List of haplogroups of historic people

This is a list of haplogroups of historic people. Haplogroups can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from genealogical DNA tests of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. Some contemporary notable figures have made their test results public in the course of news programs or documentaries about this topic; they may be included in this list too.

MtDNA results indicate direct maternal descent while Y-DNA results indicate direct paternal descent; these are only two of many lines of descent. Scientists make inferences of descent as hypotheses which could be disproved or modified by future research.

Ancient samples

These are results from 'ancient' samples, those collected from the remains or reputed remains of the person. Because mtDNA breaks down more slowly than nuclear DNA, it is often possible to obtain mtDNA results where other testing fails.

Birger Magnusson

Birger Jarl, the founder of Stockholm, the modern capital of Sweden, belonged to Y Haplogroup I-M253, according to Andreas Carlsson at the National Board of Forensic Medicine of Sweden. Birger Magnusson was the ancestor of a line of kings of both Sweden and Norway, starting with his son, Valdemar, King of Sweden.[1]

Cheddar Man

The Cheddar Man, the nickname for the ancient human excavated from Cheddar Gorge, is in mitochondrial haplogroup U5a. His approximate date of death was 7150 BCE.

Gaodang-king Korguz (高唐王=趙王 阔里吉思)

Noble burials of Mongols in the Yuan dynasty in Shuzhuanglou Site (northernmost Hebei, China, 700YBP) were excavated. All three men excavated belong to Y haplogroup Q, with subclade not analysed.

The most principal occupant, Gaodang King Korguz, had mtDNA of haplogroup D4m2; two others' mtDNA is A[2]

Korguz (Chinese: 高唐王阔里吉思) was the son of a princess of Kublai Khan and he was the king of the Ongud and a descendant of Gok-Turk. The Ongud claimed descent from the Shatuo. a branch of the Göktürks prominent in the era of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. His two wives were all princesses of Yuan Dynasty. It was very important for the Yuan dynasty to maintain marriage-alliance with the Onguds, which had been very important assistant since Genghis Khan. About 16 princesses of Yuan dynasty were married to khans of the Ongud.

Kennewick man

Analysis of the 8500-year-old skeleton of the Kennewick Man, found in Washington State, United States, showed that his Y haplogroup is Q-M3 and his mtDNA haplogroup X2a. This indicates that he was closely related to modern Native Americans.

"Markina Gora skeleton"

Analysis of mtDNA from the "Markina Gora" skeleton, a male early modern human who was interred approximately 30,000 years ago, at Markina Gora (also known as "Kostenki-14"), near Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast on the River Don in Russia, has shown that it belongs to the U2 subclade.[3][4]

Mary Magdalene

A lock of hair kept at a reliquary at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume basilica, France, which local tradition holds belonged to the biblical figure Mary Magdalene, was allegedly assigned to mitochondrial haplogroup K. Ancient DNA sequencing of a capillary bulb bore the K1a1b1a subclade according to the author Gérard Lucotte, who concluded that she was likely of Pharisian maternal origin.[5] Gérard Lucotte[6], the controversial geneticist in charge of analyzing the hair material, also publicly claimed in France in 2005 to have "discovered" the DNA of Jesus Christ from the Argenteuil Tunic relic[7].

Mummy Juanita

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[8][9]

Nicholas II of Russia and family

The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup T, based on mutations 16126C, 16169Y, 16294T, 16296T, 73G, 263G, and 315.1C. His results matched those of a cousin, Prince Nikolai Trubetskoy, but showed a heteroplasmy — a mix of two different sequences — indicating a recent mutation. To further confirm the identity, the tsar's brother, Grand Duke George, was exhumed and found to have the same mitochondrial heteroplasmy.[10][11]

Empress Alexandra of Russia and her children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei were identified as belonging to mtDNA Haplogroup H (16111T, 16357C, 263G, 315.1C). This identity was confirmed by match to that of her grand-nephew, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[10][12]

As part of the same analysis mitochondrial types were determined for four further individuals, thought to have been the Royal Physician and servants.

Nicholas II has been predicted as having a Y-DNA R1b haplotype.[13]

Oseberg ship remains

The remains of the younger of the two women buried with the Oseberg Ship were tested and discovered to have mtDNA of U7.[14]

Pengbo (倗伯)

In the Western Zhou-era Peng cemetery (Jiang County, Shanxi 2800-3000 BP), nine haplogroup Q-M120, two O-M95, one N-M231, four O-P201, two O-M122, and four O-M175 individuals were found.[15] In another paper, the social status of those human remains of ancient Peng kingdom are analyzed:[16]

  1. Aristocrats: three Q-M120 (prostrate 2, supine 1), 2 O-M121 (supine 2), one N-M231 (prostrate)
  2. Commoners: eight Q-M120 (prostrate 4, supine 4), three O-M121 (prostrate 1, supine 2), three O-M122 (supine 3)
  3. Slaves: three O-M121, two O-M95, one O-M122.

The tomb of the Duke of Peng and his wife (presumed to be a Zhou royal house member) was excavated; the Duke of Peng is reportedly haplogroup Q-M120.

Petrarch

The purported remains of Francesco Petrarca, known as Petrarch, were tested for DNA in 2003.[17] Another analysis revealed that purported skull of Petrarca belonged to woman, the DNA from rib belonged to mtDNA haplogroup J2.[18]

Ramesses III

In December 2012, a genetic study conducted by the same researchers who decoded King Tutankhamun's DNA predicted using an STR-pedictor that Ramesses III, second pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt and considered to be the last great New Kingdom regent to wield any substantial authority over Egypt, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E-M2, alternatively known as haplogroup E1b1a.[19]

Richard III of England

Richard III's mitochondrial haplotype was inferred from living descendants and then the identity of his remains confirmed through a multidisciplinary process including genetic analysis of both his mitochondrial and Y-DNA. In 2004 British historian John Ashdown-Hill traced a British-born woman living in Canada, Joy Ibsen (née Brown), who is a direct maternal line descendant of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, a sister of Richard III of England. Joy Ibsen's mtDNA was tested and belongs to mtDNA Haplogroup J.[20][21] Joy Ibsen died in 2008. On 4 February 2013, University of Leicester researchers announced that there was an mtDNA match between that of a skeleton exhumed in Leicester suspected of belonging to Richard III and that of Joy Ibsen's son, Michael Ibsen, and a second unnamed direct maternal line descendant.[22][23][24] They share mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.[25][26]

The Y haplogroup of Richard III, last king of the House of York and last of the House of Plantagenet, was identified as Y-DNA G-P287, in contrast to the Y haplotypes of the putative modern relatives.[27]

Sweyn II of Denmark

In order to verify whether the body of a woman entombed near Sweyn II of Denmark in Roskilde Cathedral is that of his mother Estrid, mtDNA from pulp of teeth from each of the two bodies was extracted and analysed. The king was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H and the woman was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H5a. Based on the observation of two HVR1 sequence differences, it was concluded that it is highly unlikely that the woman was the king's mother.[28]

Tutankhamun

There is controversy regarding Tutankhamun's Y-DNA profile. It was not discussed in a 2010 academic study that included DNA profiling of some of the male mummies of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

The team that analysed the Eighteenth Dynasty mummies disputed a claim later made by the personal genomics company iGENEA regarding Tutankhamun's Y-DNA profile. Staff from iGENEA examined images from news coverage of the above study, that purportedly showed data from Tutankhamun's Y-DNA profile. Based on the unverified images, iGENEA claimed that Tutankhamun belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1a2,[29][30] a claim that was rejected as "unscientific" by members of the team that had actually analysed the Eighteenth Dynasty mummies. The original researchers also stated they had not been consulted by iGENEA before it published the haplogroup information.[31]

Young Man of Byrsa

In 2016, an ancient Carthaginian individual, who was excavated from a Punic tomb in Byrsa, Tunisia, was found to belong to the rare U5b2c1 maternal haplogroup. The Young Man of Byrsa specimen dates from the late sixth century BCE, and his lineage is believed to represent early gene flow from the Iberian Peninsula to the Maghreb.[32]

Ötzi the Iceman

Analysis of the mtDNA of Ötzi, the frozen mummy from 3300 BCE found on the border of Austria and Italy, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade. His mtDNA cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has preliminarily been named K1ö for Ötzi.[33]

Ötzi has been found to be Y-DNA haplogroup G-M201.[34] The actual term used was G2a4, but the presumed L91 mutation has since been given a new category, G-M201.

Deduction by testing of descendants or other relatives

Because mtDNA is carried through the direct female line, some researchers have identified the haplotype of historic persons by testing descendants in their direct female line. In the case of males, their mother's direct female lineage descendants are tested. Y-DNA testing may be carried out on male relatives.

Bure kinship from Sweden

The male lineage of the medieval Bure kinship from Sweden has been identified as Y-DNA haplogroup G2a, based on several BigY tests carried out in 2014 on people living today. Descendants of two of the sons of Old Olof (who was born about 1380) were identified as G-Y12970*, and descendants of his alleged brother Fale as G-Y16788. The test result supports genealogical information recorded in about 1610 by Johannes Bureus. The DNA results also disproved a branch that was later added to the family book.[35]

Cao Cao, the Cao Wei State of Ancient China

Chinese warlord Cao Cao, who was posthumously titled Emperor Wu of the state of Cao Wei, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O1b-P31 (formerly known as haplogroup O2-P31) according to DNA tests of some documented descendants.[36][37] Ancient DNA analysis of the tooth of Cao Cao's granduncle, Cao Ding, showed that Cao Cao belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175.[38] According to WEN Shaoqing (文少卿) et al. 2016, "Ancient DNA supports Emperor Cao’s paternal genetic lineage belonging to haplogroup O2," the Y-DNA of Cao Ding (曹鼎) has been confirmed to be M268+, F1462+, PK4-, which indicates that it belongs to haplogroup O1b1-F1462(xPK4).[39] This classification is, according to the current state of knowledge, equivalent to haplogroup O1b1a2-Page59/CTS10887. Haplogroup O1b1a2-Page59/CTS10887 has been found in approximately five percent of modern Han Chinese and occasionally outside China, such as in South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, West Kalimantan, and Qatar.

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin belonged to Y haplogroup R1b based on a sample from his great-great-grandson.[40]

Edward IV of England

Edward IV of England and his brother Richard III of England, both sons of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, would have shared the same mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.[25]

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein is alleged to belong to Y Haplogroup E.[41][42] Tested Einsteins from Germany belong to E1b1b1b2* (cluster SNP PF1952, formerly known as the E-Z830-B or "Jewish cluster").[43] A patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein (1733–1799), Albert Einstein's great-grand-father,Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg of the Holy Roman Empire, was tested and belonged to E-M35 (E1b1b1).[44]

Fath Ali Shah Qajar

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (1772–1834), the second emperor/shah of the Qajar dynasty of Iran belonged to Haplogroup J-M267 with DYS388 = 13 as deduced from testing of descendants of several of his sons.[45]

Benjamin Franklin

Doras Folger, one of Benjamin Franklin's mother's six sisters, passed on her mtDNA to her 9th-great-granddaughter, Charlene Chambers King, indicating that Franklin belonged to mitochondrial haplogroup V.[46]

Genghis Khan

There are no living males known to descend directly from Genghis Khan, or any of his nearest male relatives. Many researchers have attempted to infer his Y-DNA haplogroup, according to various criteria, from those now prominent in Mongolia and other areas formerly part of the Mongol Empire.

Most researchers suggest that Genghis Khan belonged to C2 (C-M217), C3c (C-M48) or another subclade of C (C-M130). According to Family Tree DNA,[47] Genghis Khan most likely belonged to haplogroup C-M217. An extended 25 Marker Y-DNA modal based on Mongolians matching the above modal haplotype in the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation database,[48] which also corresponds to the modal assigned to Genghis Khan released by Family Tree DNA:[47]

According to Zerjal et al. (2003),[49] Genghis Khan is believed to have belonged to Haplogroup C-M130711(xC3c-M48).

However, research published in 2016 based on ancient DNA from a Mongol burial site suggested that Genghis instead belonged to haplogroup R-M343 (R1b).[50] It is unsure if it belongs to the Genghis Khan's Borijigin clan or other clans of Mongolian or central Asian origin.

Gia Long

Gia Long, who was the first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam founded by the Nguyễn-Phuoc family may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 according to the DNA tests of one documented descendant (if paternity matches genealogy).[51] Given the sample size, however, this result cannot be regarded as conclusive and further testing of other documented descendants is necessary to help confirm or refute this finding.

Adolf Hitler

According to research published in 2010 (Reference?), Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany during 1933–1945, likely belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E-M35 ("E1b1b1"), a haplogroup which originated in East Africa about 22,400 years BP.[52]

In 2010, journalist Jean-Paul Mulders and historian Marc Vermeeren publicised analysis of samples taken from 39 patrilineal relatives of Hitler, pointing out this haplogroup was now common among Berbers, Somalis and Jews. Mulders contradicted interpretations of his research by some media outlets, which claimed that Hitler definitely had Jewish ancestry. Mulders commented:

I never wrote that Hitler was a Jew, or that he had a Jewish grandfather. I only wrote that Hitler's haplogroup is E1b1b, being more common among Berbers, Somalian people and Jews than among overall Germans. This, in order to convey that he was not exactly what during the Third Reich would have been called 'Aryan.' All the rest are speculations of journalists who didn't even take the trouble to read my article, although I had it translated into English especially for this purpose.[53]

The accuracy of some of the coverage arising from this study was questioned. Professor Michael Hammer of Family Tree DNA said that "scientific studies as well as records from our own database[,] make it clear that one cannot reach the kind of conclusion featured in the published articles." Citing Family Tree DNA's own data that shows that more than 9% of the German and Austrian population belong to E-M35, and that about 80% of these are not Jewish, Hammer concluded, "[t]his data clearly shows that just because one person belongs to the branch of the Y-chromosome referred to as haplogroup E1b1b, that does not mean the person is likely to be of Jewish ancestry."[53]

Thomas Jefferson

Direct male-line descendants of a cousin of United States president Thomas Jefferson were DNA tested to investigate historical assertions that Jefferson fathered children with his slave Sally Hemings.[54]

An extended 17-marker haplotype was published in 2007,[55] and the company Family Tree DNA has also published results for other markers in its standard first 12-marker panel.[56] Combining these sources gives the consolidated 21-marker haplotype below. The Jeffersons belong to Haplogroup T (M184) (formerly known as K2).

Louis XIV

Louis XIV of France may have belonged to Y haplogroup R1b (U106).[57]

Martin Luther

Tested relatives of Protestant reformer Martin Luther belonged to Haplogroup I2a-Din-N (L147.2+).[58]

Napoleon

Analysis of two beard hairs revealed that Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to Y haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*).[59]

Niall of the Nine Hostages

A study conducted at Trinity College, Dublin,[60] found that a striking percentage of men in Ireland (and quite a few in Scotland) share the same Y chromosome. Niall established a dynasty of powerful chieftains who dominated the island for six centuries. Niall belongs to Haplogroup R1b1c7 (M222). It should be noted that Dr. Moore's results examined some different parts of DNA (loci) from the result given here. More recently, however, it has been determined that the emergence of R-M222 predates Niall and may be more than 2,000 years old. Therefore, not all men who belong to this haplogroup are descendants of Niall. A history of the lineage of Irish kings that was compiled by Irish monks, known as "the Annals of the Four Masters" lists "Conn of the Hundred Battles" among the ancestors of Niall. So, it may be that the haplogroup previously attributed to Niall is actually attributable to Conn of the Hundred Battles.

Nurhaci

Y Haplogroup C2b1a3a* (C-M401*, (xF5483) has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro (who were founders of the Qing dynasty) and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.[61][62][63]

Emperor Higashiyama

Emperor Higashiyama (1675-1710) belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup D1b1a2 (D-IMS-JST055457/CTS107), with the oral mucosa sample taken from his paternal descendants. Therefore, all men who belong to this Y-DNA haplogroup are descendants of Imperial House of Japan. To this extent, it is natural to expect that there would be more than 60% probability of Japanese emperor descending from the Jomon - Ainu people of Japan.[64][65]

Minamoto no Yoritomo

Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147–1199), the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate. He and the Minamonto (Genji) clan presumably belonged to the same Y-DNA haplogroup D1b1a2b1a1 (D-Z1504, CTS8093).[66][67][68]

DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 437 448 Y-GATA-H4 456 438 635
Alleles 13 25 17 10 13 17 11 12 12 14 11 31 15 14 19 11 15 10 21

Somerled

In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of Scotland's greatest warriors, who is credited with driving out the Vikings. He was also paternal grandfather of the founder of Clan Donald. Through clan genealogies, the genetic relation was mapped out.[69] Somerled belongs to haplogroup R1a1.

In 2005 a study by Professor of Human Genetics Bryan Sykes of Oxford University led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants — making him the second most common historical ancestor after Genghis Khan.[70] Sykes deduced that despite Somerled's reputation for having driven out the Vikings from Scotland, Somerled's own Y-DNA closely matched that of the Vikings he fought.

Emanuel Swedenborg

Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772), the 18th century scientist and mystic from Sweden likely belonged to the haplogroup I1-BY229, a haplogroup with a common ancestor about 1500 years ago who lived somewhere in central Scandinavia.[71]

Nikola Tesla

The Serbian-American scientist and inventor Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was first thought to be I2a-L147.2+ based on the results of another (unrelated) Tesla from the same village as his father. However, the testing of actual relatives, published on the Serbian DNA Project at Poreklo, showed that his Y-DNA line was more probably R1a-M458 (L1029 subclade).[72]

Rothschild Family

Men of the Rothschild family, who established an international banking business, acquired the largest fortune in modern world history and established a true dynasty in the 19th century, apparently belong to haplogroup J2a1-L210[73][74][75]

Haplogroup J2 is commonly found within Asia Minor, Persia, Central Asia and the Caucasus Mountains but is rare in modern and historical inhabitants of the Levant and Fertile Crescent. subclade J2a is very common amongst Chechens, and has been found in West Eurasian corpses discovered in the Altai mountains, implying that the Rothschilds do not have a paternal lineage traced from the ancient Israelites but rather have origins somewhere within the Eurasian Steppe[76][77][78].

Queen Victoria

mtDNA Haplogroup H (16111T, 16357C, 263G, 315.1C): Empress Alexandra of Russia's identity was confirmed by matching her mtDNA with that of her grand-nephew, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[10] Their common maternal ancestor, Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and her mother, Queen Victoria, must therefore have shared this haplotype. Genealogies show that Charles II of England had the same matrilineal ancestress as Queen Victoria, namely Anne of Bohemia and Hungary.

Ma Yingjiu

The Institute of Public Anthropology entrusted Dr. Deng Yajun, a genetic appraiser of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Modern Anthropology Laboratory of Fudan University. He also tested saliva samples from the Ma clan in Majiawei Village. The results are consistent. These two distantly related samples of Ma's surname are indeed related, and they all belong to the genotype called O3-JST002611.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Finding the founder of Stockholm – A kinship study based on Y-chromosomal, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA". Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  2. ↑ Qui, Y; et al. (2015). "Identification of kinship and occupant status in Mongolian noble burials of the Yuan Dynasty through a multidisciplinary approach". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B370 (1660): 20130378. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0378. PMC 4275886.
  3. ↑ Rincon, Paul (27 August 2014). "DNA analysed from early European". BBC News.
  4. ↑ "A Complete mtDNA Genome of an Early Modern Human from Kostenki, Russia" (PDF). eva.mpg.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2011.
  5. ↑ Lucotte, Gérard (December 2016). "The Mitochondrial DNA Mitotype of Sainte Marie-Madeleine" (PDF). International Journal of Sciences. 5 (12). Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  6. ↑ fr:Gérard Lucotte
  7. ↑ http://www.lepoint.fr/actualites-societe/2007-01-17/jesus-la-bataille-de-l-adn/920/0/23736
  8. ↑ "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American.
  9. ↑ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Dsc.discovery.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  10. 1 2 3 Gill, P; Ivanov, P; Kimpton, C; Piercy, R; Benson, N; Tully, G; Evett, I; Hagelberg, E; Sullivan, K (1994). "Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis". Nature Genetics. 6 (2): 130–35. doi:10.1038/ng0294-130. PMID 8162066.
  11. ↑ Ivanov, P; Wadhams, M; Roby, R; Holland, M; Weedn, V; Parsons, T (1996). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II". Nature Genetics. 12 (4): 417–20. doi:10.1038/ng0496-417. PMID 8630496.
  12. ↑ Coble, M; Loreille, O; Wadhams, M; Edson, S; Maynard, K; Meyer, C; Niederstätter, H; Berger, B; Falsetti, A; Gill, P; Parson, W; Finelli, L (2009). "Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis". PLoS ONE. 4 (3): e4838. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4838C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838. PMC 2652717. PMID 19277206.
  13. ↑ Rogaev, E; Grigorenko, A; Moliaka, Y; Faskhutdinova, G; Goltsov, A; Lahti, A; Hildebrandt, C; Kittler, E; Morozova, I (2009). "Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family". PNAS. 106 (13): 5258–63. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5258R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811190106. PMC 2664067. PMID 19251637.
  14. ↑ Per Holck (2006-08-01). "The Oseberg Ship Burial, Norway: New Thoughts On the Skeletons From the Grave Mound". Eja.sagepub.com. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  15. ↑ On Hengbei Pengyang and Heigouliang, Lihongjie, Y-Chromosome Genetic Diversity of the Ancient North Chinese populations, Jilin University-China (2012)
  16. ↑ Yong-Bin Zhao et al., Ancient DNA evidence reveals that the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a1 admixture into the Han Chinese 3,000 years ago, American Journal of Human Biology (Aug 2014).
  17. ↑ Caramelli, D; Lalueza-Fox, C; Capelli, C; Lari, M; Sampietro, ML; Gigli, E; Milani, L; Pilli, E; Guimaraes, S; Chiarelli, B; Marin, VT; Casoli, A; Stanyon, R; Bertranpetit, J; Barbujani, G. (November 2007). "Genetic analysis of the skeletal remains attributed to Francesco Petrarca". Forensic Science International. 173 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.020. PMID 17320326.
  18. ↑ Pilli, Elena; Fox, Carles Lalueza; Capelli, Cristian; Lari, Martina; Sampietro, Lourdes; Gigli, Elena; Milani, Lucio; Guimaraes, Silvia; Chiarelli, Brunetto (2008). "Ancient DNA and forensics genetics: The case of Francesco Petrarca". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 469–470. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.11.001.
  19. ↑ Hawass, Z.; Ismail, S.; Selim, A.; Saleem, S. N.; Fathalla, D.; Wasef, S.; Gad, A. Z.; Saad, R.; Fares, S.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Gad, Y. Z.; Pusch, C. M.; Zink, A. R. (17 December 2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study". BMJ. 345 (dec14 14): e8268. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8268. PMID 23247979. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  20. ↑ Joy Ibsen's mtDNA sequence: 16069T, 16126C, 73G, 146C, 185A, 188G, 263G, 295T, 315.1C in Ashdown-Hill, John (2010). The Last Days of Richard III. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752454047.
  21. ↑ "Richard III dig: 'It does look like him'". BBC News. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  22. ↑ "Results of the DNA analysis". University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
  23. ↑ "Geneticist Dr Turi King and genealogist Professor Kevin Schürer give key evidence on the DNA testing". University of Leicester. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  24. ↑ Burns, John F (4 February 2013). "Bones Under Parking Lot Belonged to Richard III". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  25. 1 2 Rachel, Ehrenberg (6 February 2013). "A king's final hours, told by his mortal remains". Science News. Society for Science & the Public. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  26. ↑ Bower, Dick (Director) (27 February 2013). Richard III:The Unseen Story (Television production). UK: Darlow Smithson Productions.
  27. ↑ "Identification of the remains of King Richard III". Nature.com. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  28. ↑ Dissing; et al. (2006-05-09). "The last Viking King: a royal maternity case solved by ancient DNA analysis". Forensic Sci. Int. 166 (1): 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.03.020. PMID 16687224.
  29. ↑ Genzlinger, Neil (19 February 2010). "CSI: Egypt, Complete With DNA Tests of Mummies". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  30. ↑ Baghdjian, Alice (1 August 2011). "Half of European men share King Tut's DNA". Reuters. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  31. ↑ Pappas, Stephanie (3 August 2011). "King Tut Related to Half of European Men? Maybe Not". LiveScience. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  32. ↑ Matisoo-Smith EA, Gosling AL, Boocock J, Kardailsky O, Kurumilian Y, Roudesli-Chebbi S, et al. (May 25, 2016). "A European Mitochondrial Haplotype Identified in Ancient Phoenician Remains from Carthage, North Africa" (PDF). PLoS ONE. 11 (5): e0155046. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1155046M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155046. PMC 4880306. PMID 27224451. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  33. ↑ Ermini, Luca (30 October 2008). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman". Current Biology.
  34. ↑ Interview Dr. Eduard Egarter-Vigl, Head of Conservation and Assistant to research projects of the Archaeological Museum in Bozen. From the Docu-Movie: "Ötzi, ein Archäologiekrimi" [Ötzi, a Archaeology Crime] by Christine Sprachmann. TV-Broadcast by 3sat 10 August 2011 and br-alpha 13 September 2011.
  35. ↑ Bure DNA - DNA-research of the medieval Bure family in Sweden (mostly in Swedish)
  36. ↑ "Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: Y-chromosome of Emperor Cao Cao: O2*". Dienekes.blogspot.com. 2011-12-27. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
  37. ↑ "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". ResearchGate. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
  38. ↑ Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yan, Shi; Yao, Can; Huang, Xiu-Yuan; Ao, Xue; Wang, Zhanfeng; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2013). "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (4): 238–39. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  39. ↑ WEN Shaoqing, WANG Chuanchao, AO Xue, WEI Lanhai, TONG Xinzhu, WANG Lingxiang, WANG ZhanFeng, HAN Sheng, and LI Hui, "Ancient DNA supports Emperor Cao’s paternal genetic lineage belonging to haplogroup O2." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2016, 35(4): 617–25.
  40. ↑ Marks, Kathy (5 February 2010). "Darwin family DNA shows African origin". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  41. ↑ Konrad Yona Riggenmann (3 March 2017). Cross and Child: The Western Learning Tool in 14 Stations from Nazareth to Gaza. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-3-7431-3445-4.
  42. ↑ William Lawrence Lipton (16 September 2011). Grandpa Was A Deity: How a Tribal Assertion Created Modern Culture. iUniverse. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-4620-5305-6.
  43. ↑ "E-PF1952". Haplozone: E-M35 Project Data. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  44. ↑ "G2b-M377 / L72 / L183 / M283 Y Haplogroup Project (formerly G2c) – Y-DNA SNP". FamilyTreeDNA.
  45. ↑ "L.A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn (Khosrovani), 'Short Report: DNA-evidence versus the Paper Trail. Groundbreaking News on the Origine of the Qajars', in: Qajar Studies VIII (2008)".
  46. ↑ "DNA Analysis of 5 People Who Helped Create America". Thegeneticgenealogist.com. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  47. 1 2 Family Tree DNA. "Matching Genghis Khan". Archived from the original on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  48. ↑ "SMGF: Genghis Khan modal haplotype search results". Smgf.org. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
  49. ↑ Zerjal, T; Xue, Y; Bertorelle, G; Wells, RS; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Qamar, R; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; Fu, S; Li, P; Yuldasheva, N; Ruzibakiev, R; Xu, J; Shu, Q; Du, R; Yang, H; Hurles, ME; Robinson, E; Gerelsaikhan, T; Dashnyam, B; Mehdi, SQ; Tyler-Smith, C (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (3): 717–21. doi:10.1086/367774. PMC 1180246. PMID 12592608.
  50. ↑ G. Lkhagvasuren et al., 2016,"Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen’s Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan", PLOS 1
  51. ↑ "ySearch". Ysearch.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  52. ↑ Cruciani; La Fratta; Santolamazza; Sellitto (May 2004), "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa Archived 26 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine." (PDF), American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1014–1022, doi:10.1086/386294, PMC 1181964, PMID 15042509
  53. 1 2 "Family Tree DNA questions reporting about Hitler's origins" (PDF). Familytreedna.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  54. ↑ Foster, EA; Jobling, MA; Taylor, PG; Donnelly, P; de Knijff, P; Mieremet, R; Zerjal, T; Tyler-Smith, C (1998). "Jefferson fathered slave's last child" (PDF). Nature. 396 (6706): 27–28. Bibcode:1998Natur.396...27F. doi:10.1038/23835. PMID 9817200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
  55. ↑ King, TE; Bowden, GR; Balaresque, PL; Adams, SM; Shanks, ME; Jobling, MA (2007). "Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132 (4): 584–89. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20557. PMID 17274013.
  56. ↑ Family Tree DNA. "Comparing yourself to the Jefferson DNA". Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
  57. ↑ Larmuseau Maarten H.D. (2013). "Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (5): 681–87. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.211. PMC 3992573.
  58. ↑ "John Doe Premium Combo DNA Ancestry Report" (PDF). DNA consultants. 2016. ; "Displaying User ID: YTE6E". Ysearch.
  59. ↑ Lucotte (2011). "Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First". ccsenet.org.
  60. ↑ Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG (2006). "A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 334–38. doi:10.1086/500055. PMC 1380239. PMID 16358217.
  61. ↑ Xue, Y; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Lim, SK; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; Li, P; Yang, H; Tyler-Smith, C (2015-09-28). "Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 (6): 1112–16. doi:10.1086/498583. PMC 1285168. PMID 16380921.
  62. ↑ "Asian Ancestry based on Studies of Y-DNA Variation: Part 3. Recent demographics and ancestry of the male East Asians – Empires and Dynasties". Genebase Tutorials. Learning Center. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  63. ↑ Y-dna of Nurhaci
  64. ↑ "Y-DNA of Emperor Higashiyama". Eupedia. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  65. ↑ "Emperor Higashiyama's Y-dna". List of haplogroups of famous Japanese people. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  66. ↑ "Y-DNA of Minamito no Yoritomo". Eupedia. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  67. ↑ "Shogun Y-STR modal". chojae. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  68. ↑ "Minamito no Yoritomo's Y-dna". List of haplogroups of famous Japanese people. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  69. ↑ "The Norse Code". Electricscotland.com. 2003-09-28. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  70. ↑ "DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots". The Scotsman. 26 April 2006.
  71. ↑ Norstedt. "Emanuel Swedenborg – his origin in haplogroup I1-BY229 | Höijen". Retrieved 2017-07-09.
  72. ↑ "Famous people's Y-DNA listed by haplogroup". Maciamo Hay.
  73. ↑ "Famous people's Y-DNA listed by haplogroup". Eupedia. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  74. ↑ "Family Tree DNA - J2-M172 Project". www.familytreedna.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  75. ↑ "Family Tree DNA - Rothschild DNA Project". www.familytreedna.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  76. ↑ Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjorn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Frei, Karin; Merkyte, Inga; Orlando, Ludovic; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Brunak, Søren; Willerslev, Eske (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. pp. 167–. doi:10.1038/nature14507.
  77. ↑ al, J2 Research Team: Rottensteiner et. "J2a2-PH3085,SK1403: Ancient Altai, modern Uygur and Turkish – J2-M172". j2-m172.info.
  78. ↑ "Ancient DNA". www.y-str.org.
  • Evidence of the Past: A Map and Status of U.S. Ancient Remains
  • Royal DNA of Europe
  • List of ancient DNA
  • List of haplogroups of famous Japanese people
  • "Famous peoples Y DNA and mt DNA haplotypes". DIS-Filbyter.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.