List of space travelers by name
The criteria for determining who has achieved human spaceflight vary. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) defines spaceflight as any flight above 100 kilometres (62 mi), a definition recognized by every country. In the 1960s, the United States Department of Defense awarded the rating of astronaut to military and civilian pilots who flew aircraft higher than 50 miles (80 km).[1] This list follows the FAI criterion.
From the Department of Defense, eight USAF and NASA pilots qualified for the Astronaut Badge by flying the sub-orbital X-15 rocket spaceplane.[1] One of these, Joseph A. Walker, flew the X-15 above 100 km on two flights, becoming the first person to enter space twice.[2][3][4] However, the other pilots did not reach the 100 km FAI limit.
All other men and women traveled to outer space in non-winged rockets, the orbital Space Shuttle, or the sub-orbital Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne rocket spaceplane.[1]
People who died training for space travel or died during missions that failed to reach the required altitude such as Christa McAuliffe can be found in the article on space disasters.
As of April 9, 2020, a total of 566 people from 41 countries have gone into space according to the FAI criterion (574 people have qualified when including the US Department of Defense classification). Of those 566, three people completed a sub-orbital flight, 563 people reached Earth orbit, 24 traveled beyond low Earth orbit and 12 walked on the Moon.[5] Space travelers have spent over 29,000 person-days (or a cumulative total of over 77 years) in space including over 100 person-days of spacewalks.[6]
- Names in italic are space travelers who have left low Earth orbit.
- National flags indicate the space traveler's citizenship at the time of flight(s).
- A
before a name denotes that the person died during spaceflight, or during an attempted spaceflight. - A
before a name denotes a female space traveler. - A
before a name denotes a male space traveler. - A
before a name denotes space travelers who have walked on the Moon. - A
before a name denotes that the person is currently in space.
A
Joseph M. Acaba Loren Acton James Adamson Viktor M. Afanasyev Aydyn Aimbetov, first cosmonaut by KazCosmos-selection in space Thomas Akers Toyohiro Akiyama, the first business-sponsored space traveler and the first Japanese person in space Vladimir Aksyonov Sultan Salman Al Saud, first Saudi Arabian in space, only royal person in space, first Middle Eastern person in space Buzz Aldrin, flew on Apollo 11; second person to walk on the Moon Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov Andrew M. Allen Joseph P. Allen Hazza Al Mansouri, first UAE astronaut Scott Altman William Anders, first Asian-born person in space (born in Hong Kong, but an American citizen) Clayton Anderson Michael P. Anderson (1959–2003), died on February 1, 2003, in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of STS-107[7] - (Claudie André-Deshays – see Claudie Haigneré)
Anousheh Ansari, fourth spaceflight participant and first female spaceflight participant, first woman of Muslim descent in space, and first Iranian in space Dominic A. Antonelli Jerome Apt Lee Archambault Neil Armstrong (1930–2012), flew on Apollo 11; first person to walk on the Moon[8] Richard R. Arnold Oleg Artemyev Anatoly Artsebarsky Yuri Artyukhin (1930–1998)[9] Jeffrey Ashby Oleg Atkov Toktar Aubakirov, first Kazakh born person in space Serena Auñón-Chancellor Sergei Avdeyev
B
James Bagian, first Armenian in space Ellen Baker Michael Baker Aleksandr Balandin Michael Barratt Daniel Barry John-David F. Bartoe Yuri Baturin, first Russian politician in space Patrick Baudry, first African-born man and second Frenchman in space Alan Bean (1932–2018), flew on Apollo 12; fourth person to walk on the Moon Robert L. Behnken Ivan Bella, first Slovak in space Pavel Belyayev (1925–1970) Georgi Beregovoi (1921–1995), earliest-born person to go into orbit Anatoli Berezovoy (1942–2014) Brian Binnie, second commercial (launched by a private company) astronaut; suborbital flight only John Blaha Michael J. Bloomfield Guion Bluford, first African-American in space Karol Bobko, first graduate of the United States Air Force Academy to become an astronaut Eric A. Boe Charles Bolden Roberta Bondar, first Canadian woman in space Andrei Borisenko Frank Borman, commander of Apollo 8, the first spaceflight to orbit the Moon Stephen G. Bowen Kenneth Bowersox Charles Brady (1951–2006) Vance Brand Daniel Brandenstein Randolph Bresnik Roy Bridges; became Director of the Kennedy Space Center in March 1997 Curtis Brown David M. Brown (1956–2003), died on February 1, 2003, in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of STS-107[7] Mark Brown James Buchli Jay Buckey Nikolai Budarin Daniel Burbank Daniel Bursch Valery Bykovsky
C
Robert Cabana Charles Camarda Kenneth Cameron Duane Carey Scott Carpenter (1925–2013), a Project Mercury astronaut Gerald Carr Sonny Carter (1947–1991)[10] John Casper Christopher J. Cassidy, 500th astronaut in space Robert Cenker Gene Cernan (1934–2017), flew on Apollo 17[11] Gregory Chamitoff Franklin Chang-Diaz, the only Costa Rican, first Hispanic-American in space, holder of the shared record of seven space flights Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003), first Indian-American woman in space; died on February 1, 2003, in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of STS-107[7] Maurizio Cheli Chen Dong Leroy Chiao Kevin Chilton Jean-Loup Chrétien, first French person in space and first non-Soviet European to walk in space Laurel B. Clark (1961–2003), died on February 1, 2003, in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of STS-107[7] Mary Cleave Jean-François Clervoy Michael Clifford Michael Coats Kenneth Cockrell Catherine Coleman Eileen Collins Michael Collins, flew on Apollo 11; first Italian-born person in space (born in Rome to American parents) Pete Conrad, (1930–1999), commanded Apollo 12 and the first Skylab mission[12] Gordon Cooper (1927–2004), first American to fly in space for over 24 hours Richard Covey Timothy Creamer John Creighton Robert Crippen, flew on STS-1 Samantha Cristoforetti, first Italian woman in space Roger Crouch Frank Culbertson Walter Cunningham, flew on Apollo 7 Robert Curbeam Nancy Currie (Nancy Sherlock)
D
Nancy Jan Davis Lawrence J. DeLucas Frank De Winne Vladimir N. Dezhurov Georgi Dobrovolski (1928–1971), died during Soyuz 11 Takao Doi, first Japanese to walk in space B. Alvin Drew Brian Duffy Charles Duke, flew on Apollo 16 Bonnie J. Dunbar Pedro Duque, first Spaniard in space Samuel T. Durrance James Dutton Lev Dyomin (1926–1998) Tracy Caldwell Dyson Vladimir Dzhanibekov, first Uzbekistan-born man in space
E
Joe Edwards Donn F. Eisele (1930–1987), flew on Apollo 7 Anthony W. England Joseph H. Engle Ronald Evans (1933–1990), flew on Apollo 17[13] Reinhold Ewald Léopold Eyharts
F
John Fabian Muhammed Faris, first Syrian in space Bertalan Farkas, first Hungarian in space Jean-Jacques Favier Fei Junlong, flew on Shenzhou 6 Konstantin Feoktistov (1926–2009) Christopher Ferguson Martin J. Fettman Andrew J. Feustel Anatoly Filipchenko Michael Fincke Jack D. Fischer Anna Fisher, first mother in space William Frederick Fisher Klaus-Dietrich Flade Michael Foale, holds the American and British Record for time spent in space at 374 days, 11 hours, 19 minutes Kevin A. Ford Michael Foreman Patrick Forrester Michael Fossum Stephen Frick Dirk Frimout, first Belgian in space Christer Fuglesang, first Swede in space C. Gordon Fullerton (1936–2013) Reinhard Furrer (1940–1995)[14][15] Satoshi Furukawa
G
Francis Gaffney Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), first person in space,[16][17] first person to orbit the Earth Ronald Garan Dale Gardner Guy Gardner Jake Garn, a United States Senator and first politician in space Marc Garneau, first Canadian in space Owen Garriott Richard Garriott, first second generation American in space; son of Skylab astronaut Owen Garriott Charles Gemar Michael Gernhardt Alexander Gerst Edward Gibson Robert L. Gibson Yuri Gidzenko Yuri Glazkov (1939–2008) John Glenn (1921–2016), first American to orbit the Earth, the oldest person to make a spaceflight, and U.S. Senator Linda Godwin Michael T. Good Viktor Gorbatko Richard Gordon (1929–2017), flew on Apollo 12 Dominic Gorie Ronald Grabe Georgi Grechko Frederick Gregory William Gregory Stanley Griggs (1939–1989) Virgil "Gus" Grissom (1926–1967), first NASA astronaut to go into space twice; first person to go into space twice in a capsule-type spacecraft; would have been the first person to fly three times; died in the Apollo 1 disaster[18] John Grunsfeld Aleksei Gubarev Umberto Guidoni Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa, first Mongolian in space Sidney Gutierrez
H
Chris Hadfield, first Canadian to walk in space Nick Hague Claudie Haigneré, first Frenchwoman in space Jean-Pierre Haigneré Fred Haise, flew on Apollo 13 James Halsell Kenneth Ham Lloyd Hammond Gregory Harbaugh Bernard Harris, first African-American to walk in space Terry Hart Henry Hartsfield (1933–2014)[19][20] Frederick Hauck Steven Hawley Susan Helms Karl Henize (1926–1993)[21][22][23] Thomas Hennen Terence Henricks Mirosław Hermaszewski, first Pole in space José M. Hernández John Herrington, first Native American in space Richard Hieb Joan Higginbotham David Hilmers Kathryn Hire Charles Hobaugh Jeffrey Hoffman Michael S. Hopkins Scott Horowitz Akihiko Hoshide Millie Hughes-Fulford, first female payload specialist Douglas G. Hurley Rick Husband (1957–2003), died on February 1, 2003, in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of STS-107[7]
I
James Irwin (1930–1991), flew on Apollo 15[24] Aleksandr Ivanchenkov Anatoli Ivanishin Georgi Ivanov, first Bulgarian in space Marsha Ivins
J
Sigmund Jähn (1937–2019), first German in space Mae Jemison, first African-American woman in space Tamara E. Jernigan Brent W. Jett, Jr. Jing Haipeng Gregory C. Johnson Gregory H. Johnson Thomas D. Jones
K
Leonid Kadenyuk, first Ukrainian in space since independence Alexandr Kaleri, first Russian in space since the fall of Communism Norishige Kanai Janet L. Kavandi James M. Kelly Mark Kelly Scott Kelly Joseph Kerwin Yevgeny Khrunov (1933–2000) Susan Kilrain Robert S. Kimbrough Leonid Kizim (1941–2010) Pyotr Klimuk, first Belarusian in space Christina Koch, member of the first all-female EVA team Vladimir Komarov (1927–1967), died during Soyuz 1 Yelena Kondakova Dmitri Kondratyev Oleg Kononenko, first Turkmenistan-born man in space Timothy L. Kopra Mikhail Korniyenko Valery Korzun Oleg Kotov Vladimir Kovalyonok Konstantin Kozeyev Kevin Kregel Sergei Krikalev, six space flights; until 2015, held the record for longest total time in space: 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes Valeri Kubasov (1935–2014) André Kuipers
L
Aleksandr Laveykin Guy Laliberté, first Canadian space tourist. Wendy Lawrence Vasili Lazarev (1928–1990) Aleksandr Lazutkin Valentin Lebedev Mark C. Lee David Leestma William B. Lenoir Alexei Leonov, first person to "walk in space" (to make an EVA) (1934-2019) Frederick W. Leslie Anatoli Levchenko (1941–1988) Byron Lichtenberg, first NASA payload specialist Don Lind Kjell N. Lindgren Steven Lindsey Jerry Linenger Richard Linnehan Gregory Linteris Liu Boming Liu Wang Liu Yang, first Chinese woman in space Paul Lockhart Yuri Lonchakov Michael Lopez-Alegria John Lounge Jack Lousma Stanley G. Love Jim Lovell, flew on Apollo 8, the first spaceship to orbit the Moon, and on Apollo 13 G. David Low (1956–2008) Edward Lu Shannon Lucid, first Asian-born woman in space; As of 2006, holder of the woman's spaceflight-duration record Vladimir Lyakhov
M
Steven MacLean Sandra Magnus Oleg Makarov (1933–2003) Yuri Malenchenko Franco Malerba, first Italian in space (Michael Collins was born in Rome, Italy in 1930, he has always been an American citizen, born of American parents.) Yury Malyshev (1941–1999) Gennadi Manakov Musa Manarov, first Azerbaijan-born man in space Thomas H. Marshburn Michael Massimino Richard Mastracchio Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly II, flew on Apollo 16, STS-4, and STS-51-C K. Megan McArthur William S. McArthur Jon McBride Bruce McCandless II (1937–2017) William C. McCool (1961–2003), died on February 1, 2003, in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of STS-107[7] Michael J. McCulley James McDivitt, flew on Apollo 9 Anne McClain Donald McMonagle Ronald McNair (1950–1986), died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Carl Meade Jessica Meir, member of the first all-female EVA team, first Swedish woman in space, second Swede in space Bruce Melnick Pamela Melroy Leland D. Melvin Mike Melvill, first commercial (launched by a private company) astronaut; suborbital flight only Ulf Merbold Ernst Messerschmid Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Alexander Misurkin Edgar Mitchell (1930–2016), flew on Apollo 14[25][26] Andreas Mogensen, first Dane in space Abdul Ahad Mohmand, first Afghan in space Mamoru Mohri Andrew Morgan Barbara Morgan Lee Morin Boris Morukov Beth Moses, first passenger of a commercial spaceflight; sub-orbital, has not met the FAI criterion of crossing the Kármán line (100km) Chiaki Mukai, first Japanese woman in space Richard Mullane Talgat Musabayev, first Kazakh citizen in space Story Musgrave
N
Steven R. Nagel (1946–2014)[27] Bill Nelson, second politician in space George Nelson Rodolfo Neri Vela, first Mexican in space Paolo A. Nespoli James H. Newman Claude Nicollier, first Swiss in space Nie Haisheng, flew on Shenzhou 6 Andriyan Nikolayev (1929–2004) Soichi Noguchi Carlos I. Noriega, first Peruvian-born person in space Oleg Novitskiy Lisa Nowak Karen Nyberg
O
Bryan O'Connor Ellen Ochoa, first Hispanic woman in space Wubbo Ockels (1946–2014),[28] first Dutch citizen in space William Oefelein John D. Olivas Gregory Olsen, third spaceflight participant Takuya Onishi Ellison Onizuka (1946–1986), died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Yuri Onufrienko Stephen Oswald Aleksey Ovchinin Robert Overmyer (1936–1996)
P
Gennady Padalka, as of 2015, has spent longer in space than any other person, at 879.48 days over five flights William Pailes Scott Parazynski Ronald A. Parise (1951–2008) Robert Parker Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971), died during Soyuz 11 James Pawelczyk Julie Payette Gary Payton, first military astronaut Tim Peake Philippe Perrin, first Morocco-born man in space Thomas Pesquet Donald Peterson Donald Pettit Pham Tuân, first Vietnamese and first Asian in space John Phillips William Pogue (1930–2014) Alan G. Poindexter (1961–2012)[29] Mark Polansky Alexander Poleshchuk Valeri Polyakov, holds record for single longest spaceflight, 437 days Marcos Pontes, first Brazilian in space Leonid Popov Pavel Popovich (1930–2009), first Ukrainian-born person in space Charles Precourt Sergey Prokopyev Dumitru Prunariu, first Romanian in space
R
Ilan Ramon (1954–2003), first Israeli in space; died on February 1, 2003, in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster of STS-107[7][30] William Readdy Kenneth Reightler James F. Reilly Garrett Reisman Thomas Reiter, first German to walk in space and first ESA astronaut to stay on the ISS Vladimír Remek, first Czechoslovak and first non-Soviet European in space Judith Resnik (1949–1986), died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Sergei Revin Paul W. Richards Richard N. Richards Sally Ride (1951–2012), first American woman in space Stephen Robinson Roman Romanenko Yury Romanenko Kent Rominger Stuart Roosa (1933–1994), flew on Apollo 14[31] Jerry L. Ross, flew on seven space flights Valery Rozhdestvensky Kathleen Rubins Nikolay Rukavishnikov (1932–2002) Mario Runco, Jr. Sergey Ryazansky Valery Ryumin Sergey Nikolayevich Ryzhikov
S
Albert Sacco David Saint-Jacques Aleksandr Samokutyayev Gennadi Sarafanov (1942–2005) Robert Satcher Viktor Savinykh Svetlana Savitskaya, first woman to walk in space, first woman to visit a space station, first woman to travel to space twice Wally Schirra (1923–2007) Hans Schlegel Harrison Schmitt, flew on Apollo 17 Rusty Schweickart Dick Scobee (1939–1986), died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster David Scott Winston Scott Paul Scully-Power Richard A. Searfoss Margaret Rhea Seddon Ronald M. Sega Piers Sellers (1955–2016) Aleksandr Serebrov Yelena Serova Vitaly Sevastyanov Yuri Shargin, first Russian military cosmonaut Salizhan Sharipov,[32] first Kyrgyzstan-born man in space Rakesh Sharma, first Indian in space Helen Sharman, first Briton in space Vladimir Shatalov, first Kazakhstan-born man in space Brewster Shaw Alan Shepard (1923–1998), first American in space[33] William Shepherd Anton Shkaplerov Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, first Malaysian in space Georgy Shonin (1935–1997) Loren Shriver Mark Shuttleworth, second spaceflight participant and first South African in space Charles Simonyi, fifth spaceflight participant; second Hungarian in space after Bertalan Farkas Oleg Skripochka Aleksandr Skvortsov Donald "Deke" Slayton (1924–1993), a Mercury astronaut Steven Smith Anatoly Solovyev, first Latvian-born man in space Vladimir Solovyov Sherwood Spring Robert Springer Thomas P. Stafford Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Stewart Nicole Stott Gennadi Strekalov (1940–2004) Frederick Sturckow Kathryn D. Sullivan, first American woman to walk in space Maksim Surayev Steven Swanson John "Jack" Swigert (1931–1982), flew on Apollo 13[34][35]
T
Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez, the first Cuban and the first person from a country in the Western Hemisphere other than the U.S. to travel to space; first Hispanophone and first person of African ancestry in space Daniel Tani Joseph Tanner Evgeny Tarelkin Valentina Tereshkova, first and youngest woman in space, only woman to travel solo Norman Thagard Gerhard Thiele Robert Thirsk Andrew Thomas, first Australian-born astronaut Donald Thomas Kathryn C. Thornton, first woman to make multiple EVAs William Thornton Pierre Thuot Scott Tingle Dennis Tito, first self-funded spaceflight participant Gherman Titov (1935–2000), the second person to orbit the Earth, first to stay up for a day and the youngest person to make a spaceflight Vladimir Titov Michel Tognini Valeri Tokarev Sergei Treshchov Eugene H. Trinh, first Vietnamese-American in space Richard H. Truly Bjarni Tryggvason, first Iceland-born man in space Vasily Tsibliyev Mikhail Tyurin
V
Ivan Vagner Lodewijk van den Berg, first Dutch-born astronaut James "Ox" van Hoften Mark T. Vande Hei Vladimir Vasyutin (1952–2002) Charles L. Veach (1944–1995) Franz Viehböck, first Austrian in space Aleksandr Viktorenko Pavel Vinogradov Terry W. Virts Roberto Vittori Igor Volk Alexander Volkov Sergey Volkov, first second-generation astronaut or cosmonaut in space; son of Alexander Volkov Vladislav Volkov (1935–1971), died on Soyuz 11 Boris Volynov, first Jewish person in space James S. Voss Janice E. Voss
W
Koichi Wakata Rex Walheim Charles Walker David M. Walker (1944–2001)[36] Joseph A. Walker (1921–1966), earliest born person in space, and first person to enter space twice; suborbital flights only Shannon Walker – Soyuz TMA-19 Ulrich Walter Carl E. Walz Taylor Wang, first ethnic Chinese person in space Wang Yaping Mary Weber Paul Weitz (1932–2017) James Wetherbee Ed White (1930–1967), first American to "walk in space" (make an EVA); died in the Apollo 1 disaster [37] Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson, longest single space flight by a woman, greatest total time in space by a woman, most EVAs and most time spent on EVA by a woman Terrence Wilcutt Dafydd Williams Donald Williams (1942–2016) Jeffrey Williams Sunita "Suni" Williams Barry Wilmore Stephanie Wilson Gregory R. Wiseman Peter Wisoff David Wolf Alfred Worden
Y
Naoko Yamazaki Yang Liwei, first Chinese national in space Boris Yegorov (1937–1994) Aleksei Yeliseyev Yi So-yeon, first South Korean in space John Young (1930–2018), flew on two Gemini, two Apollo (Apollo 10 and Apollo 16), and two Space Shuttle missions Kimiya Yui Fyodor Yurchikhin, first Georgian-born man in space
Z
Sergei Zalyotin George D. Zamka Zhai Zhigang, first Chinese person to walk in space Zhang Xiaoguang Vitaly Zholobov Vyacheslav Zudov
See also
- Apollo 1
- List of astronauts by year of selection
- Lists of astronauts
- List of space travelers by nationality
- List of astronauts by name (excludes spaceflight participants, and includes those that have been certified but not actually been in space)
References
- "Astronaut". World Book at NASA. NASA. November 29, 2007. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Evans, Michelle (2013). "The X-15 Rocket Plane: Flying the First Wings Into Space-Flight Log" (PDF). Mach 25 Media. p. 32 & 33.
- "International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile". www.nmspacemuseum.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- "Captain Joseph Albert Walker". www.mccarran.com. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- "Astronaut/Cosmonaut Statistics". www.worldspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-02-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- "Molten Aluminum found on Columbia's thermal tiles". USA Today. Associated Press. March 4, 2003. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- "Space legend Neil Armstrong dies". CNN. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
- Becker, Joachim. "Cosmonaut Biography: Yuri Artyukhin". Spacefacts.de. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- "Astronaut Bio: Sonny Carter 4/91". Jsc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- "Remembering Gene Cernan". NASA. January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
- "Third Man to Walk on Moon Dies in Motorcycle Accident". NASA. July 9, 1999.
- "Astronaut Bio: Ronald E. Evans". Jsc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- DLR. "Reinhard Furrer". DLR Portal. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- "Reinhard Furrer, German Astronaut, 54". The New York Times. 1995-09-12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- "Yuri Gagarin Killed As Test Plane Falls". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- "What Really Happened to Yuri Gagarin, the First Man in Space? – History in the Headlines". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- "NASA Remembers Three Space Tragedies". Space.com. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- "Keely Hartsfield Obituary". Houston Chronicle. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- Associated Press (26 July 2014). "Astronaut Hank Hartsfield, who went to space three times, dead at 80". New York Daily News. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- Tom Read, Freefall, Pages 224–235 (Little Brown, Edition 1, 1998). ISBN 0-316-64303-3.
- "Obituary: Karl Henize". Independent.co.uk. 23 October 1993. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- "NASA - 93-077.DOC". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- "Astronaut Bio: James Irwin". Jsc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- Goldstein, Richard (February 5, 2016). "Edgar D. Mitchell, Sixth Moonwalking Astronaut, Dies at 85". nytimes.com. The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- "Apollo 14 astronaut Edgar Mitchell, 85, dies in West Palm Beach". The Palm Beach Post. 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
- "Steven Nagel, 1946–2014". Columbia Daily Tribune. Columbia, Missouri. August 24, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- (in Dutch)Wubbo Ockels overleden, nos.nl, 18 May 2014
- "Alan G. Poindexter (1961–2012)". National Air and Space Museum. 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- "Payload Specialist Astronaut Bio: Ilan Ramon, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)". Jsc.nasa.gov. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2003-08-03. Retrieved 2003-10-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- "Salizhan Sharipov" (PDF). Spaceflight.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- Wilford, John Noble (July 23, 1998). "Alan B. Shepard Jr. Is Dead at 74; First American to Travel in Space". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- Chaikin, Andrew. A Man on the Moon. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-024146-4.
- "Jack Swigert loses fight against cancer". Ocala Star-Banner. Associated Press. Dec 28, 1982. p. 4D.
- Leary, Warren E. (2001-04-24). "David M. Walker, 56, Astronaut and Aviator". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- "Astronaut Bio: Edward H. White, II". Jsc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-03.