Ancient North Eurasian

In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents descent from the people similar to the Mal'ta–Buret' culture or a population closely related to them.[1] The genetic component ANE descends from Ancient South Eurasian.[2][3]

The ANE lineage is defined by association with MA-1, or "Mal'ta boy", the remains of an individual who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum, 24,000 years ago, discovered in the 1920s. Populations genetically similar to MA-1 were an important genetic contributor to Central Asians, Native Americans, Europeans, South Asians, and a minor contributor to East Asians. [2] Lazaridis et al. (2016:10) note "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia."[2] Flegontov et al. (2015) found that the global maximum of ANE ancestry occurs in modern-day Kets, Mansi, Native Americans, Nganasans and Yukaghirs.[1] Additionally it has been reported in ancient Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures.[4] Between 14 and 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta Buret people, while the other geneflow in Native Americans appears to have an Eastern Eurasian origin. [5] Sequencing of another south-central Siberian (Afontova Gora-2) dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures as Mal'ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum. [5]

Genomic studies also indicate that ANE was introduced to Europe by way of the Yamna culture, long after the Paleolithic.[4][1] The ANE genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamnaya people, and seems to make up 50% of their ancestry indirectly.[4][1] It is also reported in modern-day Europeans (5%–18% ANE admixture), but not of Europeans predating the Bronze Age.[4][1]

Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) is a lineage derived predominantly from ANE. It is represented by two individuals from Karelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, date 7.2 kya, and one individual from Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated 7.6 kya. This lineage is closely related to the ANE sample from Afontova Gora, dated c. 18 kya. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the WHG and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe.[6] Afontova Gora 3 female individual dated to 14.7 kya is earliest known individual with the derived allele of KITLG responsible for blond hair in modern Europeans, and is recorded in Mesolithic Eastern Europe as associated with the EHG lineage.[6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Flegontov & Changmai et al. 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 Lazaridis et al. 2016.
  3. ↑ "Ancient South Eurasian" (ASE) is also known as Eastern Non-Africans (ENA) in genetic literature. Lazaridis et al. (2016) describes ANE as "a population on the Onge→Han cline." (p.23; cf. Figure 3, A and Figure S11.3, Table S11.6)
  4. 1 2 3 4 Haak & Lazaridis et al. 2015.
  5. 1 2 Raghavan & Skoglund et al. 2014.
  6. 1 2 Mathieson et al. 2018.

Bibliography

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  • Flegontov, Pavel; Changmai, Piya; et al. (Feb 11, 2016). "Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry". Scientific Reports. 6: 20768. arXiv:1508.03097. Bibcode:2016NatSR...620768F. doi:10.1038/srep20768. PMC 4750364. PMID 26865217.
  • Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–11. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
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  • Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; et al. (2014). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513 (7518): 409–13. arXiv:1312.6639. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L. doi:10.1038/nature13673. PMC 4170574. PMID 25230663.
  • CITEREFLazaridis_et_al.2016 Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; et al. (16 June 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. bioRxiv 059311. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663.
  • Raghavan, Maanasa; Skoglund, Pontus; et al. (2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian Genome Reveals Dual Ancestry of Native Americans". Nature. 505 (7481): 87–91. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...87R. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.
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