Haplogroup J-M267

Haplogroup J-M267
Possible time of origin 17,000[1]-24,000 years before present (Di Giacomo 2004)
Possible place of origin Western Asia
Ancestor J-P209
Descendants J-M62, J-M365.1, J-L136, J-Z1828
Defining mutations M267, L255, L321, L765, L814, L827, L1030
Haplogroup J1 redirects here, this page discusses the Y-chromosomal haplogroup of the same name, for the completely separate and distinct mitochondrial haplogroup also named J1 see Haplogroup J (mtDNA)

In Genetic genealogy and human genetics, Y DNA haplogroup J-M267, also commonly known as Haplogroup J1 is a subclade (branch) of Y-DNA haplogroup J-P209, (commonly known as Haplogroup J) along with its sibling clade Y DNA haplogroup J-M172 (commonly known as Haplogroup J2). (All these haplogroups have had other historical names listed below.[Phylogenetics 1][Phylogenetics 2])

Men from this lineage share a common paternal ancestor, which is demonstrated and defined by the presence of the SNP mutation referred to as M267, which was announced in (Cinnioğlu 2004). This haplogroup is found today in significant frequencies in many areas in or near the Middle East, and parts of the Caucasus, Sudan and Ethiopia. It is also found in high frequencies in parts of North Africa, and amongst Jewish groups, especially those with Cohen surnames. It can also be found much less commonly, but still occasionally in significant amounts, in parts of southern Europe and as far east as Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent.

Origins

Since the discovery of haplogroup J-P209 it has generally been recognized that it shows signs of having originated in or near West Asia.[2] The frequency and diversity of both its major branches, J-M267 and J-M172, in that region makes them candidates as genetic markers of the spread of farming technology during the Neolithic, which is proposed to have had a major impact upon human populations.

J-M267 has several recognized subclades, some of which were recognized before J-M267 itself was recognized, for example J-M62 Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" 2002. With one notable exception, J-P58, most of these are not common (Tofanelli 2009). Because of the dominance of J-P58 in J-M267 populations in many areas, discussion of J-M267's origins require a discussion of J-P58 at the same time.

Distribution

Africa

North Africa and Horn of Africa

North Africa received Semitic migrations, according to some studies it may have been diffused in recent time by Arabs who, mainly from the 7th century a.d., expanded to northern Africa (Arredi 2004 and Semino 2004). However the Canary islands is not known to have had any Semitic language. In North Africa J-M267 is dominated by J-P58, and dispersed in a very uneven manner according to studies so far, often but not always being lower among Berber and/or non-urban populations. In Ethiopia there are signs of older movements of J-M267 into Africa across the Red Sea, not only in the J-P58 form. This also appears to be associated with Semitic languages. According to a study in 2011, in Tunisia, J-M267 is significantly more abundant in the urban (31.3%) than in the rural total population (2.5%). According to the authors, these results could be explained by supposing that Arabization in Tunisia was a military enterprise, therefore, mainly driven by men that displaced native Berbers to geographically marginal areas but they frequently married Berber women (Ennafaa 2011).

Population Sample size J*(xJ-M172) total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 publication previous research on same samples
Algeria (Arabs from Oran)102NA22.5%NANARobino 2007
Algeria20NA35%NANASemino 2004
Egypt147NA21.1%1.4%19.7%Chiaroni 2009Luis 2004
Egypt124NA19.8%NANAEl-Sibai 2009
Egypt (Western Desert)35NA31.4%NANAKujanová 2009
Libya (Tuareg)47NA0.0%NANAOttoni 2011
Libya (Benghazi)238NA39.5%NANAAlvarez 2014[3]Elmrghni 2012
Morocco (Amizmiz Valley)33NA0%NANAAlvarez 2009
Morocco221NA5%NANAFregel et al. (2009)
Morocco (Arabs)49NA10.2%NANASemino 2004
Morocco (Arabs)44NA13.6%NANASemino 2004
Morocco (Berbers)64NA6.3%NANASemino 2004
Morocco (Berbers)103NA7.8%NANASemino 2004
Morocco (Rabat)267NA21.3%NANAAlvarez 2014Aboukhalid 2010
Morocco (Casablanca)166NA15.7%NANAAlvarez 2014Laouina 2011
Morocco (Figuig Oasis)96NA29.2%NANAAlvarez 2014Palet 2010
Morocco (El Jadida)49NA8.2%NANAAlvarez 2014
Morocco (Fes)108NA16.7%0.0%16.7%Regueiro 2015
Tunisia73NA30.1%NANASemino 2004
Tunisia 601 Na 16.64% NA NA Pestano J, et al. (2013)[4]
Tunisia (Sousse)220NA25.9%0.0%25.9%Fadhlaoui-Zid 2015[5]
Tunisia (Tunis)148NA32.4%1.3%31.1%Grugni 2012Arredi 2004
Tunisia52NA34.6%NANAOnofri 2008
Tunisia (Bou Omrane Berbers)40NA0%NANAEnnafaa 2011
Tunisia (Bou Saad Berbers)40NA5%0%5%Ennafaa 2011
Tunisia (Jerbian Arabs)46NA8.7%NANAEnnafaa 2011
Tunisia (Jerbian Berbers)47NA0%NANAEnnafaa 2011
Tunisia (Sened Berbers)35NA31.4%0%31.4%Fadhlaoui-Zid 2011
Tunisia (Andalusian Zaghouan)32NA43.8%0%43.8%Fadhlaoui-Zid 2011
Tunisia (Cosmopolitan Tunis)33NA24.20%24.2%Fadhlaoui-Zid 2011
Tunisia (Sejenane)47NA34.0%NANAAlvarez 2014Frigi 2011
Tunisia (Sfax)56NA25%0.0%25%Regueiro 2015
Tunisia (Beja)72NA15.3%0.0%15.3%Regueiro 2015
Canary Islands (pre-Hispanic)30NA16.7%NANAFregel 2009
Canary Islands (17th-18thC)42NA11.9%NANAFregel 2009
Canary Islands652NA3.5%NANAFregel 2009
Sahrawi89NA20.2%NANAFregel 2009Bosch 2001 and Flores 2001
Sudan (Khartoum)35NA74.3%0.0%74.3%Chiaroni 2009Tofanelli 2009 and Hassan 2008
Sudan-Arabic35NA17.1%0.0%17.1%Chiaroni 2009Hassan 2008
Sudan (Nilo-Saharan languages)61NA4.9%3.3%1.6%Chiaroni 2009Hassan 2008
Ethiopia Oromo78NA2.6%2.6%0.0%Chiaroni 2009Semino 2004
Ethiopia Amhara48NA29.2%8.3%20.8%Chiaroni 2009Semino 2004
Ethiopia Arsi8522%NANANAMoran 2004
Ethiopia General9521%NANANAMoran 2004
Comoros Islands293NA5.0%NANAMsaidie 2011

Asia

South Asia

J*(xJ-M172) was found in India among Indian Muslims.[6]

Population Sample size J*(xJ-M172) total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication
India (Indian Shia)16110.6%NANANAEaaswarkhanth 2009
India (Indian Sunni)1292.3%NANANAEaaswarkhanth 2009
India (Mappla)4010%NANANAEaaswarkhanth 2009

West Asia

The area including eastern Turkey and the Zagros and Taurus mountains, has been identified as a likely area of ancient J-M267 diversity. Both J-P58 and other types of J-M267 are present, sometimes with similar frequencies.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication Previous research on same samples
Turkey5239.0%3.1%5.9%Chiaroni 2009Cinnioğlu 2004
Iran15011.3%2.7%8.7%Chiaroni 2009Regueiro 2006
Kurds Iraq9311.8%4.3%7.5%Chiaroni 2009
Assyrians modern Iraq2828.6%17.9%10.7%Chiaroni 2009
Iraq Arabs5664.1%1.8%25.0%Chiaroni 2009Tofanelli 2009
Assyrians Iran3116.1%9.7%6.5%Chiaroni 2009
Iran923.2%NANAEl-Sibai 2009
Assyrians Turkey2520.0%16.0%4.0%Chiaroni 2009

Levant and Semitic populations

J-M267 is very common throughout this region, dominated by J-P58, but some specific sub-populations have notably low frequencies.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication Previous research on same samples
Syria55433.6%NANAEl-Sibai 2009Zalloua 2008
Druzes (Djebel Druze)3414.7%2.9%11.8%Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Sunni from Hama)3647.2%2.8%44.4%Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Ma'loula Aramaean)446.8%4.5%2.3%Chiaroni 2009
Syria (Sednaya Syriac Catholic)1414.3%0.0%14.3%Chiaroni 2009
Syriac Catholic Damascus429.5%0.0%9.5%Chiaroni 2009
Alawites Syria4526.7%0.0%26.7%Chiaroni 2009
Assyrian NE Syria303.3%0.0%3.3%Chiaroni 2009
Ismaili Damascus5158.8%0.0%58.8%Chiaroni 2009
Lebanon951NANANAZalloua 2008
Galilee Druze17213.4%1.2%12.2%Chiaroni 2009Shlush 2008
Palestinians (Akka (Acre))10139.2%NANAZalloua 2008
Palestinian4932.7%0.0%32.7%Chiaroni 2009
Jordan7648.7%0.0%48.7%Chiaroni 2009
Jordan27335.5%NANAEl-Sibai 2009
Jordan (Amman)10140.6%NANAFlores 2005
Jordan (Dead Sea)458.9%NANAFlores 2005
Jews (Portugal/Trás-os-Montes)5712.3%NANANogueiro 2009
Jews (Cohanim)21546.0%0.0%46.0%Hammer & Behar 2009
Ashkenazi Jews (non Cohanim)1,36014.9%0.9%14.0%Hammer 2009
Bedouin Negev2867.9%3.6%64.3%Chiaroni 2009Cann 2002

Arabian peninsula

J-P58 is the most common Y-Chromosome haplogroup among men from all of this region.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication Previous research on same samples
Saudi Arabia15740.1%NANAAbu-Amero 2009
Qatar7258.3%1.4%56.9%Chiaroni 2009Cadenas 2007
UAE16434.8%0.0%34.8%Chiaroni 2009Cadenas 2007
Yemen6272.6%4.8%67.7%Chiaroni 2009Cadenas 2007
Kuwait4233.3%NANAEl-Sibai 2009
Oman12138.0%0.8%37.2%Chiaroni 2009Luis 2004

Europe

J-M267 is uncommon in most of Northern and Central Europe. It is, however, found in significant pockets at levels of 5–10% among many populations in southern Europe.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 publication
Malta907.8%NANAEl-Sibai 2009[7]
Crete1938.3%NANAKing 2008
Greece (mainland)1714.7%NANAKing 2008
Macedonia (Greece)561.8%NANASemino 2004
Greece2491.6%NANADi Giacomo 2004
Bulgaria8083.4%NANAKarachanak 2013
Romania1301.5%NANADi Giacomo 2004
Russia2230.4%NANADi Giacomo 2004
Republic of Macedonia Albanian speakers646.3%NANABattaglia 2008
Albania563.6%NANASemino 2004
Croats (Osijek)290.0%NANABattaglia 2008
Slovenia751.3%NANABattaglia 2008
Italians (northeast)670.0%NANABattaglia 2008
Italians9150.7%NANACapelli 2009
Sicily2363.8%NANADi Gaetano 2008
Provence512%NANAKing 2011
Portugal (North)1011.0%NANAGonçalves 2005
Portugal (Centre)1024.9%NANAGonçalves 2005
Portugal (South)1007.0%NANAGonçalves 2005
Açores1212.5%NANAGonçalves 2005
Madeira1290.0%NANAGonçalves 2005

Caucasus

The Caucasus has areas of both high and low J-M267 frequency. The J-M267 in the Caucasus is also notable because most of it is not within the J-P58 subclade.

Population Sample size Total J-M267 J-M267(xP58) J-P58 Publication
Avars11559.0%58.0%1.0%Balanovsky 2011
Dargins10170.0%69.0%1.0%Balanovsky 2011
Kubachi6599.0%99.0%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Kaitak3385.0%85.0%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Lezghins8144.4%44.4%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Shapsug1000.0%0.0%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Abkhaz580.0%0.0%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Circassians14211.9%4.9%7.0%Balanovsky 2011
Ingush1432.8%2.8%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Ossets3571.3%1.3%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Chechens (Ingushetia)11221.0%21.0%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Chechens (Chechnya)11825.0%25.0%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Chechens (Dagestan)10016.0%16.0%0.0%Balanovsky 2011
Azerbaijan4615.2%NANADi Giacomo 2004

Subclade Distribution

J-P58

The P58 marker which defines subgroup J1c3 was announced in (Karafet 2008), but had been announced earlier under the name Page08 in (Repping 2006 and called that again in Chiaroni 2011). It is very prevalent in many areas where J-M267 is common, especially in parts of North Africa and throughout the Arabian peninsula. It also makes up approximately 70% of the J-M267 among the Amhara of Ethiopia. Notably, it is not common among the J-M267 of the Caucasus.

Chiaroni 2009 proposed that J-P58 (that they refer to as J1e) might have first dispersed during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, "from a geographical zone, including northeast Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey toward Mediterranean Anatolia, Ismaili from southern Syria, Jordan, Palestine and northern Egypt." They further propose that the Zarzian material culture may be ancestral. They also propose that this movement of people may also be linked to the dispersal of Semitic languages by hunter-herders, who moved into arid areas during periods known to have had low rainfall. Thus, while other haplogroups including J-M267 moved out of the area with agriculturalists who followed the rainfall, populations carrying J-M267 remained with their flocks (King 2002 and Chiaroni 2008).

According to this scenario, after the initial neolithic expansion involving Semitic languages, which possibly reached as far as Yemen, a more recent dispersal occurred during the Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age (approximately 3000–5000 BCE), and this involved the branch of Semitic which leads to the Arabic language. The authors propose that this involved a spread of some J-P58 from the direction of Syria towards Arab populations of the Arabian Peninsula and Negev.

On the other hand, the authors agree that later waves of dispersion in and around this area have also had complex effects upon the distributions of some types of J-P58 in some regions. They list three regions which are particularly important to their proposal:

  1. The Levant (Syria, Jordan, Israel and Palestine). In this area, Chiaroni 2009 note a "patchy distribution of J1c3 or J-P58 frequency" which is difficult to interpret, and which "may reflect the complex demographic dynamics of religion and ethnicity in the region".
  2. The northern area of eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and northwest Iran. In this area, Chiaroni 2009 recognize signs that J-M267 might have an older presence, and on balance they accept the evidence but note that it could be in error.
  3. The southern area of Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia. In this area, Chiaroni 2009 recognize similar signs, but reject it as possibly a result of "either sampling variability and/or demographic complexity associated with multiple founders and multiple migrations."

The "YCAII=22-22 and DYS388≥15" cluster

Studies show that J-P58 group is not only in itself very dominant in many areas where J-M267 or J1 are common, but it also contains a large cluster which had been recognized before the discovery of P58. It is still a subject of research though.

This relatively young cluster, compared to J-M267 overall, was identified by STR markers haplotypes - specifically YCAII as 22-22, and DYS388 having unusual repeat values of 15 or higher, instead of more typical 13 (Chiaroni 2011) This cluster was found to be relevant in some well-publicized studies of Jewish and Palestinian populations (Nebel 2000 and Hammer 2009). More generally, since then this cluster has been found to be frequent among men in the Middle East and North Africa, but less frequent in areas of Ethiopia and Europe where J-M267 is nevertheless common. The genetical pattern is therefore similar to the pattern of J-P58 generally, described above, and may be caused by the same movements/migration of people (Chiaroni 2009).

Tofanelli 2009 refers to this overall cluster with YCAII=22-22 and high DYS388 values as an "Arabic" as opposed to a "Eurasian" type of J-M267. This Arabic type includes Arabic speakers from Maghreb, Sudan, Iraq and Qatar, and it is a relatively homogeneous group, implying that it might have dispersed relatively recently compared to J-M267 generally. The more diverse "Eurasian" group includes Europeans, Kurds, Iranians and Ethiopians (despite Ethiopia being outside of Eurasia), and is much more diverse. The authors also say that "Omanis show a mix of Eurasian pool-like and typical Arabic haplotypes as expected, considering the role of corridor played at different times by the Gulf of Oman in the dispersal of Asian and East African genes." Chiaroni 2009 also noted the anomalously high apparent age of Omani J-M267 when looking more generally at J-P58 and J-M267 more generally.

This cluster in turn contains three well-known related sub-clusters. First, it contains the majority of the Jewish "Cohen modal haplotype", found among Jewish populations, but especially in men with surnames related to Cohen. It also contains both the Galilee modal haplotype and Palestinian & Israeli Arab modal haplotype associated with Palestinians and Israeli Arabs by Nebel 2000 and Hammer 2009. Nebel 2002 then pointed out that the Galilee modal is also the most frequent type of J-P209 haplotype found in northwest Africans, and in Yemen, so it is not isolated to the area of Israel and the Palestine. But notably, this particular variant "is absent from two distinct non-Arab Middle Eastern populations, Jews and Muslim Kurds", even though both these populations do have high levels of J-P209 haplotypes.

Nebel 2002 noted not only the presence of the Galilee modal of J-M267 in the Maghreb but also that J-M267 in this region had very little diversity generally. They concluded that J-M267 in this region "is derived not only from the early Neolithic dispersion but also from recent expansions from the Arabian peninsula" proposing that they might have been carried from the Middle East with the Arab expansion in the seventh century AD. Semino 2004 later agreed that this seemed consistent with the evidence and generalized from this that distribution of the entire YCAII=22-22 cluster of J-M267 in the Arabic speaking areas of the Middle East and North Africa might in fact mainly have an origin in historical times.

More recent studies have emphasized doubt that the Islamic expansions are old enough to completely explain the major patterns of J-M267 frequencies. Chiaroni 2009 rejected this for J-P58 as a whole, but accepted that "some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with star burst expansion in the Arabian Desert". They did not comment on the Maghreb.

Tofanelli 2009 take a stronger position of rejecting any strong correlation between the Arab expansion and either the YCAII=22-22 STR-defined sub-cluster as discussed by Semino 2004 or the smaller "Galilee modal" as discussed by (Nebel 2002). They also estimate that the Cohen modal haplotype must be older than 4500 years old, and maybe as much as 8600 years old - well before the supposed origin of the Cohanim. Only the so-called Palestinian & Israeli Arab modal had a strong correlation to an ethnic group, but it was also rare. In conclusion, the authors were negative about the usefulness of STR defined modals for any "forensic or genealogical purposes" because "they were found across ethnic groups with different cultural or geographic affiliation".

Hammer 2009 disagreed, at least concerning the Cohen modal haplotype. They said that it was necessary to look at a more detailed STR haplotype in order to define a new "Extended Cohen Modal Haplotype" which is extremely rare outside Jewish populations, and even within Jewish populations is mainly only found in Cohanim. They also said that by using more markers and a more restrictive definition, the estimated age of the Cohanim lineage is lower than the estimates of Tofanelli 2009, and it is consistent with a common ancestor at the approximate time of founding of the priesthood which is the source of Cohen surnames.

J-M368

The correspondence between P58 and high DYS388 values, and YCAII=22-22 is not perfect. For example the J-M267 subclade of J-P58 defined by SNP M368 has DYS388=13 and YCAII=19-22, like other types of J-M267 outside the "Arabic" type of J-M267, and it is therefore believed to be a relatively old offshoot of J-P58, that did not take part in the most recent waves of J-M267 expansion in the Middle East (Chiaroni 2009). These DYS388=13 haplotypes are most common in the Caucasus and Anatolia, but also found in Ethiopia (Tofanelli 2009).

Phylogenetics and Distribution

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M267. The following phylogeny or family tree of J-M267 haplogroup subclades is based on the ISOGG (2012) tree, which is in turn based upon the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

J1 (L255, L321, M267)

  • J1* J1* clusters are found in Eastern Anatolia & parts of the Caucasus.
  • J1a (M62) found in a very small frequency in Britain.
  • J1b (M365.1) found in a small frequency in Eastern Anatolia, Iran & parts of Europe.
  • J1c (L136)
    • J1c* Found in a very small frequency in Europe.
    • J1c1 (M390)
    • J1c2 (P56) found sporadically in Anatolia, East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula & Europe.
    • J1c3
      • J1c3* found in a low frequency in the Levant & the Arabian Peninsula.
      • J1c3a (M367.1, M368.1) - formerly J1e1.
      • J1c3b (M369) - formerly J1e2.
      • J1c3c (L92, L93) found in a small frequency in South Arabia.
      • J1c3d (L147.1) accounts for the majority J1, the predominant haplogroup in Yemen.
        • J1c3d* accounts for the majority of J1 in Yemen, Cohen Jews and Ethiopia. as well as Quraysh including Seyyed.
        • J1c3d1 (L174.1)
        • J1c3d2 (L222.2) Found in the majority of J1c3d in Saudi Arabia. An important element of J1c3d in North Africa.
          • J1c3d2*
            • J1c3d2a (L65.2/S159.2)
            • Jl829 found in a part of Idrisid family

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA J Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R

References

  1. ↑ https://yfull.com/tree/J1/
  2. ↑ http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v18/n3/abs/ejhg2009166a.html
  3. ↑ Alvarez et al.,2014, Y-chromosome analysis in a Northwest Iberian population: Unraveling the impact of Northern African lineages, doi:10.1002/ajhb.22602
  4. ↑ Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013-02-19). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
  5. ↑ Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2015, Sousse: extreme genetic heterogeneity in North Africa, Journal of Human Genetics (2015) 60, 41–49; doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.99; published online 4 December 2014
  6. ↑ Eaaswarkhanth, M; Haque, I; Ravesh, Z; et al. (March 2010). "Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 18: 354–63. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.168. PMC 2859343. PMID 19809480.
  7. ↑ El-Sibai et al.,2009, Percentage of haplogroups

Footnotes

    Works Cited

    Journals

    • Moran, CN; Scott RA; Adams SM; Warrington SJ; Jobling MA; Wilson RH; Goodwin WH; Georgiades E; Wolde B; Pitsiladis YP. (Nov 2004). "Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners". Hum. Genet. 115 (6): 492–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y. PMID 15503146.
    • Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10 (1): 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.
    • Alvarez, Luis; Santos, Cristina; Montiel, Rafael; Caeiro, Blazquez; Baali, Abdellatif; Dugoujona, Jean-Michel; Aluja, Maria Pilar (2009). "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: insights into the North African contribution". American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (3): 407–9. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20888. PMID 19213004.
    • Arredi, B; Poloni, E; Paracchini, S; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tyler-Smith, C (2004). "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (2): 338–45. doi:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071.
    • Balanovsky, O.; Dibirova, K.; Dybo, A.; Mudrak, O.; Frolova, S.; Pocheshkhova, E.; Haber, M.; Platt, D.; et al. (2011). "Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (10): 2905–20. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126. PMC 3355373. PMID 21571925.
    • Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
    • Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
    • Cann, H. M. (2002). "A Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel". Science. 296 (5566): 261–262. doi:10.1126/science.296.5566.261b. PMID 11954565.
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    Websites

    Haplogroups/Phylogeny

    • ISOGG; Schrack, Janzen (2013). "Y-DNA Haplogroup J and its Subclades". International Society of Genetic Genealogists "ISOGG". Ongoing Corrections/Additions by citizen scientists.

    Haplotype/SNP research Projects. See also Y-DNA haplogroup projects (ISOGG Wiki)

    • Schrack; Janzen; Rottensteiner; Ricci; Mas (2013). "Y-DNA J Haplogroup Project". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 2300 members.
      • Givargidze; Hrechdakian (2013). "J1* Y-DNA Project". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 150 members.
      • Al Haddad (2013). "J1c3 (J-L147)". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 550 members.
      • Cone; Al Gazzah; Sanders (2013). "J-M172 Y-DNA Project (J2)". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 1050 members.
      • Aburto; Katz; Al Gazzah; Janzen (2013). "J-L24-Y-DNA Haplogroup Project (J2a1h)". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 450 members.

    Haplogroup-Specific Ethnic/Geographical Group Projects

    • Eddali (2013). "Arab Tribes". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 950 J members.
    • Al Gazzah (2013). "J2-Middle East Project مشروع سلالة ج2 في العالم العربي والشرق الأوسط". Family Tree DNA. This is an ongoing research project by citizen scientists. Over 400 members.

    Further reading

    • Behar, Doron M.; Thomas, Mark G.; Skorecki, Karl; Hammer, Michael F.; Bulygina, Ekaterina; Rosengarten, Dror; Jones, Abigail L.; Held, Karen; et al. (2003). "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 73 (4): 768–79. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527.
    • Behar, Doron M.; Garrigan, Daniel; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Mobasher, Zahra; Rosengarten, Dror; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Ostrer, Harry; et al. (2004). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations". Human Genetics. 114 (4): 354–65. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7. PMID 14740294.
    • Consortium, T. Y C. (2002). "A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups". Genome Research. 12 (2): 339–48. doi:10.1101/gr.217602. PMC 155271. PMID 11827954.
    • Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
    • Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; Underhill, Peter A (2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: Implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (10): 855–63. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900.
    • Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; et al. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.

    Phylogenetic Notes

    1. ↑ This table shows the historic names for J-M267 and its earlier discovered and named subclade J-M62 in published peer reviewed literature.
      YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) J-M267 J-M62
      Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000-9
      Underhill 2000-VI
      Hammer 2001-Med
      Karafet 2001-23
      Semino 2000-Eu10
      Su 1999-H4
      Capelli 2001-B
      YCC 2002 (Longhand)-J1
      YCC 2005 (Longhand)J1J1a
      YCC 2008 (Longhand)J1J1a
      YCC 2010r (Longhand)J1J1a
    2. ↑ This table shows the historic names for J-P209 (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304) in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.
      YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) J-P209
      (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304)
      Jobling and Tyler-Smith 20009
      Underhill 2000VI
      Hammer 2001Med
      Karafet 200123
      Semino 2000Eu10
      Su 1999H4
      Capelli 2001B
      YCC 2002 (Longhand)J*
      YCC 2005 (Longhand)J
      YCC 2008 (Longhand)J
      YCC 2010r (Longhand)J
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