九
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character
九 (radical 5, 乙+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN), four-corner 40017, composition ⿻丿㇈)
Derived characters
Descendants
References
- KangXi: page 83, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
- Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 48, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4E5D
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
九 | |
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variant forms | 玖 financial 𠔀 𢌬 𣲄 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 九 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
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Old Chinese | |
尻 | *kʰuː |
訄 | *kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu |
艽 | *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw |
虓 | *qʰruː |
鳩 | *ku |
勼 | *ku |
九 | *kuʔ |
究 | *kus |
仇 | *ɡu |
鼽 | *ɡu |
犰 | *ɡu |
叴 | *ɡu |
厹 | *ɡu |
頄 | *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw |
朹 | *ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ |
馗 | *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw |
扏 | *ɡu |
訅 | *ɡu |
釚 | *ɡu |
肍 | *ɡu |
軌 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
宄 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
氿 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
匭 | *kʷrɯwʔ |
泦 | *kuɡ |
旭 | *qʰʷoɡ |
Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手, 寸. The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ).
After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).
Pronunciation
Definitions
九
- nine
- 九九八十一。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
- From: “The Mnemonic of Multiplication”
- Jiǔ jiǔ bāshíyī. [Pinyin]
- Nine times nine is eighty-one.
- (figuratively) many
- 九曲黃河萬里沙,浪淘風簸自天涯。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 822?, Liu Yuxi, “Ripples Sifting Sand”
- Jiǔ qū huánghé wàn lǐ shā, làng táo fēng bò zì tiānyá. [Pinyin]
- The Yellow River with its many twists and turns flows thousands of miles full of sand / Carried by its waves stirred up by the wind coming from a faraway land.
九曲黄河万里沙,浪淘风簸自天涯。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice
- 一九二九不出手,三九四九冰上走。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
- From: “The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song
- Yī jiǔ èr jiǔ bù chū shǒu, sān jiǔ sì jiǔ bīng shàng zǒu. [Pinyin]
- In the first and the second nine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourth nine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.
- (Cantonese, euphemistic) Synonym of 㞗 (gau1, “penis”).
See also
Chinese numbers | ||||||||||||||||
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0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 108 | 1012 | |
Normal (小寫/小写) |
〇 | 一 | 二 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 | 七 | 八 | 九 | 十 | 百 | 千 | 萬/万 | 億/亿 | 兆 (Taiwan) 萬億/万亿 (Mainland China) |
Financial (大寫/大写) |
零 | 壹 | 貳/贰 | 參/叁 | 肆 | 伍 | 陸/陆 | 柒 | 捌 | 玖 | 拾 | 佰 | 仟 |
Compounds
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Japanese
< 8 | 9 | 10 > |
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Cardinal : 九 | ||
Readings
Compounds
- 九夏 (kyūka)
- 九官鳥 (kyūkanchō, “a mina or mynah bird”)
- 九牛一毛 (kyū gyū ichi mō, “nine cows one hair (a drop in the ocean)”)
- 九九 (kuku), 九々 (kuku, “Multiplication table”)
- 九月 (kugatsu, “September”)
- 九死 (kyūshi, “near death, nearly dead, a close shave”)
- 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”)
- 九重 (kokonoe)
- 九寸五分 (kusun gobu, “a short sword, a dagger”)
- 九星 (kyūsei)
- 九折 (kyūsetsu)
- 九泉 (kyūsen, “the nether world”)
- 九地 (kyūchi)
- 九天 (Kyūten, “Ninth Heaven (the highest of heavens)”)
- 九拝 (kyūhai)
- 九分 (kubu)
- 九輪 (kurin)
- 九六 (kunroku)
Etymology 1
From Early Middle Chinese. Goon, the initial reading when first borrowed into Japanese.
Alternative forms
Coordinate terms
Japanese numbers | |||||||||||
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0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Regular | 零 (rei) 零 (zero) |
一 (ichi) | 二 (ni) | 三 (san) | 四 (yon) 四 (shi) |
五 (go) | 六 (roku) | 七 (nana) 七 (shichi) |
八 (hachi) | 九 (kyū) 九 (ku) |
十 (jū) |
Formal | 壱 (ichi) | 弐 (ni) | 参 (san) | 拾 (jū) | |||||||
90 | 100 | 300 | 600 | 800 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 8,000 | 10,000 | 100,000,000 | ||
Regular | 九十 (kyūjū) | 百 (hyaku) 一百 (ippyaku) |
三百 (sanbyaku) | 六百 (roppyaku) | 八百 (happyaku) | 千 (sen) 一千 (issen) |
三千 (sanzen) | 八千 (hassen) | 一万 (ichiman) | 一億 (ichioku) | |
Formal | 一萬 (ichiman) | ||||||||||
1012 | 8×1012 | 1013 | 1016 | 6×1016 | 8×1016 | 1017 | 1018 | ||||
一兆 (itchō) | 八兆 (hatchō) | 十兆 (jutchō) | 一京 (ikkei) | 六京 (rokkei) | 八京 (hakkei) | 十京 (jukkei) | 百京 (hyakkei) |
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese. Kan'on, a later reading. Borrowed after palatalisation occurred in Middle Chinese.
Noun
九 (hiragana きゅう, rōmaji kyū, historical hiragana きう)
- nine
- an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many
- (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin
Alternative forms
- (large number): 究
Etymology 3
From Old Japanese [Term?], from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.
Number
- nine
- ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
- hī, fū, mī, …nana, yā, kono, tō
- one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten
- ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
Alternative forms
Usage notes
Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana as この to make the reading unambiguous.
References
- The Japan Times (March 17, 2010). You can count on the tales behind number-kanji. Accessed March 23, 2010.
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX). Attested in 훈몽자회/訓蒙字會 as Middle Korean 구 (kwu).
Compounds
- 구경 (九卿, gugyeong)
- 구경 (九經, gugyeong)
- 구계 (九界, gugye)
- 구곡 (九穀, gugok)
- 구덕 (九德, gudeok)
- 구동 (九冬, gudong)
- 구륜 (九輪, guryun)
- 구사 (九思, gusa)
- 구십 (九十, gusip)
- 구월 (九月, guwol)
- 구족 (九族, gujok)
- 구중 (九重, gujung)
- 구천 (九天, gucheon)
- 구천 (九泉, gucheon)
- 십구 (十九, sipgu)
- 중구 (重九, junggu)
- 구관조 (九官鳥, gugwanjo)
- 구미호 (九尾狐, gumiho)
- 정구품 (正九品, jeonggupum)
- 종구품 (從九品, jonggupum)
- 일세구천 (一歲九遷, ilsegucheon)
- 일월구천 (一月九遷, irwolgucheon)
- 일일구천 (一日九遷, irilgucheon)
Etymology 2
Vietnamese
References
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Bonet (1899).
- Génibrel (1898).