 1996 – extended to December 2018[3] orbiter success investigation of Sun's core, corona, and solar wind; comet discoveries 1995-065A
ACE NASA August 1997 – projected until 2024[4] orbiter success solar wind observations 1997-045A

2000–present
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Ulysses
(second pass)		 ESA/
NASA		 2000 orbiter success south polar observations 1990-090B
2001 north polar observations
Genesis NASA 2001–2004 orbiter/
sample return		 success solar wind sample return; crash landed on return to Earth, much data salvaged 2001-034A
STEREO A NASA December 2006 –
still active as of September 2016[5][6]		 orbiter success stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena 2006-047A
STEREO B NASA December 2006 – October 2014
August 2016 –
(communication lost between 1 October 2014 and 21 August 2016)[6][7]		 orbiter success 2006-047B
Ulysses
(third pass)		 ESA/
NASA		 2007 orbiter success south polar observations 1990-090B
2008 partial success north polar observations; some data returned despite failing power and reduced transmission capacity
DSCOVR NOAA February 2015 – orbiter success solar wind and coronal mass ejection monitoring, as well as Earth climate monitoring 2015-007A [8]
Parker Solar Probe NASA November 2018 – December 2025 orbiter/flyby
(approach 26 times)		 en route close-range solar coronal study 2018-065A [9]
Solar Orbiter ESA 10 February 2020 (launch) orbiter en route solar and heliospheric physics SOLAR-ORB [10]

Proposed
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Aditya-L1 ISRO 2020 orbiter planned to study solar corona [11][12]

Mercury probes
Main article: Exploration of Mercury
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Mariner 10 NASA 29 March 1974 flyby success minimum distance 704 km 1973-085A
21 September 1974 48,069 km
16 March 1975 327 km
MESSENGER NASA 14 January 2008 flyby success minimum distance 200 km 2004-030A
6 October 2008 minimum distance 200 km
29 September 2009 minimum distance 228 km
18 March 2011 –
30 April 2015		 orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit Mercury; unavoidable impact on the surface at end of mission
BepiColombo ESA/
JAXA		 October 2021 flyby en route BEPICLMBO
June 2022 en route
June 2023
September 2024
December 2024
January 2025
   Mercury
Planetary Orbiter		 ESA 18 December 2024 (orbital insertion)
27 March 2025 (final MPO orbit)		 orbiter en route
Mio
(Mercury
Magnetospheric Orbiter)		 JAXA 18 December 2024 (orbital insertion) orbiter en route

Venus probes

1961–1969
Venus Probes (List) [1961–1965]
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Tyazhely Sputnik (USSR) 4 February 1961 lander failure failed to escape from Earth orbit 1961-002A
Venera 1 (USSR) 19 May 1961 –
20 May 1961		 flyby failure contact lost 7 days after launch; first spacecraft to fly by another planet 1961-003A
Mariner 1 NASA 22 July 1962 flyby failure guidance failure shortly after launch MARIN1
Sputnik 19 (USSR) 25 August 1962 lander failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1962-040A
Sputnik 20 (USSR) 1 September 1962 lander failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1962-043A
Sputnik 21 (USSR) 12 September 1962 flyby failure third stage exploded 1962-045A
Mariner 2 NASA 14 December 1962 flyby success first successful Venus flyby; minimum distance 34,773 km 1962-041A
Cosmos 21† (USSR) 11 November 1963 flyby? failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1963-044A
Venera 1964A† (USSR) 19 February 1964 flyby failure failed to reach Earth orbit [1]
Venera 1964B† (USSR) 1 March 1964 flyby failure failed to reach Earth orbit [1]
Cosmos 27 (USSR) 27 March 1964 flyby failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1964-014A
Zond 1 (USSR) 1964 flyby and possible lander failure contact lost en route 1964-016D
Cosmos 96 (USSR) 23 November 1965 lander failure exploded? 1965-094A
Venera 1965A† (USSR) 26 November 1965 flyby failure launch vehicle failure? [1]
Venera 2 (USSR) 27 February 1966 flyby failure ceased to operate en route 1965-091A
Venera 3 (USSR) 1 March 1966 lander failure contact lost before arrival; first spacecraft to impact on the surface of another planet 1965-092A
Kosmos 167 (USSR) 17 June 1967 lander failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1967-063A
Venera 4 (USSR) 18 October 1967 atmospheric probe success continued to transmit to an altitude of 25 km 1967-058A
Mariner 5 NASA 19 October 1967 flyby success minimum distance 5,000 km 1967-060A
Venera 5 (USSR) 16 May 1969 atmospheric probe success transmitted atmospheric data for 53 minutes, to an altitude of about 26 km 1969-001A
Venera 6 (USSR) 17 May 1969 atmospheric probe success transmitted atmospheric data for 51 minutes, to an altitude of perhaps 10–12 km 1969-002A

1970–1978
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Cosmos 359 (USSR) 22 August 1970 lander? failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1970-065A
Venera 7 (USSR) 15 December 1970 lander success first successful landing on another planet; signals returned from surface for 23 minutes 1970-060A
Cosmos 482 (USSR) 31 March 1972 lander? failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1972-023A
Venera 8 (USSR) 22 July 1972 lander success signals returned from surface for 50 minutes 1972-021A
Mariner 10 NASA 5 February 1974 flyby success minimum distance 5768 km, en route to Mercury; first use of gravity assist by an interplanetary spacecraft 1973-085A
Venera 9 (USSR) 1975 orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit Venus; communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies 1975-050A
22 October 1975 lander success first images from the surface; operated on surface for 53 minutes 1975-050D
Venera 10 (USSR) 1975 orbiter success communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies 1975-054A
23 October 1975 lander success transmitted from surface for 65 minutes 1975-054D
Pioneer Venus Orbiter NASA 4 December 1978 –
1992		 orbiter success atmospheric and magnetic studies 1978-051A
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe NASA 9 December 1978
bus probe transporter success deployed four atmospheric probes, then burnt up in Venusian atmosphere, continuing to transmit to 110 km altitude 1978-078A
large probe atmospheric probe success 1978-078D
north probe atmospheric probe success 1978-078E
day probe atmospheric probe success survived impact and continued to transmit from surface for over an hour 1978-078G
night probe atmospheric probe success 1978-078F
Venera 12 SAS
flight platform 21 December 1978 flyby success minimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay 1978-086A
descent craft 21 December 1978 lander partial success soft landing; transmissions returned for 110 minutes; failure of some instruments 1978-086C
Venera 11 SAS identical to Venera 12
   flight platform 25 December 1978 flyby success minimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay 1978-084A
descent craft 25 December 1978 lander partial success soft landing; transmissions returned for 95 minutes; failure of some instruments 1978-084D

1982–1999
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Venera 13 SAS
   bus 1 March 1982 flyby success deployed lander and then acted as communications relay 1981-106A
descent craft 1 March 1982 lander success survived on surface for 127 minutes 1981-106D
Venera 14 SAS identical to Venera 13
bus 5 March 1982 flyby success deployed lander and then acted as communications relay 1981-110A
descent craft 5 March 1982 lander success survived on surface for 57 minutes 1981-110D
Venera 15 SAS 1983–1984 orbiter success radar mapping 1983-053A
Venera 16 SAS 1983–1984 orbiter success radar mapping; identical to Venera 15 1983-054A
Vega 1 SAS 11 June 1985 flyby success went on to fly by Halley's comet 1984-125A
lander failure instruments deployed prematurely 1984-125E
atmospheric balloon success floated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours 1984-125F
Vega 2 SAS 15 June 1985 flyby success went on to fly by Halley's comet 1984-128A
lander success transmitted from surface for 56 minutes 1984-128E
atmospheric balloon success floated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours 1984-128F
Galileo NASA 10 February 1990 flyby success gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 16,000 km [13]
Magellan NASA 10 August 1990 –
12 October 1994		 orbiter success global radar mapping 1989-033B [14]
Cassini NASA/
ESA/
ASI		 26 April 1998 flyby success gravity assist en route to Saturn 1997-061A [15]
24 June 1999

2006–present
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Venus Express ESA 11 April 2006 – 18 January 2015 orbiter success atmospheric studies; planetary imaging; magnetic observations 2005-045A
MESSENGER NASA 24 October 2006 flyby success gravity assist only; minimum distance 2990 km 2004-030A
6 June 2007 success minimum distance 300 km; en route to Mercury
Akatsuki
(PLANET-C)		 JAXA 6 December 2010 (Venus flyby) orbiter failure failed orbital insertion in 2010; success in 2015
science mission ongoing since May 2016		 2010-020D
7 December 2015 (orbital insertion) – orbiter success
IKAROS JAXA 8 December 2010 flyby[16] success solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration 2010-020E [17]
Shin'en
(UNITEC-1)		 UNISEC December 2010? flyby[18] failure contact lost shortly after launch 2010-020F [19][20]
Parker Solar Probe NASA October 2018 – November 2024 flyby (approach 7 times) en route gravity assist en route to solar corona 2018-065A [9]
BepiColombo
(first pass)		 ESA/
JAXA		 October 2020 flyby en route gravity assist en route to Mercury, during which it will study Venus' atmosphere and solar environment BEPICLMBO
Solar Orbiter ESA 2020 flyby en route gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations [10]
BepiColombo
(second pass)		 ESA/
JAXA		 August 2021 flyby en route gravity assist en route to Mercury BEPICLMBO

Proposed
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
JUICE ESA 2023 flyby planned gravity assist en route to Jupiter [21]
Shukrayaan-1 ISRO 2023 orbiter + balloons planned [22][23][24]
Venus In Situ Explorer NASA 2024 lander or airplane proposed [25]
Venera-D RKA 2025 orbiter, lander proposed [26][27]
Dragonfly NASA 2027 flyby planned gravity assist en route to Titan [28]

Earth flybys
See List of Earth flybys

In addition, several planetary probes have sent back observations of the Earth-Moon system shortly after launch, most notably Mariner 10, Pioneers 10 and 11 and both Voyager probes (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2).

Lunar probes
See List of lunar probes

Mars probes
Main articles: Exploration of Mars and List of missions to Mars

1960–1969
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Mars 1M No.1 USSR 10 October 1960 flyby failure failed to reach Earth orbit MARSNK1
Mars 1M No.2 USSR 14 October 1960 flyby failure failed to reach Earth orbit MARSNK2
Mars 1962A USSR 24 October 1962 flyby failure exploded in or en route to Earth orbit 1962-057A
Mars 1962B USSR 11 November 1962 (launch) lander failure broke up during transfer to Mars trajectory 1962-062A
Mars 1 USSR 19 June 1963 flyby failure contact lost en route; flew within approximately 193,000 km of Mars 1962-061A
Mariner 3 NASA 5 November 1964 flyby failure protective shield failed to eject, preventing craft from attaining correct trajectory 1964-073A
Mariner 4 NASA 15 July 1965 flyby success first close-up images of Mars 1964-077A
Zond 2 USSR 6 August 1965 flyby failure contact lost en route; flew within 1,500 km of Mars 1964-078C
Mariner 6 NASA 31 July 1969 flyby success 1969-014A
Mariner 7 NASA 5 August 1969 flyby success 1969-030A
Mars 1969A USSR 27 March 1969 (launch) orbiter failure launch failure MARS69A
Mars 1969B USSR 2 April 1969 (launch) orbiter failure launch failure MARS69B

1971–1976
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Mariner 8 NASA 9 May 1971 (launch) orbiter failure launch vehicle failure MARINH
Kosmos 419 USSR 10 May 1971 (launch) orbiter failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1971-042A
Mariner 9 NASA 14 November 1971 –
27 October 1972		 orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit another planet 1971-051A
Mars 2 USSR 27 November 1971 –
22 August 1972		 orbiter success first Russian spacecraft to orbit another planet 1971-045A
   Mars 2 Lander USSR 27 November 1971 lander and short range rover failure crashed; first manmade object to reach surface of Mars 1971-045D
Mars 3 USSR 2 December 1971 –
22 August 1972		 orbiter partial success attained a different orbit than intended due to insufficient fuel 1971-049A
Mars 3 Lander USSR 2 December 1971 lander and short range rover partial success first soft landing on Mars; contact lost 110 sec after soft landing, first picture from surface 1971-049F
Mars 4 USSR 10 February 1974 orbiter failure orbit insertion failed, became flyby 1973-047A
Mars 5 USSR 12 February 1974 –
28 February 1974		 orbiter success 1973-049A
Mars 6 USSR 12 March 1974 flyby success 1973-052A
Mars 6 Lander USSR 12 March 1974 lander failure contact lost 148 sec after parachute deployment (returned 224 seconds of atmospheric data)
Mars 7 USSR 9 March 1974 flyby success 1973-053A
Mars 7 Lander USSR 9 March 1974 lander failure missed Mars
Viking 1 Orbiter NASA 19 June 1976 –
17 August 1980		 orbiter success 1975-075A
Viking 1 Lander NASA 20 July 1976 –
13 November 1982		 lander success 1975-075C
Viking 2 Orbiter NASA 7 August 1976 –
25 July 1978		 orbiter success 1975-083A
Viking 2 Lander NASA 3 September 1976 –
11 April 1980		 lander success 1975-083C

1988–1999
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Phobos 1 USSR 7 July 1988 (launch) orbiter failure contact lost en route to Mars 1988-058A
Phobos 2 USSR 29 January 1989 –
27 March 1989		 orbiter partial success Mars orbit acquired, but contact lost shortly before Phobos approach phase and deployment of Phobos landers 1988-059A
Mars Observer NASA 25 September 1992 (launch) orbiter failure contact lost shortly before Mars orbit insertion 1992-063A
Mars 96 RKA 16 November 1996 (launch) orbiter failure failed to escape Earth orbit 1996-064A
lander MARS96B
lander MARS96C
penetrator MARS96D
penetrator MARS96E
Mars Pathfinder NASA 4 July 1997 –
27 September 1997		 lander success 1996-068A
    Sojourner NASA 6 July 1997 –
27 September 1997		 rover success first Mars rover MESURPR
Mars Global Surveyor NASA 12 September 1997 –
2 November 2006		 orbiter success 1996-062A
Mars Climate Orbiter NASA 23 September 1999 orbiter failure Mars orbit insertion failed due to navigation error 1998-073A
Mars Polar Lander NASA 3 December 1999 lander failure contact lost just prior to entering Martian atmosphere 1999-001A
Deep Space 2 "Amundsen" NASA 3 December 1999 penetrator DEEPSP2
Deep Space 2 "Scott" NASA 3 December 1999 penetrator

2001–2009
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
2001 Mars Odyssey NASA 24 October 2001 – orbiter success studying climate and geology; communications relay for Spirit and Opportunity rovers
longest surviving spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth		 2001-014A
Nozomi ISAS 14 December 2003 orbiter failure failed to attain Mars orbit, became flyby 1998-041A
Mars Express ESA 25 December 2003 – orbiter success surface imaging and mapping; first European probe in Martian orbit 2003-022A
   Beagle 2 UK 25 December 2003 lander failure Deployed by the Mars Express; lost for 11 years and imaged by NASA's MRO in 2015[29] 2003-022C
MER-A "Spirit" NASA 4 January 2004 – 22 March 2010 rover success became stuck in May 2009; then operating as a static science station until contact lost in March 2010 2003-027A
MER-B "Opportunity" NASA 25 January 2004 – 10 June 2018 rover success lost contact 10 June 2018 due to 2018 global dust storm. NASA concluded mission on 13 February 2019 after failed communication attempts since August 2018. 2003-032A
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter NASA 10 March 2006 – orbiter success surface imaging and surveying 2005-029A
Rosetta ESA 25 February 2007 flyby success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters 2004-006A
Phoenix NASA 25 May 2008 –
10 November 2008		 lander success collection of soil samples near the northern pole to search for water and investigate Mars' geological history and biological potential 2007-034A [30]
Dawn NASA 17 February 2009 flyby success gravity assist en route to Vesta and Ceres 2007-043A

2011–present
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Fobos-Grunt RKA 8 November 2011 (launch) orbiter and Phobos sample return failure failed to escape Earth orbit 2011-065A
    Yinghuo-1 CNSA orbiter YINGHUO-1
MSL Curiosity NASA 6 August 2012 – rover success investigation of past and present habitability, climate and geology 2011-070A [31]
Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission ISRO 24 September 2014 – orbiter success technology development; studying Martian atmosphere; mineralogical mapping. 2013-060A [32][33]
MAVEN NASA 25 September 2014 – orbiter success studying Martian atmosphere 2013-063A [34]
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (ExoMars 2016) ESA/
RKA		 19 October 2016 – orbiter in orbit atmospheric gas analysis; communication relay for surface probes 2016-017A [35]
    Schiaparelli EDM lander ESA 19 October 2016 lander crashed upon landing[36] landing test, meteorological observation
InSight NASA 26 November 2018 – lander landed full deployment will take 3 months after landing[37] INSIGHT [38]
MarCO A "WALL-E" NASA 26 November 2018 flyby success relaying data from InSight during its entry, descent, and landing
MarCO B "EVE" NASA 26 November 2018 flyby success

Proposed
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Hope Mars Mission MBRSC 2020 orbiter planned planned mars orbiter to study martian atmosphere built by UAE and US institutions and to be launched via a Japanese booster [39][40][41]
Mars 2020 Perseverance NASA 2020 rover Scheduled [42][43]
    Mars Helicopter Ingenuity NASA 2020 robotic helicopter planned providing guidance for the Perseverance rover
Tianwen-1 CNSA 2020 orbiter, lander, and rover planned studies of Martian atmosphere, soil, and surface morphology [44][45]
ExoMars rover ESA /
RKA		 2022 lander, rover planned [46][47]
Psyche NASA 2022 (launch)
2023 (flyby)		 flyby planned gravity assist en route to Psyche [48]
JUICE ESA 2022 (launch)
February 2025 (flyby)		 flyby planned gravity assist en route to Jupiter [21]
Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) JAXA 2024 (launch)
Mid-2025 (arrival)		 orbiter planned monitoring Martian climate [49]
Mars Sample Return Mission NASA /
ESA		 2026 orbiter, lander, rover, and sample return under study [50][51]
Next Mars Orbiter (NeMO) NASA Late 2020s[52] orbiter under study Laser communications relay, high-resolution mapping [53]
Mars Orbiter Mission 2 ISRO TBD orbiter,
possible lander
and rover		 planned Mission architecture
not finalized		 [54][55][54]

Phobos probes
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Phobos 1 USSR 7 July 1988 (launch) flyby failure contact lost en route to Mars 1988-058A
   DAS USSR 2 September 1988 fixed lander failure never deployed
Phobos 2 USSR 27 March 1989 (contact lost) flyby failure attained Mars orbit; contact lost prior to deployment of lander 1988-059A
   DAS USSR 27 March 1989 fixed lander failure never deployed
   "Frog" USSR 27 March 1989 mobile lander failure never deployed
Fobos-Grunt RKA 8 November 2011 (launch) sample return failure failed to escape Earth orbit; launched with Yinghuo-1 Mars orbiter 2011-065A
MMX JAXA 2024 (launch)
2025 (arrival)		 sample return planned orbital insertion in 2025 [56][57]
    MMX rover CNES/
DLR		 2025 rover planned

Ceres probes
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Dawn NASA 6 March 2015 – 1 November 2018 orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; previously visited Vesta 2007-043A

Asteroid probes
Target Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
951 Gaspra Galileo NASA 29 October 1991 flyby success en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 1900 km [13]
243 Ida Galileo NASA 28 August 1993 flyby success en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 2400 km; discovery of the first asteroid satellite Dactyl [13]
1620 Geographos Clementine BMDO/
NASA		 1994 flyby failure flyby cancelled due to equipment malfunction 1994-004A
253 Mathilde NEAR
Shoemaker		 NASA 27 June 1997 flyby success flew within 1200 km of 253 Mathilde en route to 433 Eros 1996-008A
433 Eros NEAR
Shoemaker		 NASA January 1999 orbiter failure became flyby due to software and communications problems (later attempt at orbit insertion succeeded; see below) 1996-008A
9969 Braille Deep Space 1 NASA 29 July 1999 flyby partial success no close-up images due to camera pointing error; went on to visit comet 19P/Borrelly 1998-061A
2685 Masursky Cassini NASA/
ESA/
ASI		 23 January 2000 distant flyby success en route to Saturn 1997-061A
433 Eros NEAR
Shoemaker		 NASA February 2000 –
February 2001		 orbiter, became lander success improvised landing by orbiter at end of mission 1996-008A
5535 Annefrank Stardust NASA 2 November 2002 distant flyby success went on to visit comet 81P/Wild 1999-003A
25143 Itokawa Hayabusa ISAS 2005–07 sample return success landed on Itokawa in 2005, initially failed as sampling device failed to operate, but second landing resulted in a success. It returned to Earth in 2010 2003-019A
    MINERVA ISAS 12 November 2005 hopper failure missed target
132524 APL New Horizons NASA June 2006 distant flyby success flew past Pluto successfully 2006-001A
2867 Šteins Rosetta ESA 5 September 2008 flyby success en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 2004-006A
21 Lutetia Rosetta ESA 11 July 2010 flyby success en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 2004-006A
4 Vesta Dawn NASA 16 July 2011 – 5 September 2012 orbiter success first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; now orbiting Ceres 2007-043A
4179 Toutatis Chang'e 2 CNSA 13 December 2012 flyby success 2010-050A
2000 DP107 PROCYON University of Tokyo / JAXA 12 May 2016[58] flyby failure launched with Hayabusa2 in 2014; mission abandoned after ion thruster failure[59] 2014-076D
162173 Ryugu Hayabusa2 JAXA 27 June 2018 – 13 November 2019 sample return en route orbital insertion in June 2018, sample capture in 2019, return to Earth in 2020 2014-076A
    Minerva II-1A JAXA 21 September 2018 hopper success
    Minerva II-1B JAXA 21 September 2018 hopper success
    MASCOT DLR/
CNES		 3 October 2018 mobile lander success
    Minerva II-2 JAXA 2 October 2019 hopper failure Rover failed before deployment, it was deployed in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted on 8 October 2019.
    SCI JAXA 2019 impactor success
    DCAM-3 JAXA 2019 orbiter success observing SCI's impact, and the ejecta created by the impact
101955 Bennu OSIRIS-REx NASA August 2018 sample return in orbit orbital insertion in 2018, sample capture in 2020, return to Earth in 2023 2016-055A
2002 GT Deep Impact NASA January 2020[60] flyby failure contact lost; previously visited comet 103P/Hartley 2005-001A
? Near-Earth Asteroid Scout NASA 2021 (launch) flyby planned Small spacecraft asteroid flyby technology demonstration [61]
65803 Didymos DART NASA 2021 (launch)
October 2022 (impact)		 impactor planned [62]
    LICIA ASI 2022 flyby planned observe DART's impact
52246 Donaldjohanson Lucy NASA 2021 (launch)
April 2025 (flyby)		 flyby planned Selected for mission #13 of NASA's Discovery Program, main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans [48]
16 Psyche Psyche NASA 2022 (launch)
2026 (arrival)		 orbiter planned Selected for mission #14 of NASA's Discovery Program [48]
3200 Phaethon DESTINY+ JAXA 2022 (launch)
2026 (arrival)		 flyby planned First flyby of a rock comet [63]
3548 Eurybates Lucy NASA August 2027 flyby planned First flyby of a Jupiter trojan [48]
15094 Polymele Lucy NASA September 2027 flyby planned [48]
65803 Didymos Hera ESA 2027 orbiter planned studying effects of DART's impact on the asteroid [64]
11351 Leucus Lucy NASA April 2028 flyby planned [48]
21900 Orus Lucy NASA November 2028 flyby planned [48]
Patroclus and Menoetius Lucy NASA March 2033 flyby planned First flyby of a Trojan Camp Jupiter Trojan [48]

Jupiter probes
Main article: Exploration of Jupiter
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Pioneer 10 NASA 3 December 1973 flyby success first probe to cross the asteroid belt; first Jupiter probe; first man-made object on an interstellar trajectory; now in the outer regions of the Solar System but no longer contactable 1972-012A
Pioneer 11 NASA 4 December 1974 flyby success went on to visit Saturn 1973-019A
Voyager 1 NASA 5 March 1979 flyby success went on to visit Saturn 1977-084A
Voyager 2 NASA 9 July 1979 flyby success went on to visit Saturn, Uranus and Neptune 1977-076A
Ulysses
(first pass)		 ESA/
NASA		 February 1992 flyby success gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations 1990-090B
Galileo Orbiter NASA/
West Germany		 7 December 1995 –
21 September 2003		 orbiter success also flew by various of Jupiter's moons; intentionally flown into Jupiter at end of mission; first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter; first spacecraft to flyby an asteroid 1989-084B
   Galileo Probe NASA 7 December 1995 atmospheric probe success first probe to enter Jupiter's atmosphere 1989-084E
Cassini NASA/
ESA/
ASI		 December 2000 flyby success gravity assist en route to Saturn 1997-061A
Ulysses
(second pass)		 ESA/
NASA		 2003–04 distant flyby success 1990-090B
New Horizons NASA 28 February 2007 flyby success gravity assist en route to Pluto 2006-001A
Juno NASA 5 July 2016 – July 2018, with spacecraft disposal planned for July 2021[65] orbiter success First solar-powered Jupiter orbiter, first mission to achieve a polar orbit of Jupiter. 2011-040A
JUICE ESA 2022 (launch) orbiter planned mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet [66]
Europa Clipper NASA 2020s orbiter under study planned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple times [67]
IHP-1 CNSA 2024 (launch,) 2029 (Jupiter closest approach) flyby under study Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with Jovian gravity assist [68]
IHP-2 CNSA 2024 (launch,) 2033 (Jupiter closest approach) flyby under study Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with Jovian gravity assist (and later Neptune and KBO flybys) [68]
Chinese Jupiter orbiter CNSA 2029 or early 2030s orbiter under study Proposed Jupiter orbiter with possible attached Uranus probe [69][70][71]

Saturn probes
Main article: Exploration of Saturn
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Pioneer 11 NASA 1 September 1979 flyby success previously visited Jupiter 1973-019A
Voyager 1 NASA 12 November 1980 flyby success previously visited Jupiter 1977-084A
Voyager 2 NASA 5 August 1981 flyby success previously visited Jupiter, went on to visit Uranus and Neptune 1977-076A
Cassini NASA/
ESA/
ASI		 1 July 2004 – 15 September 2017 orbiter success also performed flybys of a number of Saturn's moons, and deployed the Huygens Titan lander; first spacecraft to orbit Saturn 1997-061A

Titan probes
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Huygens ESA 14 January 2005 atmospheric probe, lander success deployed by Cassini; first probe to land on a satellite of another planet 1997-061C
Dragonfly NASA 2025 rotorcraft lander planned planned lander and aircraft, study prebiotic chemistry and extraterrestrial habitability. [72][73]

Uranus probes
Main article: Exploration of Uranus
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Voyager 2 NASA 24 January 1986 flyby success previously visited Jupiter and Saturn; went on to visit Neptune 1977-076A

Neptune probes
Main article: Exploration of Neptune
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Voyager 2 NASA 25 August 1989 flyby success previously visited Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus 1977-076A
IHP-2 CNSA 2024 (launch,) 2038 (Neptune closest approach) flyby under study Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with Neptunian flyby and possible atmospheric impactor [68]

Pluto probes
Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
New Horizons NASA 14 July 2015 flyby success later flew by Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun. 2006-001A

Comet probes
Target Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
21P/Giacobini-Zinner ICE (formerly ISEE3) NASA 11 September 1985 flyby success previously solar monitor ISEE3; went on to observe Halley's Comet 1978-079A
1P/Halley Vega 1 SAS 6 March 1986 flyby success minimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus 1984-125A
1P/Halley Suisei ISAS 8 March 1986 flyby success 151,000 km 1985-073A
1P/Halley Vega 2 SAS 9 March 1986 flyby success minimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus 1984-128A
1P/Halley Sakigake ISAS March 1986 distant flyby partial success minimum distance 6.99 million km 1985-001A
1P/Halley Giotto ESA 14 March 1986 flyby success minimum distance 596 km; went on to visit comet 26P/Grigg-Skjellerup 1985-056A
1P/Halley ICE (formerly ISEE3) NASA 28 March 1986 distant obser-
vations		 success minimum distance 32 million km; previously visited comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner 1978-079A
26P/Grigg-Skjellerup Giotto ESA 10 July 1992 flyby success previously visited Halley's Comet 1985-056A
45P/
Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova		 Sakigake ISAS 1996 flyby failure contact lost; previously visited Halley's Comet 1985-001A
21P/Giacobini-Zinner Sakigake ISAS 1998 flyby failure
55P/Tempel-Tuttle Suisei ISAS 1998 flyby failure abandoned due to lack of fuel; previously visited Halley's Comet 1985-073A
21P/Giacobini-Zinner Suisei ISAS 1998 flyby failure
19P/Borrelly Deep Space 1 NASA 22 September 2001 flyby success previously visited asteroid 9969 Braille 1998-061A
2P/Encke CONTOUR NASA 2003 flyby failure contact lost shortly after launch 2002-034A
81P/Wild Stardust NASA 2 January 2004 flyby, sample return success sample returned January 2006; also visited asteroid 5535 Annefrank 1999-003A
9P/Tempel Deep Impact NASA July 2005 flyby success 2005-001A
    Impactor NASA 4 July 2005 impactor success
73P/
Schwassmann-Wachmann		 CONTOUR NASA 2006 flyby failure contact lost shortly after launch 2002-034A
6P/d'Arrest CONTOUR NASA 2008 flyby failure contact lost shortly after launch 2002-034A
103P/Hartley Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) NASA 4 November 2010 flyby success mission extension (target changed from comet Boethin) 2005-001A
9P/Tempel Stardust (redesignated NExT) NASA 14 February 2011 flyby success mission extension 1999-003A
67P/Churyumov–
Gerasimenko		 Rosetta ESA 6 August 2014 – 30 September 2016 orbiter success flybys of asteroids 2867 Šteins and 21 Lutetia completed; intentionally impacted at end of mission 2004-006A
    Philae ESA 12 November 2014 – 9 July 2015 lander success 2004-006C
TBD
(potentially an interstellar object)		 Comet Interceptor ESA 2028 (launch) flyby planned flyby of a pristine comet, will initially be parked at the Sun-Earth L2 point until a suitable destination is identified [74]

Kuiper Belt probes
Target Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
486958 Arrokoth New Horizons NASA 1 January 2019 flyby success extended mission after Pluto, currently sending data from flyby; may flyby another object in 2020s.[75] 2006-001A
To Be Determined IHP-2 CNSA 2024 (launch,) after 2038 (KBO flyby) flyby under study Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with potential KBO target [68]

Probes leaving the Solar System
See also: List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System
Spacecraft Organization Notes Image Ref
Pioneer 10 NASA Left Jupiter in December 1973. Mission ended March 1997. Last contact 23 January 2003. Craft now presumed dead; no further contact attempts planned. 1972-012A
Pioneer 11 NASA Left Saturn in September 1979. Last contact September 1995. The craft's antenna cannot be maneuvered to point to Earth, and it is not known if it is still transmitting. No further contact attempts are planned. 1973-019A
Voyager 1 NASA Left Saturn in November 1980. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data. 1977-084A
Voyager 2 NASA Left Neptune in August 1989. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data. 1977-076A
New Horizons NASA Left Pluto 14 July 2015; flew by Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth on 1 January 2019 when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun. 2006-001A
IHP-1 CNSA Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with a 2024 launch date. Anticipated to reach a distance of at least 85 AU from Earth by 2049 [68]
IHP-2 CNSA Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with a 2024 launch date. Anticipated to reach a distance of at least 83 AU from Earth by 2049 [68]

Other probes to leave Earth orbit

For completeness, this section lists probes that have left (or will leave) Earth orbit, but are not primarily targeted at any of the above bodies.

Spacecraft Organization Date Location Status Notes Image Ref
WMAP NASA 30 June 2001 (launch) –
October 2010 (end)[76]		 Sun-Earth L2 point success cosmic background radiation observations; sent to graveyard orbit after 9 years of use.[76] 2001-027A
Spitzer Space Telescope NASA 25 August 2003 (launch) –
30 January 2020 (end)		 Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit success infrared astronomy 2003-038A
Kepler NASA 6 March 2009 (launch) Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit completed (2009–2018) search for extrasolar planets 2009-011A [77]
Herschel Space Observatory ESA 14 May 2009 (launch) Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point completed study of formation and evolution of galaxies and stars 2009-026A
Planck ESA 14 May 2009 (launch) Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point completed (2009–2013) cosmic microwave background observations 2009-026B
IKAROS JAXA 20 May 2010 (launch) Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbit operational solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration 2010-020E [17]
Shin'en
(UNITEC-1)		 UNISEC failure technology development; contact lost shortly after launch[20] 2010-020F [19]
Chang'e 2 CNSA 25 August 2011 (arrive) –
15 April 2012 (end)		 Sun-Earth L2 point success Left the point on 15 April 2012, then flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis 2010-050A
Gaia ESA 19 December 2013 (launch) Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point success astrometry mission to measure the position and motion of 1 billion stars 2013-074A [78]
Shin'en 2 Kyushu Institute of Technology 3 December 2014 (launch) heliocentric orbit success amateur radio satellite / material demonstration 2014-076B[79]
ARTSAT2:DESPATCH Tama Art University success deep space artwork / amateur radio satellite 2014-076C[80]
LISA Pathfinder ESA 3 December 2015 (launch)[81] –
30 June 2017 (end)		 Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1 point success test mission for proposed LISA gravitational wave observatory 2015-070A [82]
Spektr-RG 13 July 2019 (launch) Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point operational X-ray astronomy 2019-040A[83]
James Webb Space Telescope NASA
ESA
CSA		 March 2021 (launch) Sun-Earth L2 point planned infrared astronomy [84]
Euclid ESA Q4, 2020 (launch)[85] Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point planned measure the rate of expansion of the Universe through time to better understand dark energy and dark matter [86]

Cancelled probes and missions
Target Spacecraft Organization Date Type Status Notes Image Ref
Mercury BepiColombo Mercury Surface Element ESA lander cancelled
Moon LUNAR-A JAXA orbiter, penetrators cancelled originally scheduled for 1995, cancelled 2007 LUNAR-A
Mars Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander NASA 2001 lander cancelled spacecraft bus repurposed for Phoenix lander MS2001L
Mars Beagle 2: Evolution 2004 lander cancelled
Mars NetLander CNES/
ESA		 lander cancelled [87]
Mars Mars Telecommunications Orbiter NASA 2010 orbiter cancelled Mission could be fulfilled by the proposed Mars 2022 orbiter [88]
Phobos, Deimos Aladdin NASA sample return not selected [89]
Europa Europa Orbiter NASA orbiter cancelled [90]
Europa, Ganymede, Callisto Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter NASA 2021 orbiter cancelled [91]
Pluto Pluto Fast Flyby NASA 2010 flyby cancelled Re-proposed as Pluto Kuiper Express
Pluto Pluto Kuiper
Express		 NASA 2012 flyby cancelled Replaced by New Horizons PLUTOKE
4660 Nereus Hayabusa ISAS sample return cancelled rerouted to 25143 Itokawa 2003-019A
3840 Mimistrobell Rosetta ESA 2006 flyby cancelled rerouted 2004-006A
4979 Otawara Rosetta ESA 2006 flyby cancelled rerouted 2004-006A
4660 Nereus Near Earth Asteroid Prospector SpaceDev sample return cancelled [92]
46P/Wirtanen Rosetta ESA 2011 orbiter cancelled rerouted to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 2004-006A

See also

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