Pakora

Pakora
Alternative names Pakoda, pakodi, ponako, pakura, fakkura
Type Fritter
Course Appetizer or snack
Place of origin Indian subcontinent[1][2][3]
Region or state Indian subcontinent
Associated national cuisine India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal
Main ingredients Chickpea batter, buckwheat batter other ingredients (including vegetables, paneer, fruit, meat, or fish)
Variations Potato, onion, cauliflower, spinach, mixed vegetables, paneer, bread, chicken

Pakora (pronounced [pəˈkoːɽaː]), also called pakoda, pakodi, fakkura, bhajiya, bhajji or ponako, is a fried snack (fritter). Originating from the Indian subcontinent,[1][2] it is a popular snack across the Indian subcontinent, especially in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.[4]

Name

Etymology and spelling

The word pakoṛā is derived from Sanskrit पक्ववट pakvavaṭa,[5] a compound of pakva ('cooked') and vaṭa ('a small lump') or its derivative vaṭaka, 'a round cake made of pulse fried in ghee'.[6]

Pakora in Jaipur
Close-up of pakora containing spinach

Some divergence of transliteration may be noted in the third consonant in the word. The sound is a hard 'da' in the Telugu language and the 'ra' sound would be an incorrect pronunciation. The sound is the retroflex flap [ɽ], which is written in Hindi with the Devanagari letter ड़, and in Urdu with letter ڑ.

However, in the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, the Hindi letter ड़ is transliterated as <ṛ>, popular or non-standard transliterations of Hindi use <d> for this sound, because etymologically, it derives from ड /ɖ/. The occurrence of this consonant in the word pakora has given rise to two common alternative spellings in English: pakoda, which reflects its etymology, and pakora, which reflects its phonology.

Names

In India, particularly in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, such preparations are known as bajji rather than pakora. Usually, the name of the vegetable that is deep-fried is suffixed with bajji. For instance, potato bajji is sliced potato wrapped in batter and deep-fried. In such states, pakoda is taken to mean a mix of finely chopped onions, green chilis, and spices mixed in gram flour. This is then rolled into small balls or sprinkled straight in hot oil and deep-fried. Pakodas are very crisp on the outside and medium soft to crisp inside. There is a variety that is softer overall, usually termed media pakoda in restaurants, that is made from any other ingredient, such as potatoes.

Pakoras in Zürich

Pakoras are popular across South Asia and Great Britain (particularly in Scotland). They are sometimes served in a dahi (yogurt)-based gravy (curry), as a main dish pakora curry, rather than as a separate snack. In this case, the pakoras are generally doughier and are made from chopped potato, onion, and chili mixed into the batter, instead of individual fried vegetable slices.

Among the Muslim Cape Malays of South Africa, pakoras are known as dhaltjies and are usually eaten as an appetizer during iftar, or as a snack food for weddings, births, or similar occasions.

Pakora are encountered in Afghan cuisine. In Bengal it is most commonly known as pakuṛa or pakoṛa while in Sylhet they are known as fakkura. In China and Nepal, they are called pakoda and pakauda, respectively.

Preparation

Pakoras are created by taking one or two ingredients, such as onion, eggplant, potato, spinach, plantain, paneer, cauliflower, tomato, or chili pepper. They are also occasionally prepared with bread,[7] buckwheat, groundnut, fish, or chicken. They are dipped in a batter made from gram flour and then deep-fried. The most popular varieties include pyaaz pakora, made from onion, and aloo pakora, made from potato. Other variations include paalak pakora, made from spinach, and paneer pakora, made from paneer (soft cottage cheese). When onions, on their own, are prepared in the same way, they are known as onion bajji. A variation of pakora made from wheat flour, salt, and tiny bits of potato or onion (optional), is called noon bariya (nūn = salt) (Hindi: नूनबरिया), typically found in eastern Uttar Pradesh in India.

Serving

Pakoras are usually served as a snack or appetiser. They are also often served with Masala chai to guests arriving to attend Indian wedding ceremonies, and are usually complemented with tamarind, chutney or raita. In the United Kingdom, pakoras are popular as a fast food snack, available in Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani restaurants.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Pakora - food". Britannica.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Pakoras are tasty, versatile treats from India that work well as appetizers, snacks or meals". Seattletimes.com. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  3. ↑ "Take pride in the bonda or pakora. It is our gift to the world". M.hindustantimes.com. 18 April 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  4. ↑ Devi, Yamuna (1999). Lord Krishna's Cuisine: The Art of Indian Vegetarian cooking. New York: E. P. Dutton. pp. 447–466, Pakoras: Vegetable Fritters. ISBN 0-525-24564-2.
  5. ↑ R. S. McGregor, ed. (1997). The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 588. ISBN 978-0-19-864339-5.
  6. ↑ Monier-Williams, Monier (1995). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 914. ISBN 81-208-0065-6. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  7. ↑ Arora, Ritu (2002). Healthy Kitchen: More Than 350 Oil Free Recipes. New Delhi, India: B. Jain publishers (P) Ltd. pp. 186, Bread Pakora. ISBN 81-8056-208-5.
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