List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies

A rover is a planetary surface exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body. Rovers are used to explore, collect information and take samples of the surface. This is a list of all rovers on extraterrestrial bodies in the Solar System. Since 1970, there have been four lunar rovers, four mars rovers, and 3 asteroid rovers that have successfully landed and roved on these extraterrestrial surfaces.

Key

Colour key:

     – Mission completed successfully (or partially successfully)          – Failed or cancelled mission
     – Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)      – Planned mission

Moon
Main article: Lunar rover
Mission Rover Country/Agency Date of landing Coordinates Operational time Distance travelled Notes
Luna 17Lunokhod 1 USSR17 November 197038.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Lunokhod 1)322 days10.5 km (6.5 mi)First rover on extraterrestrial body
Luna 21Lunokhod 2 USSR15 January 197125.85°N 30.45°E / 25.85; 30.45 (Lunokhod 2)236 days39 km (24 mi)Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3Yutu CNSA14 December 201344.12°N 19.51°W / 44.12; -19.51 (Yutu)973 days114.8 m (377 ft)First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first soft landing on the Moon in over 35 years. Immobile after 42 days from landing.
Chang'e 4Yutu-2 CNSA3 January 201944.8°S 175.9°E / -44.8; 175.9 (Yutu 2)534 days424.455 m (1,392.57 ft)
as of 1 April 2020[1]		First soft landing on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2Pragyan ISRO6 September 201970.90°S 22.78°E / -70.90; 22.78 (Vikram lander)0 days0 kmLost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon
VIPER NASADecember 2022100 days (planned)

Mars
Main article: Mars rover
Mission Rover Country/Agency Date of landing Coordinates Operational time Distance travelled Notes
Mars 2Prop-M Rover USSR27 November 197145°S 47°E0 days0 kmLost when Mars 2 lander crash landed on Mars
Mars 3Prop-M Rover USSR2 December 197145°S 202°E0 days0 kmLost when Mars 3 lander stopped communicating about 20 seconds after landing
Mars PathfinderSojourner NASA5 July 199638.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Sojourner)85 days100 m (330 ft)First successful rover on Mars
Mars Exploration RoverSpirit NASA4 January 200414.5684°S 175.472636°E / -14.5684; 175.472636 (Spirit)2269 days7.73 km (4.80 mi)
Opportunity NASA25 January 20041.9462°S 354.4734°E / -1.9462; 354.4734 (Opportunity)5498 days45.16 km (28.06 mi)Longest distance travelled by any rover and most days operated
Mars Science LaboratoryCuriosity NASA25 January 20124.5895°S 137.4417°E / -4.5895; 137.4417 (Curiosity)2875 days21.61 km (13.43 mi)Currently active
Mars 2020Perseverance NASA18 February 202118.3793167°N 77.5792887°E / 18.3793167; 77.5792887 (Mars 2020)668 days (planned)Planned to launch July 2020
Tianwen-1 CNSAApril 2021Planned to launch July 2020
ExoMarsRosalind Franklin ESA202318.275°N 335.368°E / 18.275; 335.368 (Rosalind Franklin)420 days (planned)Planned to launch 2022

Asteroids
Body Mission Rover Country/Agency Date of landing Location Operational time Distance travelled Notes
162173 RyuguHayabusa2MINERVA-II Rover-1A JAXA21 September 2019Tritonis36 days[2]Successfully landed, returned images, and hopped along surface. First rovers on an asteroid.
MINERVA-II Rover-1B3 days[2]Successfully landed, returned images, and hopped along surface. First rovers on an asteroid.
MASCOT CNES/DLR3 October 2018Alice's Wonderland17 h 14 min[3]~17.9 m (59 ft)[3]Successfully landed, returned images from the surface, and performed multiple hops along surface
MINERVA-II Rover-2 JAXAOctober 2019Unknown0 days0 mFailed before deployment, so it was released in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted a few days later
  • Spirit artificially added to image (taken by itself) of Larry's Lookout
  • Spirit Martian sunset by Spirit at Gusev crater, May 19, 2005.
  • Lunokhod 1 Soviet Lunokhod moonrover from the 1970s.

See also

References
  1. "China's lunar rover travels over 424 meters on moon's far side". Xinhua. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  2. Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Kubota, Takashi; Tomiki, Atsushi; Yoshikaw, Kent (2019-10-24). Operation results of MINERVA-II twin rovers onboard Hayabusa2 asteroid explorer (PDF). 70th International Astronautical Congress. International Astronautical Federation. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  3. Davis, Jason (28 August 2019). "Hayabusa2 Lander Mania: Results from MASCOT, Plans for MINERVA-II2". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
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