Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
Listed here are notable groups and populations from South Asia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with linguistic designations (IE=Indo-European, Dr=Dravidian, AA=Austro-Asiatic and ST=Sino-Tibetan), the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup. R1a and H1 are the two most widespread genetic haplotype in South Asia, covering a large majority of population.
Note: The converted frequencies from some old studies conducted in the first decade of the 21st century may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below. Table below has been sorted in alphabetical order based on the name of the population.
| Population | Language | n | B | C | DE | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | R1 | R1a | R1b | R2 | T | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh Tribals (India) | Dr | 29 | 0 | 10.3 | 3.4 | 34.5 | 3.4 | 0 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 0 | 0 | 27.6 | 0 | 6.9 | 0 | Fornarino2009[1] | ||||||||
| Balochi (Pakistan) | IE | 25 | 8 | 4 | 16 | 24 | 8 | 20 | 8 | 12 | Sengupta2006[2] | ||||||||||||||
| Baluchi (Afghanistan) | IE | 13 | 7.7 | 69.3 | 7.7 | 15.4 | Haber2012[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Bengalis (Bangladesh) | IE | 42 | 7.14 | 4.72 | 35.71 | 11.9 | 4.76 | 9.52 | 2.38 | 21.43 | 7.14 | Poznik2016[4] | |||||||||||||
| Bhargavas (India) | IE | 96 | 6.3 | 4.2 | 16.7 | 6.3 | 4.2 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 22.9 | 1 | 32.3 | Zhao2009[5] | ||||||||||||
| Bihar Paswan (India) | IE | 27 | 3.7 | 11.11 | 14.81 | 3.7 | 7.41 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 11.11 | 40.74 | Sharma2009[6] | |||||||||||||
| Bihar Brahmins (India) | IE | 38 | 2.63 | 2.63 | 5.26 | 13.16 | 5.26 | 5.26 | 60.53 | 5.26 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||||||
| Brahmins (India) | IE | 118 | 10.2 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 28 | 1.7 | 20.3 | Zhao2009[5] | ||||||||||
| Brahui (Pakistan) | Dr | 25 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 28 | 8 | 4 | 24 | 12 | Sengupta2006[2] | ||||||||||||||
| Burusho (Pakistan) | Isolate (Burushaski) | 97 | 8.2 | 1 | 1 | 4.1 | 8.2 | 16.5 | 3.1 | 1 | 2.1 | 27.9 | 14.4 | 0 | Firasat2006[7] | ||||||||||
| Chamar (India) | IE | 18 | 5.6 | 44.4 | 38.9 | 11.1 | Sengupta2006[2] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Chaturvedis (India) (India) | IE | 88 | 9.1 | 3.4 | 6.8 | 12.5 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 23.9 | 31.8 | Zhao2009[5] | ||||||||||||
| Chenchu (India) | Dr | 41 | 4.9 | 36.6 | 7.3 | 14.6 | 26.8 | 2.4 | 7.3 | Kivisild2003[8] | |||||||||||||||
| Dawoodi Bohra (Gujarat) (India) | IE | 50 | 2 | 4 | 26 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 30 | 16 | Eaaswarkhanth2009[9] | ||||||||||||||
| Dawoodi Bohra (Tamil Nadu) (India) | IE | 26 | 38.5 | 7.7 | 53.9 | Eaaswarkhanth2009[9] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gujarat Bhils (India) | IE | 22 | 9.09 | 27.27 | 18.18 | 18.18 | 9.09 | 18.18 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||||||||
| Gujarat Brahmins (India) | IE | 64 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 10.94 | 1.56 | 15.63 | 3.13 | 7.81 | 3.13 | 9.38 | 32.81 | 9.38 | Sharma2009[6] | |||||||||||
| Gujarati Indians (USA) | IE | 58 | 20.69 | 3.45 | 20.69 | 8.62 | 8.62 | 27.59 | 1.72 | 8.62 | Poznik2016[4] | ||||||||||||||
| Gujaratis (India) | IE | 29 | 17.2 | 13.8 | 20.7 | 10.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 24.1 | 3.5 | 3.5 | Kivisild2003[8] | |||||||||||||
| Hazara (Afghanistan) | IE | 60 | 5 | 33.3 | 5 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.33 | 26.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | Haber2012[3] | |||||||||
| Hazara (Pakistan) | IE | 25 | 40 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 32 | 4 | Sengupta2006[2] | |||||||||||||||
| Himachal Brahmin (India) | IE | 19 | 5.26 | 15.79 | 10.53 | 5.26 | 5.26 | 5.26 | 47.37 | 5.26 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||||||
| India | IE, Dr, AA, ST | 728 | 1.8 | 5.2 | 1.2 | 26.4 | 9.3 | 18.7 | 23.9 | 0 | 0.4 | 27.3 | 0.5 | 9.3 | 0 | Sengupta2006[2] | |||||||||
| India | IE, Dr, AA, ST | 1152 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.1 | 23 | 9.1 | 17.5 | 18 | 2.7 | 28.3 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 3.1 | Trivedi2007[10] | ||||||||||
| India | IE, DR, AA, ST | 1,615 | 1.3 | Sharma2007[11] | |||||||||||||||||||||
| India (Central) | IE, Dr | 50 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 6 | 0 | Sahoo2006[12] | |||||||||
| India (East) | IE, AA, Dr | 367 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0 | 19.3 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 20.7 | 2.7 | 0 | 23.2 | 15.5 | 3.8 | Sahoo2006[12] | ||||||||||
| India (Maharashtra) | IE | 204 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 0 | 33.3 | 11.3 | 11.8 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 35 | 6.4 | 0.5 | Sahoo2006[12] | ||||||||||
| India (North) | IE, ST | 180 | 0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 24.5 | 7.8 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0 | 48.9 | 0.6 | 11.1 | 0 | Trivedi2007[10] | ||||||||||
| India (Northeast) | ST | 108 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 79.7 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Trivedi2007[10] | ||||||||||
| India (S. Gujarat tribals) | IE | 284 | 8.5 | 4.2 | 0 | 40.1 | 10.2 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 2.8 | 18.7 | 0 | 9.5 | 0 | Khurana2014[13] | ||||||||
| India (South) | Dr | 372 | 1.9 | 4 | 0 | 27.5 | 19.7 | 10.8 | 0 | 1.6 | 26.7 | 1.3 | 21.5 | 5.1 | Trivedi2007[10] | ||||||||||
| India Shia (India) | IE | 161 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 5 | 8.6 | 28.7 | 0.6 | 5 | 3.7 | 27.9 | 9.3 | Eaaswarkhanth2009[9] | |||||||||||
| Indian Dravidians | Dr | 353 | 1.7 | 9.3 | 2.3 | 32.9 | 19.7 | 11.6 | 13.6 | 0.3 | 26.7 | 0.3 | 6.2 | Sengupta2006[2] | |||||||||||
| Indian Indo-Europeans | IE | 205 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 28.8 | 11.3 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 1 | 48.9 | 1.5 | 13.7 | Sengupta2006[2] | |||||||||||
| Indian Munda | AA | 892 | 4 | 23.1 | 3.9 | 0 | 57.2 | 1.8 | 5.4 | 4.4 | Kumar2007[14] | ||||||||||||||
| Indian Sunni (India) | IE | 129 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 14 | 20.1 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 39.5 | 11.6 | Eaaswarkhanth2009[9] | ||||||||||||
| Indian tribes | Dr, IE, AA, ST | 505 | 2.2 | 2 | 0.2 | 21.2 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 40.6 | 3.2 | 7.9 | 1 | 6.1 | 4.2 | Trivedi2007[10] | ||||||||||
| Indian Sino-Tibetans | ST | 87 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 86.2 | 0 | 4.6 | 0 | 5.7 | Sengupta2006[2] | |||||||||||
| Indian Telugus (UK) | Dr | 60 | 1.67 | 26.67 | 6.67 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 1.67 | 26.67 | 20 | Poznik2016[4] | ||||||||||||||
| India's Lower Castes | Dr, IE | 261 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 0 | 27.6 | 3.1 | 5.4 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 15.7 | 0 | 27.6 | 4.6 | Trivedi2007[10] | ||||||||||
| India's Middle Castes | IE, Dr | 175 | 0.6 | 5.1 | 0 | 21.1 | 9.7 | 5.7 | 0 | 2.9 | 26.3 | 0 | 18.9 | 1.7 | Trivedi2007[10] | ||||||||||
| India's Upper Castes | IE, Dr | 211 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0 | 23.3 | 10 | 11.4 | 0 | 1.9 | 30.5 | 0.5 | 9 | 0 | Trivedi2007[10] | ||||||||||
| Indo-Aryan Castes (India) | IE | 29 | 5.3 | 0 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 6.5 | 0 | 16.6 | 1.2 | 11.2 | 1.2 | 4.1 | 40.2 | 8.9 | Cordaux2004[15] | |||||||||
| Iranian Shia (India) | IE | 25 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 24 | 28 | 4 | 16 | Eaaswarkhanth2009[9] | |||||||||||||||
| J&K Kashmir Gujars (India) | IE | 49 | 2.04 | 4.08 | 10.2 | 6.12 | 8.16 | 16.33 | 2 | 2.04 | 40.86 | 8.16 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||||
| J&K Kashmiri Pandits (India) | IE | 51 | 1.96 | 3.92 | 1.96 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 5.88 | 5.88 | 1.96 | 11.76 | 23.53 | 13.73 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||
| Kalash (Pakistan) | Isolate Kalasha, IE | 44 | 0 | 0 | 18.2 | 20.5 | 9.1 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18.2 | 0 | 0 | Firasat2006[7] | ||||||||||
| Kathmandu (Nepal) | IE, ST | 77 | 7.8 | 0 | 0 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 0 | 20.8 | 0 | 1.3 | 35.1 | 0 | 10.4 | 0 | Gayden2007[16] | |||||||||
| Khasi (India) | AA | 92 | 10.9 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 | 72.8 | 4.4 | 0 | Kumar2007[14] | |||||||||||||||
| Kodava (India) | Dr | 50 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 18 | 38 | 16 | NI-Shodhganga[17] | |||||||||||||||
| Kokanastha Brahmin (India) | IE | 25 | 12 | 28 | 4 | 40 | 20 | Sengupta2006[2] | |||||||||||||||||
| Konkanastha Brahmins (India) | IE | 43 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 9.3 | 14 | 2.3 | 18.6 | 41.9 | 9.3 | Kivisild2003[8] | ||||||||||||||
| Koraga Tribal (India) | Dr | 33 | 0 | 6.1 | 0 | 0 | 87.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.1 | Cordaux2004[15] | |||||||||
| Koya (India) | Dr | 41 | 26.8 | 70.7 | 2.4 | Kivisild2003[8] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lambadi (India) | IE | 35 | 17.1 | 2.9 | 8.6 | 5.7 | 17.1 | 2.9 | 8.6 | 37.1 | Kivisild2003[8] | ||||||||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh Brahmins (India) | IE | 42 | 2.38 | 7.14 | 23.81 | 7.14 | 2.38 | 2.38 | 4.76 | 38.1 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh Gonds (India) | Dr | 64 | 62.5 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 6.25 | 18.75 | Sharma2009[6] | |||||||||||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh Saharia (India) | AA | 57 | 5.27 | 33.33 | 3.51 | 1.75 | 50.87 | 5.3 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||||||||
| Maharashtra Brahmins (India) | IE | 30 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 10 | 16.67 | 3.33 | 10 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 0 | 43.33 | 3.33 | Sharma2009[6] | |||||||||||
| Mappila (India) | Dr | 40 | 27.5 | 20 | 5 | 10 | 32.5 | 5 | Eaaswarkhanth2009[9] | ||||||||||||||||
| Mundari (India) | AA | 789 | 3.3 | 25.4 | 4.4 | 0 | 55 | 1.5 | 4.9 | Kumar2007[14] | |||||||||||||||
| New Delhi Hindus (India) | IE | 49 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18.3 | 8.1 | 0 | 4.1 | 2 | 0 | 6.1 | 34.7 | 0 | 20.4 | 0 | Fornarino2009[1] | ||||||||
| Pakistan | IE | 176 | 7.4 | 0 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 15.3 | 13.1 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 24.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 0 | Sengupta2006[2] | ||||||||||
| Pakistan | 638 | 3 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 20.2 | 11.6 | 0.5 | 0 | 2.2 | 37.1 | 7.8 | 0 | Firasat2006[7] | |||||||||||
| Pashtun (Afghanistan) | IE | 49 | 2 | 0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 2 | 12.2 | 0 | 0 | 18.4 | 51 | 0 | 2 | 0 | Haber2012[3] | |||||||||
| Pashtun (Pakistan) | IE | 96 | 0 | 2.1 | 11.5 | 4.2 | 6.2 | 12.5 | 5.2 | 0 | 5.2 | 44.8 | 0 | 1 | Firasat2006[7] | ||||||||||
| Pathan (Pakistan) | IE | 21 | 4.8 | 9.5 | 14.3 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 4.8 | 38.1 | 9.5 | 9.5 | Sengupta2006[2] | |||||||||||||
| Punjab Brahmin (India) | IE | 28 | 3.58 | 3.57 | 3.57 | 21.43 | 7.14 | 35.71 | 25 | Sharma2009[6] | |||||||||||||||
| Punjabi (India) | IE | 66 | 3 | 4.6 | 21.2 | 12.1 | 47 | 7.6 | 4.6 | Kivisild2003[8] | |||||||||||||||
| Punjabis (Pakistan) | IE | 48 | 2.08 | 8.33 | 6.25 | 27.08 | 4.17 | 4.17 | 35.42 | 12.5 | Poznik2016[4] | ||||||||||||||
| Rajput (India) | IE | 29 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 20.7 | 17.2 | 6.9 | 3.4 | 31 | 13.8 | Sengupta2006[2] | ||||||||||||||
| Shia (India) | IE | 154 | 9.1 | 11 | 3.3 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 19.5 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 2 | 2 | 15.6 | 13 | Zhao2009[5] | ||||||||||
| Sindhi (Pakistan) | IE | 21 | 33.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 52.4 | 4.8 | Sengupta2006[2] | |||||||||||||||||
| Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) | IE | 39 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 18 | 12.8 | 38.5 | Kivisild2003[8] | ||||||||||||||||
| Sourashtrians (India) | IE, Dr | 46 | 6.5 | 0 | 4.4 | 15.2 | 0 | 2.2 | 0 | 26.1 | 2.2 | 0 | 39.1 | 4.3 | Cordaux2004[15] | ||||||||||
| South Indian Tribals (India) | Dr, AA | 315 | 8.6 | 0.6 | 18.1 | 0 | 31.1 | 0 | 2.9 | 7 | 6.7 | 6 | 8.9 | 4.4 | Cordaux2004[15] | ||||||||||
| South castes (India) | Dr | 447 | 5.1 | 11.9 | 14.1 | 0 | 9.8 | 5.6 | 21.9 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 13.6 | 10.6 | Cordaux2004[15] | |||||||||||
| Sri Lanka | IE, Dr | 91 | 3.3 | 9.9 | 5.5 | 25.3 | 19.8 | 15.4 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 13.2 | Karafet2005[18] | |||||||||||||
| Sri Lankan Tamils (UK) | Dr | 55 | 5.45 | 29.01 | 14.55 | 18.19 | 3.64 | 27.27 | 5.45 | Poznik2016[4] | |||||||||||||||
| Sunni (India) | IE | 104 | 7.7 | 2 | 5.8 | 10.6 | 15.4 | 2 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 2 | 28.8 | 19.2 | Zhao2009[5] | |||||||||||
| Tajik (Afghanistan) | IE | 56 | 3.6 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 1.8 | 17.9 | 8.9 | 1.8 | 8.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 30.4 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | Haber2012[3] | ||||||||
| Terai Hindus (Nepal) | IE | 26 | 11.5 | 0 | 0 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 69.2 | 0 | 3.8 | 0 | Fornarino2009[1] | ||||||||
| Tharu (Nepal) | IE | 171 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 25.7 | 14 | 2.3 | 36.8 | 0 | 1.2 | 8.8 | 0 | 4.7 | 0 | Fornarino2009[1] | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh (South) Kols (India) | AA | 54 | 11.11 | 33.34 | 40.74 | 14.81 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh (South) Gonds (India) | Dr | 37 | 59.46 | 18.92 | 10.81 | 2.7 | 8.11 | Sharma2009[6] | |||||||||||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh Brahmin (India) | IE | 31 | 16.13 | 3.23 | 3.21 | 6.46 | 67.74 | 3.23 | Sharma2009[6] | ||||||||||||||||
| Uzbek (Afghanistan) | IE | 17 | 41.2 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 17.6 | 17.6 | Haber2012[3] | |||||||||||||||
| West Bengal Brahmins (India) | IE | 18 | 5.56 | 72.22 | 22.22 | Sharma2009[6] | |||||||||||||||||||
| West Bengalis (India) | IE | 31 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 3.2 | 38.7 | 6.5 | 22.6 | Kivisild2003[8] |
Y Haplogroup Q distribution of India[6]
| India Regions | Social Category | Linguistic Category | No. of Samples | No. of Q(xQ5) | No. of Q5-ss4 bp | - |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North(11) | ||||||
| J&K Kashmiri Pandits | Caste high | IE | 51 | 3 | ||
| J&K Kashmiri Gujars | Tribe | IE | 61 | 1(M120) | ||
| Uttar Pradesh Brahmin | Caste high | IE | 14 | 1(M346) | (Q4)Sengupta2006[2] | |
| Uttar Pradesh Brahmin | Caste high | IE | 31 | 1 | 1 | |
| Himachal Rajputs | Caste high | IE | 35 | 1 | ||
| Central (8) | ||||||
| Madhya Pradesh Brahmins | Caste high | IE | 42 | 1 | 1 | |
| Madhya Pradesh Gonds | Tribe | DR | 17 | 1 | ||
| Madhya Pradesh Saharia | Tribe | IE | 89 | 1 | 2 | |
| Halba | Tribe | IE | 21 | 1(M346) | (Q4)Sengupta2006[2] | |
| East(11) | ||||||
| Bihar Brahmins | Caste high | IE | 38 | 1 | 1 | |
| West(5) | ||||||
| Northeast(7) | ||||||
| South(15) | ||||||
| Yadhava | Caste | DR | 129 | 3 | ||
| Vellalar | Caste middle | DR | 31 | 1(M346) | (Q4)Sengupta2006[2] | |
| Total (57 regions) | 1,615 | 16 | 5 | |||
See also
- South Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups by population
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania
- Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas
References
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- ↑ Sharma, S; Rai, E; Bhat, AK; Bhanwer, AS; Bamezai, RN (2007). "A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India". BMC Evol. Biol. 7: 232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232. PMC 2258157. PMID 18021436. , Q4 is currently Q1a2-M346
- 1 2 3 Sahoo, S.; Singh, A.; Himabindu, G.; Banerjee, J.; Sitalaximi, T.; Gaikwad, S.; Trivedi, R.; Endicott, P.; Kivisild, T.; Metspalu, M.; Villems, R.; Kashyap, V. K. (2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (4): 843–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ↑ Khurana, P; et al. (2014). "Y Chromosome Haplogroup Distribution in Indo-European Speaking Tribes of Gujarat, Western India". PLOS ONE. 9: e90414. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...990414K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090414. PMC 3948632. PMID 24614885. In this paper, C consists of C5(currently C1b1a1)-M356* 3.2% and C5a(currently C1b1a1a)-P92 5.3%, F is F-M201*, H consists of H-M69* 1%, H1a-M39 25.0%, H2-Apt 14.1%, J consists of J2a-P84 2.8%, J2b2*-M241 7.4%, L is L1-M27, Q is Q1a3(currently Q1a2)-M346, R1a is R1a1-PK5*, R2 is R2-M124.
- 1 2 3 Kumar, Vikrant; Reddy, Arimanda NS; Babu, Jagedeesh P; Rao, Tipirisetti N; Langstieh, Banrida T; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Battini M (2007). "Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-47. PMC 1851701. PMID 17389048.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Cordaux, Richard; Aunger, Robert; Bentley, Gillian; Nasidze, Ivane; Sirajuddin, S.M.; Stoneking, Mark (2004). "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages" (PDF). Current Biology. 14 (3): 231–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024. PMID 14761656.
- ↑ Gayden, T; Cadenas, AM; Regueiro, M; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243.
- ↑ "http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/137860/10/10_chapter%204.pdf" (PDF). External link in
|title=(help) - ↑ Karafet, TM; Lansing, JS; Redd, AJ; Reznikova, S; Watkins, JC; Surata, SP; Arthawiguna, WA; Mayer, L; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819.
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