List of spaceflight records

This is a list of spaceflight records. Most of these records relate to human spaceflights, but some spacecraft without crew and animal records are listed as well.

The first space rendezvous was accomplished by Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 in 1965

First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country

Country	Mission	Crew	Spacecraft	Launch vehicle	Date	Type
USSR[1]	Vostok 1[1]	Yuri Gagarin[1]	Vostok 3KA[1]	Vostok-K[1]	12 April 1961[1]	Orbital[1]
USA[2]	Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)[2]	Alan Shepard[2]	Mercury Spacecraft No.7[2]	Mercury-Redstone[2]	5 May 1961[2]	Sub-orbital[2]
USA[3]	Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)[3]	John Glenn[3]	Mercury Spacecraft No.13[3]	Atlas LV-3B	20 February 1962[3]	Orbital[3]
China[4]	Shenzhou 5[4]	Yang Liwei[4]	Shenzhou spacecraft[4]	Long March 2F[4]	15 October 2003[4]	Orbital[4]

Human spaceflight firsts

Note: The following list holds to the FAI definition of the space border which the FAI sets at an altitude of 100 km (62.14 mi). By contrast, the NASA-, USAF- and FAA-defined border of space is at 50 mi (80.47 km).

First	Person(s)	Mission	Country	Date
Person to reach space Person in orbit	Yuri Gagarin	Vostok 1[5]	USSR	12 April 1961
Person to make suborbital flight Person to land in a spacecraft after spaceflight (thus the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions)[6] Person to land in water (splashdown) Person to pilot a craft in space[7]	Alan Shepard	Freedom 7	USA	5 May 1961
Person in space for over 24 hours Multiple orbits during a spaceflight	Gherman Titov	Vostok 2	USSR	6 August 1961 – 7 August 1961
Person to land in a spacecraft after orbital flight	John Glenn	Friendship 7	USA	20 February 1962
Group flight Adjacent orbits Spacecraft-to-spacecraft communications	Andrian Nikolayev Pavel Popovich	Vostok 3 Vostok 4	USSR	12 August 1962 – 15 August 1962
Woman in space Civilian in space	Valentina Tereshkova	Vostok 6	USSR	16 June 1963 – 19 June 1963
Spaceflight (suborbital) by winged spacecraft	Joe Walker	X-15 Flight 90	USA	19 July 1963
Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100 kilometres (62 mi))	Joe Walker	X-15 Flights 90 and 91	USA	22 August 1963
Three-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Persons to land in a spacecraft on hard ground Human spaceflight without pressurized spacesuits	Vladimir Komarov Konstantin Feoktistov Boris Yegorov	Voskhod 1[5]	USSR	12 October 1964 – 13 October 1964
Spacewalk	Alexei Leonov	Voskhod 2[5]	USSR	18 March 1965
Orbital maneuvers (change orbit)	Gus Grissom, John W. Young	Gemini 3[5]	USA	23 March 1965
Person to fly two orbital spaceflights	Gordon Cooper	Faith 7 Gemini 5	USA	15 May 1963 – 16 May 1963 21 August 1965 – 29 August 1965
Persons to spend one week in space	Gordon Cooper Pete Conrad	Gemini 5	USA	21 August 1965 – 29 August 1965
Space rendezvous (orbital maneuver and station-keeping) Four people in space at the same time	Frank Borman, Jim Lovell Walter Schirra, Thomas Stafford	Gemini 7 Gemini 6A[5]	USA	15 December 1965 – 16 December 1965
Space docking	Neil Armstrong David Scott	Gemini 8 and Agena[5]	USA	16 March 1966
Multiple rendezvous	John W. Young Michael Collins	Gemini 10 with Agena 10 and Agena 8	USA	19 July 1966 20 July 1966
Spaceflight fatality (during landing)	Vladimir Komarov	Soyuz 1	USSR	23 April 1967 – 24 April 1967
Person to complete three spaceflights	Walter Schirra	Mercury-Atlas 8 Gemini 6A Apollo 7	USA	22 October 1968
Persons to leave low Earth orbit (LEO) Persons to enter the gravitational influence of another celestial body Persons to enter lunar orbit	Frank Borman Jim Lovell Bill Anders	Apollo 8	USA	24 December 1968 – 25 December 1968
Space docking of two crewed spacecraft Dual spacewalk Сrew transfer (Khrunov, Yeliseyev)	Vladimir Shatalov Boris Volynov Aleksei Yeliseyev Yevgeny Khrunov	Soyuz 4 Soyuz 5	USSR	16 January 1969
Solo flight around the Moon	John Young	Apollo 10	USA	22 May 1969
Moon landing Planetary surface EVA	Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin	Apollo 11	USA	20 July 1969
Five people in space at the same time	Georgi Shonin, Valeri Kubasov Anatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Gorbatko	Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7	USSR	12 October 1969 – 13 October 1969
Triple spaceflight Seven people in space at the same time	Shonin, Kubasov Filipchenko, Volkov, Gorbatko Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev	Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 Soyuz 8	USSR	13 October 1969 – 16 October 1969
Person to complete four spaceflights	James A. Lovell	Gemini 7 Gemini 12 Apollo 8 Apollo 13	USA	17 April 1970
Person to fly two lunar flights Person to complete two flights beyond low Earth orbit	James A. Lovell	Apollo 8 Apollo 13	USA	11 April 1970 – 17 April 1970
Persons to fly an actual free-return trajectory around a celestial body	James A. Lovell Jack Swigert Fred Haise	Apollo 13	USA	11 April 1970 – 17 April 1970
People to spend two weeks in space Night launch	Andrian Nikolayev Vitali Sevastyanov	Soyuz 9	USSR	1 June 1970 – 19 June 1970
People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft	Alan Shepard Edgar Mitchell	Apollo 14	USA	6 February 1971
Docking with space station (soft dock) Night landing	Vladimir Shatalov Aleksei Yeliseyev Nikolai Rukavishnikov	Soyuz 10 Salyut 1	USSR	22 April 1971 – 24 April 1971
Crewed space station	Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov	Soyuz 11 Salyut 1	USSR	7 June 1971 – 29 June 1971
In-space fatalities	Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov	Soyuz 11	USSR	29 June 1971
People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth	Dave Scott Jim Irwin	Apollo 15	USA	31 July 1971– 2 August 1971
EVA outside low Earth orbit (trans-Earth trajectory)	Al Worden	Apollo 15	USA	5 August 1971
Person to be in lunar orbit twice (during separate lunar expeditions)	John W. Young	Apollo 10 Apollo 16	USA	16 April 1972 – 27 April 1972
People in orbit for four weeks	Pete Conrad Joseph Kerwin Paul Weitz	Skylab 2	USA	25 May 1973 – 22 June 1973
People in orbit for eight weeks	Alan Bean Jack Lousma Owen Garriott	Skylab 3	USA	28 July 1973 – 25 September 1973
People in orbit for 12 weeks	Gerald Carr William Pogue Edward Gibson	Skylab 4	USA	16 November 1973 – 8 February 1974
Spaceflight aborted during liftoff (at 145 kilometers (90 mi) altitude) Re-entry with 20g acceleration (emergency)	Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov	Soyuz 18a	USSR	5 April 1975
First international docking	Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, Donald K. Slayton - USA Alexei Leonov, Valeri Kubasov - USSR	Apollo CSM, Soyuz 19	USA USSR	17 July 1975
Crew to visit occupied space station	Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov	Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew	USSR	10 January 1978 – 16 January 1978
People in orbit 19 weeks (4 months)	Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov	Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31	USSR	15 June 1978 – 2 November 1978
People in orbit 26 weeks (6 months)	Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin	Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37	USSR	9 April 1980 – 11 October 1980
Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft	John W. Young Robert L. Crippen	STS-1	USA	12 April 1981
Person to fly four different types of spacecraft	John W. Young	Gemini Apollo Lunar Module Space Shuttle	USA	12 April 1981
Person to complete five spaceflights	John W. Young	Gemini 3 Gemini 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 16 STS-1	USA	14 April 1981
Four-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	Vance Brand Robert F. Overmyer Joseph P. Allen William B. Lenoir	STS-5	USA	11 November 1982 – 16 November 1982
Five-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	Robert L. Crippen Frederick H. Hauck John M. Fabian Sally K. Ride Norman E. Thagard	STS-7	USA	18 June 1983 – 24 June 1983
Six-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	John W. Young, Brewster H. Shaw, Owen K. Garriott, Robert A. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg – USA Ulf Merbold – Germany (European Space Agency)	STS-9	USA West Germany	28 November 1983 – 8 December 1983
Person to complete six spaceflights	John W. Young	Gemini 3 Gemini 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 16 STS-1 STS-9	USA	8 December 1983
Untethered spacewalk	Bruce McCandless II	STS-41-B	USA	7 February 1984
Eight people in space at the same time (no docking)	Oleg Atkov, Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov – USSR Vance D. Brand, Robert L. Gibson, Bruce McCandless II, Ronald McNair, Robert L. Stewart – USA	Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B	USSR USA	8 February 1984 – 11 February 1984
11 people in space at the same time (no docking)	Oleg Atkov, Leonid D. Kizim, Yury Malyshev, Vladimir Solovyov, Gennady Strekalov – USSR Robert L. Crippen, Terry J. Hart, George Nelson, Francis Scobee, James van Hoften – USA Rakesh Sharma – India	STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11	USSR USA India	6 April 1984 – 11 April 1984
People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission	Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov	Salyut 7	USSR	26 April – 18 May 1984
Spacewalk by a woman	Svetlana Savitskaya	Soyuz T-12	USSR	25 July 1984
People in orbit 33 weeks (7 months)	Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov	Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11	USSR	8 February 1984 – 2 October 1984
Seven-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, David C. Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power – USA Marc Garneau – Canada	STS-41-G	USA Canada	5 October 1984 – 13 October 1984
Two women in space at the same time	Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride	STS-41-G	USA	5 October 1984 – 13 October 1984
Partial crew exchange at a space station	Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov	Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7	USSR	17 September 1985 – 26 September 1985
Eight-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft	Henry W. Hartsfield, Steven R. Nagel, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion S. Bluford – USA Reinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid – West Germany Wubbo Ockels – Netherlands (European Space Agency)	STS-61-A	USA West Germany Netherlands	30 October 1985 – 6 November 1985
Fatalities during launch	Francis "Dick" Scobee Michael J. Smith Ellison Onizuka Judith Resnik Ronald McNair Sharon Christa McAuliffe Gregory Jarvis	STS-51-L	USA	28 January 1986
Space station-to-space station flight Space station-to-space station return flight Expedition on two space stations	Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov	Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir[8]	USSR	15 March 1986 – 16 July 1986
Complete crew exchange at a space station	Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov	Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir	USSR	21 December 1987 – 29 December 1987
People in orbit 52 weeks (one year)	Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov	Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6	USSR	21 December 1987 – 21 December 1988
12 people in space at the same time (no docking)	Shuttle: Vance Brand, Samuel Durrance, Guy S. Gardner, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, John M. Lounge, Ronald Parise, Robert A. Parker – USA Mir: Gennady Manakov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia Soyuz and Soyuz/Mir: Musa Manarov, Viktor Afanasyev – Russia Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan	STS-35, Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10-Soyuz TM-11	USSR USA Japan	2 December 1990 – 10 December 1990
Three women in space at the same time	Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon	STS-40	USA	5 June 1991 – 14 June 1991
Three-person spacewalk	Pierre J. Thuot Richard J. Hieb Thomas D. Akers	STS-49	USA	13 May 1992
13 people in space at the same time (no docking)	Shuttle: Steve Oswald, William Gregory, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Tammy Jernigan, Sam Durrance, Ron Parise – USA Mir: Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova, Valeriy Polyakov – Russia Soyuz/Mir: Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia Norman E. Thagard – USA	STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21	USA Russia	14 March 1995 – 18 March 1995
Ten people in a single spacecraft (docking)	Robert L. Gibson, Charles J. Precourt, Ellen S. Baker, Bonnie J. Dunbar, Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard – USA Anatoly Solovyev, Nikolai Budarin, Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia	STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21	USA Russia	29 June 1995 – 4 July 1995
Space tourist	Dennis Tito	Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1	USA Russia	April 28, 2001 – May 6, 2001
Person to complete seven trips to space	Jerry L. Ross	STS-61B STS-27 STS-37 STS-55 STS-74 STS-88 STS-110	USA	19 April 2002
Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)	Mike Melvill	SpaceShipOne flight 15P	USA	21 June 2004
13 people in a single spacecraft (docking)[9]	Michael Barratt, Mark L. Polansky, Douglas G. Hurley, Christopher J. Cassidy, Thomas H. Marshburn, David Wolf, Timothy Kopra – USA Gennady Padalka, Roman Romanenko – Russia Robert Thirsk, Julie Payette – Canada Frank De Winne – Belgium (European Space Agency) Koichi Wakata – Japan	ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127	USA Russia Canada Belgium Japan	17 July 2009
Four women in space at the same time	Shuttle: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson – USA Naoko Yamazaki – Japan ISS: Tracy Caldwell Dyson – USA	STS-131 ISS Expedition 23	USA Japan	5 April 2010 – 20 April 2010
Six spacecraft docked to a space station	ISS: Expedition 56	Dragon-15, Cygnus-9, Soyuz MS-08, Soyuz MS-09, Progress MS-08, Progress MS-09	USA Russia	9 July 2018
All-woman spacewalk Spacewalk by two women	Christina Koch Jessica Meir	ISS Expedition 61	USA	18 October 2019
First astronauts to be launched into orbit on commercial spacecraft[10][11]	Bob Behnken Doug Hurley	Crew Dragon Demo-2	USA	30 May 2020

Most spaceflights

7 spaceflights
- Jerry L. Ross – USA[9]
- Franklin Chang Díaz – Costa Rica/USA*[9]
6 spaceflights
- John W. Young[12] – USA (While Young has made six spaceflights, he was launched into orbit seven times, once from the Moon with Apollo 16.)
- Story Musgrave – USA
- Curtis Brown – USA
- James Wetherbee – USA
- Michael Foale – United Kingdom/USA dual citizen
- Sergei Krikalev – Soviet Union/Russia[13]
- Yuri Malenchenko – Russia

Duration records

Total human spaceflight time by country

Total Human Spaceflight statistics by nation [14] [15]
Nation	Total persons	Total person flights	Total in orbit (@ update)^*	Total person days^*⁺	% of Total person days
TOTAL	563	1273	5	55761.12	- 1
Russia Soviet Union	124	275	2	28571.16	0.512384903750985
United States	345	859	3	21601.15	0.38738724635892
ESA Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom	39	65	-	3170.20	0.0568531572200756
Japan	12	20	-	1354.76	0.024295763432564
Italy	7	13	-	966.62	0.0173349697280756
Germany	11	16	-	856.71	0.0153640002000788
Canada	10	18	-	709.78	0.0127289379448094
France	10	18	-	628.92	0.0112789158097655
Netherlands	2	3	-	210.69	0.00377844401954392
Belgium	2	3	-	207.65	0.0037240079436511
United Kingdom	2	2	-	193.81	0.003475689271213
China	11	14	-	165.35	0.00296536507037563
Switzerland	1	4	-	42.50	0.00076221714776214
Sweden	1	2	-	26.73	0.000479438484018743
Spain	1	2	-	18.78	0.000336828668175986
Israel	1	1	-	15.93	0.000285692880572251
Ukraine	1	1	-	15.69	0.000281383824919331
Bulgaria	2	2	-	11.80	0.000211592068043703
Malaysia	1	1	-	10.88	0.000195190257942846
South Korea	1	1	-	10.88	0.000195190257942846
South Africa	1	1	-	9.89	0.000177406062935995
Brazil	1	1	-	9.89	0.000177306431591419
Kazakhstan	1	1	-	9.84	0.000176521834752881
Denmark	1	1	-	9.84	0.000176521834752881
Afghanistan	1	1	-	8.85	0.000158737639746029
Syria	1	1	-	7.96	0.000142771716777694
Czechoslovakia	1	1	-	7.93	0.000142173928710236
Austria	1	1	-	7.93	0.000142124113037948
Poland	1	1	-	7.92	0.000141999573857228
Slovakia	1	1	-	7.91	0.000141924850348796
India	1	1	-	7.90	0.000141725587659643
United Arab Emirates	1	1	-	7.88	0.000141239884854834
Hungary	1	1	-	7.86	0.000141040622165682
Cuba	1	1	-	7.86	0.000141015714329538
Mongolia	1	1	-	7.86	0.000141003260411466
Vietnam	1	1	-	7.86	0.000141003260411466
Romania	1	1	-	7.86	0.000140990806493394
Saudi Arabia	1	1	-	7.07	0.000126755978137069
Mexico	1	1	-	6.88	0.000123343604585335
Astronauts currently in space: Ivan Viktorovich Vagner Anatoli Alekseyevich Ivanishin Christopher John "Chris" Cassidy Robert Louis Behnken Douglas Gerald Hurley			Crew Vehicles currently in space: Soyuz MS-16 Crew Dragon SpX-DM2
Table data accurate as of 2020-06-28 04:05 UTC
* includes those in orbit at time table was updated +TOTAL person days in orbit will not match the sum of the totals for individual nations as some individuals are dual citizens (based solely on those identified as such by spacefacts.de - see table references).

Most time in space

Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, who has spent 878 days in space over five missions, became the record holder for the most time spent in space when he surpassed, on 28 June 2015, the record of cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Yuri Malenchenko is currently in second place, having spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights.[13][16][17][18]

The following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space, as of 17 April 2020.[19] Travelers currently in space are ranked by total time in space of their completed missions only.

Color key:

Currently in space
Active
Retired
Deceased

Rank	Person	Days	Flights	Status	Nationality
1	Gennady Padalka	878.480	5	Retired	Russia
2	Yuri Malenchenko	827.389	6	Retired	Russia
3	Sergei Krikalev	803.371	6	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
4	Aleksandr Kaleri	769.276	5	Active	Russia
5	Sergei Avdeyev	747.593	3	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
6	Oleg Kononenko	736.780	4	Active	Russia
7	Valeri Polyakov	678.690	2	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
8	Fyodor Yurchikhin	672.860	5	Retired	Russia
9	Peggy Whitson	665.932	3	Retired	United States
10	Anatoly Solovyev	651.117	5	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
11	Viktor Afanasyev	555.772	4	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
12	Yury Usachov	552.773	4	Retired	Russia
13	Sergey Volkov	547.931	3	Retired	Russia
14	Pavel Vinogradov	546.939	3	Active	Russia
15	Aleksandr Skvortsov	545.964	3	Active	Russia
16	Musa Manarov	541.021	2	Retired	Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan)
17	Oleg Skripochka	536.159	3	Active	Russia
18	Jeffrey Williams	534.116	4	Active	United States
19	Anton Shkaplerov	533.230	3	Active	Russia
20	Mikhail Tyurin	532.118	3	Retired	Russia
21	Oleg Kotov	526.211	3	Retired	Russia
22	Scott Kelly	520.440	4	Retired[20]	United States
23	Mikhail Kornienko	516.417	2	Retired	Russia
24	Aleksandr Viktorenko	489.066	4	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
25	Nikolai Budarin	444.060	3	Retired	Russia
26	Yuri Romanenko	430.765	3	Retired	Soviet Union
27	Aleksandr Volkov	391.495	3	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
28	Yury Onufriyenko	389.282	2	Retired	Russia
29	Vladimir Titov	387.036	4	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
30	Vasily Tsibliyev	381.662	2	Retired	Russia
31	Valery Korzun	381.653	2	Retired	Russia
32	Michael Fincke	381.633	3	Active	United States
33	Aleksey Ovchinin	374.813	2	Active	Russia
34	Leonid Kizim	374.749	3	Deceased	Soviet Union
35	Michael Foale	373.763	6	Retired	United States / United Kingdom[21]
36	Aleksandr Serebrov	372.954	4	Deceased	Soviet Union / Russia
37	Valery Ryumin	371.725	4	Retired	Soviet Union / Russia
38	Donald Pettit	369.696	3	Active	United States
39	Luca Parmitano	366.959	2	Active	Italy
40	Oleg Artemyev	365.962	2	Active	Russia
41	Alexander Gerst	362.076	2	Active	Germany
42	Vladimir Solovyov	361.952	2	Retired	Soviet Union
43	Thomas Reiter	350.239	2	Retired	Germany
44	Koichi Wakata	347.356	4	Active	Japan
45	Talgat Musabayev	341.408	3	Retired	Russia
46	Oleg Novitsky	340.419	2	Active	Russia
47	Andrei Borisenko	337.377	2	Active	Russia
48	Maksim Surayev	334.508	2	Retired	Russia
49	Alexander Misurkin	334.468	2	Active	Russia
50	Roman Romanenko	333.459	2	Retired	Russia

Ten longest human spaceflights

#	Time in space	Crew	Country	Launch date (Launch craft)	Landing date (Landing craft)	Space station or mission type
1	437.7 days[22][23]	Valeri Polyakov[22]	Russia	1994-01-08 (Soyuz TM-18)	1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20)	Mir[22]
2	379.6 days[23]	Sergei Avdeyev[23]	Russia	1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28)	1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29)	Mir[23]
3	365.0 days[23]	Vladimir Titov[23] Musa Manarov[23]	Soviet Union	1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4)	1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6)	Mir[23]
4	340.4 days	Mikhail Kornienko Scott Kelly	Russia United States	2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M)	2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M)	International Space Station, ISS year long mission
5	328.6 days[24][25]	Christina Koch[25]	United States	2019-03-15 (Soyuz MS-12)	2020-02-06 (Soyuz MS-13)	International Space Station
6	326.5 days[26]	Yuri Romanenko[26]	Soviet Union	1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2)	1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3)	Mir[26]
7	311.8 days[27]	Sergei Krikalev[27]	Soviet Union/ Russia	1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12)	1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13)	Mir[27]
8	289.2 days[28]	Peggy Whitson[28]	United States	2016-11-17 (Soyuz MS-03)	2017-09-03 (Soyuz MS-04)	International Space Station[28]
9	271.5 days[29]	Andrew R. Morgan	United States	2019-07-20 (Soyuz MS-13)	2020-04-17 (Soyuz MS-15)	International Space Station
10	240.9 days[30]	Valeri Polyakov[30]	Soviet Union	1988-08-29 (Soyuz TM-6)	1989-04-7 (Soyuz TM-7)	Mir[30]

Longest single flight by a woman

NASA astronaut Christina Koch holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman (328 days). She surpassed NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson's 289 days during Expedition 61 in 2019. She returned on February 6, 2020 after 328 days in space.[25] In third place is American astronaut Anne McClain with 204 days.[31]

Longest continuous occupation of space

An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000, when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later it docked with the International Space Station.[9][32] Since then space has been continuously occupied for 19 years, 241 days.[9]

Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft

The International Space Station has been continuously occupied since 2 November 2000 (19 years, 239 days).[9][32] It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.[32]

Longest solo flight

Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days, 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963.[33] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, T. K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

Longest time on the lunar surface

Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.[34] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds (as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer).[34]

Longest time in lunar orbit

Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours);[35] however, for the solo portion of that flight around the Moon, T. K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

Speed and altitude records

Farthest humans from Earth

The Apollo 13 crew (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert), while passing over the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km (158 mi) from the lunar surface, were 400,171 km (248,655 mi) from Earth.[36] This record-breaking distance was reached at 0:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.[36]

Highest altitude for crewed non-lunar mission

Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr. and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km).[37]

Fastest

The Apollo 10 crew (Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans: 39,897 kilometers per hour (11.082 kilometers per second or 24,791 miles per hour, approximately 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037% of the speed of light).[9] The record was set 26 May 1969.[9]

Age records

John Glenn, 14 April 1998

Earliest-born to reach space (suborbital flight)

Joe Walker (born 20 February 1921), on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963.

Earliest-born to reach space (orbital flight)

Man – Georgy Beregovoy (born 15 April 1921), on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968.
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

Youngest (age during spaceflight)

Man – Gherman Titov (aged 25 years), on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961.[9]
Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (aged 26 years), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963.

Oldest (age during spaceflight)

Man – John Glenn (aged 77), on STS-95 on 29 October 1998.[9]
Woman – Peggy Whitson (aged 56), on Soyuz MS-03 on 17 November 2016. She turned 57 on 9 February 2017, while still in space.[38]

Spacewalk records

Most spacewalks (number and duration)

Both of these are the record for the largest total number of spacewalks by a male and a female, and the most cumulative time spent on spacewalks by a male and a female.

Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for a total time of 82 hours, 21 minutes.[39]
Woman – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.[40][41][42]

Most spacewalks during a single mission

7: Anatoly Solovyev, during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98. (Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.)
6: Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov, the third crew on the Soviet space station Salyut 7.

Longest single spacewalk

8 hrs 56 min, by James Voss and Susan Helms, 11 March 2001 on an ISS assembly mission during Shuttle mission STS-102

Animal records

First animals in space

The first animals to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles (109 km).[43] They were also the first animals to safely return from space.[43]

First animal in orbit

Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

Longest canine single flight

Soviet space dogs Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

First animals beyond low-Earth orbit

An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 15 September 1968.[43] It was launched by a Proton-K rocket.[43] The capsule came within 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of the Moon and later successfully returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon.[43]

Notable uncrewed spaceflights

In reference to:	Spacecraft	Event	Origin	Date
Earth	MW 18014 (A-4(V-2))	First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight).	Germany	20 June 1944
Earth	V-2 No. 20	First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.	USA	20 February 1947
Earth	R-1V[44]	First mammals (dogs) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.	USSR	22 July 1951
Earth	Sputnik 1	First satellite in orbit.[5]	USSR	4 October 1957
Earth	Sputnik 2	First animal in orbit, Laika the dog.	USSR	3 November 1957
Earth	Vanguard 1	Oldest satellite still in orbit, in addition to its upper launch stage. Expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964.	USA	17 March 1958
Earth	Pioneer 1	Failed to reach the Moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi) from Earth.	USA	11 October 1958
Earth	Jupiter AM-13	First monkey in space, Gordo, a squirrel monkey.	USA	13 December 1958
Earth	Luna 1	First spacecraft to achieve Earth's escape velocity.	USSR	4 January 1959
Moon	Luna 1	First flyby. Distance of 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi).	USSR	4 January 1959
Sun	Luna 1	First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit.	USSR	4 January 1959
Moon	Luna 2	First impact.[5]	USSR	14 September 1959
Moon	Luna 3	First image of lunar far-side.[5]	USSR	7 October 1959
Earth	Discoverer 13	First satellite recovered from orbit.[5]	USA	11 August 1960
Earth	Korabl-Sputnik 2	First living beings recovered from orbit.[45]	USSR	19 August 1960
Venus	Venera 1	First flyby. Distance of 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) (lost communication contact before).[5]	USSR	19 May 1961
Moon	Ranger 4	First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[46]	USA	26 April 1962
Earth	Alouette 1	First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the USA or USSR (the British satellite Ariel 1, launched five months earlier, was designed and constructed by the USA).[47]	Canada	29 September 1962
Venus	Mariner 2	First planetary flyby. Distance of 34,762 kilometres (21,600 mi) (with communication contact).	USA	14 December 1962
Earth	Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1	Oldest spacecraft still in use (50 years as of 2015).	USA	6 May 1965
Mars	Mariner 4	First flyby and first planetary imaging. Distance of 9,846 kilometres (6,118 mi).	USA	14 July 1965
Earth	Astérix	First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the USA or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets).	France	26 November 1965
Moon	Luna 9	First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface.[5]	USSR	3 February 1966
Venus	Venera 3	First impact.[5]	USSR	1 March 1966
Moon	Luna 10	First orbiter.[5]	USSR	3 April 1966
Docking	Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188	First automated docking of uncrewed spacecraft.	USSR	30 October 1967
Moon	Zond 5	First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth. First animals to circle the Moon.	USSR	15 September 1968
Moon	Luna 16	First automated sample return.	USSR	24 September 1970
Moon	Luna 17	First automated roving vehicle, Lunokhod 1.	USSR	17 November 1970
Venus	Venera 7	First soft landing.	USSR	15 December 1970
Mars	Mariner 9	First orbiter.	USA	14 November 1971
Mars	Mars 2	First impact.	USSR	27 November 1971
Mars	Mars 3	First soft landing. Maintained telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased.	USSR	2 December 1971
Sun	Pioneer 10	First spacecraft to achieve the Sun's escape velocity.	USA	3 March 1972
Jupiter	Pioneer 10	First flyby. Distance of 132,000 kilometres (82,000 mi).	USA	4 December 1973
Mercury	Mariner 10	First flyby. Distance of 703 kilometres (437 mi).	USA	29 March 1974
Venus	Venera 9	First orbiter. First surface-level imaging of another planet.	USSR	22 October 1975
Mars	Viking 1	First surface-level imaging of Mars.	USA	20 July 1976
Saturn	Pioneer 11	First flyby. Distance of 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi).	USA	1 September 1979
Venus	Venera 13	First sound recording made on another planet.	USSR	1 March 1982
Trans-Neptunian region	Pioneer 10	First to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the furthest major planet from the Sun.	USA	13 June 1983
Venus	Vega 1	First helium balloon atmospheric probe.	USSR	11 June 1985
Comet Giacobini-Zinner	International Cometary Explorer (ICE)	First flyby through a comet tail (no pictures). Distance of 7,800 kilometres (4,800 mi).	USA	11 September 1985
Uranus	Voyager 2	First flyby. Distance of 81,500 kilometres (50,600 mi).	USA	24 January 1986
Comet Halley	Vega 1	First comet flyby (with pictures returned). Distance of 8,890 kilometres (5,520 mi).	USSR	6 March 1986
Orbital Spaceplane	Buran	First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing).	USSR	15 November 1988
Phobos	Phobos 2	First flyby. Distance of 860 kilometres (530 mi).	USSR	21 February 1989
Neptune	Voyager 2	First flyby. Distance of 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi).	USA	25 August 1989
951 Gaspra	Galileo	First asteroid flyby. Distance of 1,600 kilometres (990 mi).	USA	29 October 1991
Jupiter	Galileo probe	First impact.	USA	7 December 1995
Jupiter	Galileo	First orbiter.	USA	8 December 1995
Mars	Mars Pathfinder	First automated roving vehicle, Sojourner.	USA	4 July 1997
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker	First asteroid orbiter.	USA	14 February 2000
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker	First asteroid soft landing.	USA	12 February 2001
Saturn	Cassini orbiter	First orbiter.	ESA USA	1 July 2004
Solar wind	Genesis	First sample return from farther than the Moon.	USA	8 September 2004
Titan	Huygens probe	First soft landing.	ESA USA	14 January 2005
Comet Tempel 1	Deep Impact	First comet impact.	USA	4 July 2005
25143 Itokawa	Hayabusa	First asteroid ascent. First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.	Japan	19 November 2005
81P/Wild	Stardust	First sample return from comet.	USA	15 January 2006
Earth	Voyager 1	Farthest distance from Earth (13,820,000,000 miles (2.224×10¹⁰ km; 148.7 AU)). Farthest distance from the Sun (13,751,000,000 miles (2.2130×10¹⁰ km; 147.93 AU)).	USA	As of December 2019[48]
Longest time in operation	Voyager 2	Longest continually operating space probe (since August 1977).	USA	As of 2015
Earth to Venus trajectory	IKAROS	First interplanetary solar sail.	Japan	Set sail on 10 June 2010
25143 Itokawa	Hayabusa	First sample return from an asteroid.	Japan	13 June 2010
Mercury	MESSENGER	First orbiter.	USA	17 March 2011
Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point	Chang'e 2	First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.[49]	China	25 August 2011
International Space Station	SpaceX Dragon	First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station.	SpaceX	25 May 2012
Interstellar medium	Voyager 1	First spacecraft to cross the heliopause, thereby exiting the heliosphere and entering interstellar space.	USA	25 August 2012
4179 Toutatis	Chang'e 2	First object to reach an asteroid directly from a Sun-Earth Langrangian point. First probe to explore both the Moon and an asteroid.[50]	China	13 December 2012
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko	Rosetta	First comet orbiter.[51]	ESA	6 August 2014
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko	Philae	First comet soft landing.[52]	ESA	12 November 2014
Ceres	Dawn	First dwarf planet orbiter.[53]	USA	6 March 2015
Mars	Opportunity	Longest distance traveled on surface of another world (26.219 miles (42.195 km), marathon-length).[54]	USA	23 March 2015
Mercury	MESSENGER	First impact.[55]	USA	30 April 2015
Pluto	New Horizons	First flyby of Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx. First up-close images of the Pluto system and of Pluto and Charon's surfaces. First to explore the Kuiper belt.	USA	14 July 2015
All 9 planets in the pre-IAU redefinition version of the Solar System	All United States spacecrafts including New Horizons	With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes explore all nine planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System.	USA	14 July 2015
Earth	Falcon 9	First re-flight of orbital class rocket.[56]	SpaceX	30 March 2017
Earth	Falcon 9 H-IIA-202	Shortest period between orbital launches (launched 72 seconds apart).[57]	USA Japan	23 December 2017
Moon	Chang'e 4	First soft landing at the far side of the Moon.	China	3 January 2019
Sun	Parker Solar Probe	Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun: 109.2 km/s (393,042 km/h; 244,225 mph). Closest ever approach to the Sun: distance of 0.125 AU (18,700,000 kilometres; 11,600,000 mi).[58] Spacecraft will continue to lower its perihelion by multiple Venus gravity assists until its closest approach in 2024, which is expected to bring the probe within 9.86 solar radii (6,900,000 km; 4,300,000 mi) of the Sun's surface at a velocity of 191.7 km/s (690,000 km/h; 430,000 mph),[59] by which point it will have become the fastest object in the Solar System apart from Comets (overtaking asteroid 2005 HC4).	USA	29 January 2020

References

Gebhardt, Chris (12 April 2011). "Anniversaries: 50 years of human spaceflight – 30 years for Shuttle". NASASpaceFlight (not affiliated with NASA). Retrieved 22 June 2015.
"Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)". NASA. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
"Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)". NASA. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
"Making History: China's First Human Spaceflight". Space.com. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
"MAJOR SPACE "FIRSTS'-AN AMERICAN ASSESSMENT" (PDF). Flight. 91 (3028): 459. 1967-03-23. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
"Geek Trivia: A leap of fakes". Retrieved 18 August 2016.
"Astronautix.com: Mercury MR-3". Retrieved 23 October 2018.
Pearlman, Robert (17 June 2010). "Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim, Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission, Dies". Space.com. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Wall, Mike (11 March 2015). "The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records". Space.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Sheetz, Michael (2020-05-30). "SpaceX launches two NASA astronauts to space for the first time in historic US mission". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
Potter, Sean (2020-05-30). "NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon". NASA. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
"Astronaut Biography". NASA.
NASA (2005). "Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev Biography". NASA. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
"Astronauts and Cosmonauts flown in space (in alphabetical order)". spacefacts.de. The alphabetical list of astronauts provides the "Total Persons" "Total Person Flights" as well as the "Total person days", excepting the time of astronauts currently in orbit
"Manned spaceflights". spacefacts.de. The flight list allows is searched to determine which flight is in orbit, and when it reached orbit. This allows determination of "Total in orbit (@ update) and update the "Total person days" accordingly.
NASA (2005). "Krikalev Sets Time-in-Space Record". NASA. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
Thompson, Curtiss (29 June 2015). "Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space". Penny4NASA. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Russian astronaut record-breaker Padalka returns to Earth, BBC News, 12 September 2015
"Astronauts and Cosmonauts (sorted by "Time in Space")". spacefacts.de. The current missions are listed but not included in day count.
Northon, Karen (2016-03-11). "Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April". NASA. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Michael Foale holds dual U.S./British citizenship.
Schwirtz, Michael (2009-03-30). "Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Pearlman, Robert (26 March 2015). "One Year in Space: A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth". Space.com. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Garcia, Mark (6 February 2020). "Christina Koch Completes 328-Day Mission in Space". blogs.nasa.gov. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
"Astronaut Christina Koch sets new record for longest single space flight by a woman". CBS News. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
Carroll, Michael (2015). Living Among Giants: Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System. Springer. p. 195. ISBN 3319106732.
Leary, Warren (4 Feb 1994). "Man in the News: Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev; Symbol of New Cooperation". Cape Canaveral: New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
"Soyuz MS-04 lands as Peggy Whitson ends record-breaking mission". NASASpaceflight. 2 Sep 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/morgan_andrew.htm
Dunn, Marcia (28 Dec 1997). "Mischief a Specialty for Mir's Doctor in Residence". Associated Press. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Harwood, William. "3 station fliers complete "once-in-a-lifetime ride" home after 204-day stay in orbit". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
"10 Years and Counting". NASA. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
"Astronautic World Records: Spacecraft with one astronaut – General category". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. This only counts the duration of solo flight within a mission, so a longer mission with solo flight, such as Apollo 17 at 12d+13h duration is surpassed because the solo undocked duration was only 3d+7h.)
"Mission Report: Apollo 17 – The Most Productive Lunar Expedition" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
"Ronal Evans Biographical Data". NASA. April 1990. Retrieved 21 June 2015. longest time in lunar orbit, 147 hours, 48 minutes
"Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970". NASA. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Dumoulin, Jim (August 25, 2000), NASA Project Gemini-XI, retrieved April 12, 2010
News, ABC. "ABC News".
"GCTC, Biographies of Cosmonauts: Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich". Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre. Archived from the original on 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2017-10-31.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs, May 23, 2017
"ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks". NASASpaceflight.com. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Spacefacts (2017). "Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience (sorted by "EVA Time")". Spacefacts. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
Tate, Karl. "Cosmic Menagerie: A History of Animals in Space (Infographic)" (infographic). Space.com. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
"R-1V". Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Asif A. Siddiqi. "Challenge to Apollo" (PDF). NASA.; see page. 253
Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy. 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.
"Alouette I and II". Canadian Space Agency. Government of Canada. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
"Where are the Voyagers?". Retrieved 2019-12-30. Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth, the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year.
"Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2". 2011-08-27.
"China's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis" Archived 2012-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. Chinadaily.com.cn.16 December 2012.
esa. "Rosetta arrives at comet destination".
"Philae probe makes historic comet landing". 12 November 2014 – via www.bbc.com.
Barnett, Amanda. "NASA's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres". CNN.
McKirdy, Euan. "Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone". CNN.
Corum, Jonathan (30 April 2015). "Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury" – via NYTimes.com.
"Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite, Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight".
"TMRO:Space - Looking forward to 2018 - Orbit 11.01".
Frazier, Sarah; Surowiec, Justyna (2020-01-29). "Parker Solar Probe Completes Fourth Closest Approach, Breaks New Speed and Distance Records – Parker Solar Probe". NASA Blogs. NASA. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
"Parker Solar Probe Presskit" (PDF). nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2018.

External links

Russia's unmanned Moon missions

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[Gar-1] Gebhardt, Chris (12 April 2011). "Anniversaries: 50 years of human spaceflight – 30 years for Shuttle". NASASpaceFlight (not affiliated with NASA). Retrieved 22 June 2015.

[F7-2] "Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)". NASA. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

[Friend7-3] "Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)". NASA. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

[ChinFirst-4] "Making History: China's First Human Spaceflight". Space.com. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

[flight1967-03-23-5] "MAJOR SPACE "FIRSTS'-AN AMERICAN ASSESSMENT" (PDF). Flight. 91 (3028): 459. 1967-03-23. Retrieved 2009-04-15.

[6] "Geek Trivia: A leap of fakes". Retrieved 18 August 2016.

[7] "Astronautix.com: Mercury MR-3". Retrieved 23 October 2018.

[kizimdead-8] Pearlman, Robert (17 June 2010). "Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim, Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission, Dies". Space.com. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

[MostExtreme-9] Wall, Mike (11 March 2015). "The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records". Space.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[10] Sheetz, Michael (2020-05-30). "SpaceX launches two NASA astronauts to space for the first time in historic US mission". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-05-31.

[11] Potter, Sean (2020-05-30). "NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon". NASA. Retrieved 2020-05-31.

[bio-12] "Astronaut Biography". NASA.

[skk-13] NASA (2005). "Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev Biography". NASA. Retrieved 2007-10-04.

[Spacefacts_AZ-14] "Astronauts and Cosmonauts flown in space (in alphabetical order)". spacefacts.de. The alphabetical list of astronauts provides the "Total Persons" "Total Person Flights" as well as the "Total person days", excepting the time of astronauts currently in orbit

[Spacefacts_listflights-15] "Manned spaceflights". spacefacts.de. The flight list allows is searched to determine which flight is in orbit, and when it reached orbit. This allows determination of "Total in orbit (@ update) and update the "Total person days" accordingly.

[skk2-16] NASA (2005). "Krikalev Sets Time-in-Space Record". NASA. Retrieved 2007-10-04.

[p4n-17] Thompson, Curtiss (29 June 2015). "Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space". Penny4NASA. Retrieved 1 July 2015.

[18] Russian astronaut record-breaker Padalka returns to Earth, BBC News, 12 September 2015

[Spacefacts-19] "Astronauts and Cosmonauts (sorted by "Time in Space")". spacefacts.de. The current missions are listed but not included in day count.

[20] Northon, Karen (2016-03-11). "Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April". NASA. Retrieved 2016-06-01.

[21] Michael Foale holds dual U.S./British citizenship.

[NYT-22] Schwirtz, Michael (2009-03-30). "Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-15.

[SpaceYearMis-23] Pearlman, Robert (26 March 2015). "One Year in Space: A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth". Space.com. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

[24] Garcia, Mark (6 February 2020). "Christina Koch Completes 328-Day Mission in Space". blogs.nasa.gov. Retrieved 6 February 2020.

[Kochrecords-25] "Astronaut Christina Koch sets new record for longest single space flight by a woman". CBS News. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.

[GiantD-26] Carroll, Michael (2015). Living Among Giants: Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System. Springer. p. 195. ISBN 3319106732.

[WarNYT-27] Leary, Warren (4 Feb 1994). "Man in the News: Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev; Symbol of New Cooperation". Cape Canaveral: New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

[Whitsonrecords-28] "Soyuz MS-04 lands as Peggy Whitson ends record-breaking mission". NASASpaceflight. 2 Sep 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.

[29] ttp://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/morgan_andrew.htm

[DunnPress-30] Dunn, Marcia (28 Dec 1997). "Mischief a Specialty for Mir's Doctor in Residence". Associated Press. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

[31] Harwood, William. "3 station fliers complete "once-in-a-lifetime ride" home after 204-day stay in orbit". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2020-02-20.

[10Year-32] "10 Years and Counting". NASA. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2015.

[33] "Astronautic World Records: Spacecraft with one astronaut – General category". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. This only counts the duration of solo flight within a mission, so a longer mission with solo flight, such as Apollo 17 at 12d+13h duration is surpassed because the solo undocked duration was only 3d+7h.)

[NASAAP17-34] "Mission Report: Apollo 17 – The Most Productive Lunar Expedition" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[35] "Ronal Evans Biographical Data". NASA. April 1990. Retrieved 21 June 2015. longest time in lunar orbit, 147 hours, 48 minutes

[Apollo13History-36] "Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970". NASA. Retrieved 7 November 2015.

[37] Dumoulin, Jim (August 25, 2000), NASA Project Gemini-XI, retrieved April 12, 2010

[38] News, ABC. "ABC News".

[39] "GCTC, Biographies of Cosmonauts: Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich". Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre. Archived from the original on 2007-09-20. Retrieved 2017-10-31.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

[40] Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs, May 23, 2017

[evanine-41] "ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks". NASASpaceflight.com. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.

[EVA2017-42] Spacefacts (2017). "Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience (sorted by "EVA Time")". Spacefacts. Retrieved May 13, 2017.

[spaceanimals-43] Tate, Karl. "Cosmic Menagerie: A History of Animals in Space (Infographic)" (infographic). Space.com. Retrieved June 28, 2014.

[44] "R-1V". Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

[45] Asif A. Siddiqi. "Challenge to Apollo" (PDF). NASA.; see page. 253

[46] Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy. 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.

[47] "Alouette I and II". Canadian Space Agency. Government of Canada. Retrieved 6 December 2017.

[48] "Where are the Voyagers?". Retrieved 2019-12-30. Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth, the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year.

[49] "Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2". 2011-08-27.

[50] "China's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis" Archived 2012-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. Chinadaily.com.cn.16 December 2012.

[51] sa. "Rosetta arrives at comet destination".

[52] "Philae probe makes historic comet landing". 12 November 2014 – via www.bbc.com.

[53] Barnett, Amanda. "NASA's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres". CNN.

[54] McKirdy, Euan. "Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone". CNN.

[55] Corum, Jonathan (30 April 2015). "Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury" – via NYTimes.com.

[56] "Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite, Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight".

[57] "TMRO:Space - Looking forward to 2018 - Orbit 11.01".

[58] Frazier, Sarah; Surowiec, Justyna (2020-01-29). "Parker Solar Probe Completes Fourth Closest Approach, Breaks New Speed and Distance Records – Parker Solar Probe". NASA Blogs. NASA. Retrieved 2020-01-29.

[59] "Parker Solar Probe Presskit" (PDF). nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2018.

Extremes of motion
Speed	Wave (Light Sound) Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft or propeller-based transcontinental Land vehicle (rocket-based wheel-driven railed motorcycle or production motorcycle (by top speed / by acceleration) production car (by top speed / by acceleration) British) Water-borne vehicle or sailing underwater transatlantic
Distance	Space (furthest spacecraft furthest landing on another world furthest humans furthest travels on another world closest spacecraft to the Sun) Aircraft (furthest flight highest altitude) Deepest Earth ocean dive
Endurance	Space (most time as a person in space most endurance on another world most enduring population of a spacecraft most enduring spaceflight) Aircraft
See also	Spaceflight records FAI records