沙

沙 U+6C99, 沙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C99
← 沘
[U+6C98] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 沚 →
[U+6C9A]

Translingual

Han character

沙 (radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水火竹 (EFH), four-corner 39120, composition ⿰氵少)

References
  • KangXi: page 611, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17212
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1005, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 1562, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6C99

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 沙
放大顯示的沙子，本為一平方釐米

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 沙
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (沙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
硰 *ʔsaːlʔ, *sʰaːlʔ, *sraːl
娑 *saːl, *saːlʔ
挱 *saːl, *sraːl
挲 *saːl
桫 *saːl
渻 *saːl, *sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ
沙 *sraːl, *sraːls
紗 *sraːl
砂 *sraːl
鯊 *sraːl
裟 *sraːl
桬 *sraːl
髿 *sraːl, *soːl
魦 *sraːl, *soːl
莎 *soːl
莏 *soːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”).

Pronunciation 1
Note:
  • sa - literary;
  • sai - vernacular.
Note:
  • soa/se - vernacular;
  • sa/see - literary.
Note:
  • sua1 - vernacular;
  • sa1 - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 沙
Mandarin Beijing /ʂa⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂa⁴⁴/
Tianjin /sɑ²¹/
Jinan /ʂa²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂa²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ʂa²⁴/
Xi'an /sa²¹/
Xining /sa⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂa⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂa³¹/
Ürümqi /sa⁴⁴/
Wuhan /sa²¹³/
Chengdu /sa⁵⁵/
Guiyang /sa⁵⁵/
Kunming /ʂa̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ʂɑ³¹/
Hefei /ʂa²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /sa¹¹/
Pingyao /sɑ¹³/
Hohhot /sa³¹/
Wu Shanghai /so⁵³/
Suzhou /so⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sɑ³³/
Wenzhou /so³³/
Hui Shexian /sa³¹/
Tunxi /sɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /sa³³/
Xiangtan /dɒ³³/
Gan Nanchang /sɑ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /sa⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sɑ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sa⁵³/
Nanning /sa⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /sa⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sa⁵⁵/
/sua⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /sa⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /suɛ⁵⁴/
/sa⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /sua³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /sa²³/
/tua²³/
Rime
Character 沙 沙
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 生 (21) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 麻 (98) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 所加切 所嫁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʃˠa/ /ʃˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʃᵚa/ /ʃᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʃa/ /ʃaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʂaɨ/ /ʂaɨH/
Li
Rong		 /ʃa/ /ʃaH/
Wang
Li		 /ʃa/ /ʃaH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʂa/ /ʂaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shā shà
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 沙
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shā
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sræ ›
Old
Chinese		 /*sˁraj/
English sand

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 沙 沙
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 11025 11035
Phonetic
component		 沙 沙
Rime
group		 歌 歌
Rime
subdivision		 1 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 鯊 嗄
Old
Chinese		 /*sraːl/ /*sraːls/
Definitions

沙

  1. sand
  2. something granular
  3. mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality.
    沙瓤  ―  shāráng  ―  (please add an English translation of this example)
    沙梨  ―  shālí  ―  Pyrus pyrifolia
    西沙瓜  ―  xīshāguā  ―  alternative of 硒砂瓜
  4. (of a voice) hoarse; husky
    叫到把聲沙嗮 [Cantonese, trad.]
    叫到把声沙嗮 [Cantonese, simp.]
    giu3 dou3 baa2 seng1 saa1 saai3 [Jyutping]
    shout so much that one's voice is all hoarse
  5. (Buddhism) the number 10-8
  6. Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng).
Compounds
Derived terms from 沙

Pronunciation 2
Definitions

沙

  1. (dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed

Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see 砂 (“sand, ; extremely mushy and/or rough, texture of a watermelon of good quality, ”).
(This character, 沙, is the second-round simplified form of 砂.)
Notes:

Japanese

Kanji
沙

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings
  • Go-on: しゃ (sha)
  • Kan-on: さ (sa, Jōyō)
  • Kun: すな (suna, 沙); いさご (isago, 沙); よなげる (yonageru, 沙げる)

Etymology 1

Noun

沙 (hiragana すな, rōmaji suna)

  1. sand

Etymology 2

Noun

沙 (hiragana いさご, rōmaji isago)

  1. small rock
  2. sand

Etymology 3

Noun

沙 (hiragana さ, rōmaji sa, alternative reading しゃ, rōmaji sha)

  1. Number of units, 1 of 100 million parts.

Korean

Hanja

沙 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)

[모래 사]
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

沙 (sa, sá, nhểu, xoà, xa, sà)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References
  • Nom Foundation
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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