Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau

Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of Macau.

A Macau Special Administrative Region passport

As of 1 October 2019, Chinese citizens of Macau had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 141 countries and territories, ranking the Macao Special Administrative Region passport 33rd in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

The Macau SAR Identification Department listed Chinese citizens of Macau as having visa-free or visa on arrival access to 144 countries and territories[2] with the websites of the immigration authorities of 26 countries listed for electronic visa applications by Macau SAR passport as of 4 October 2019.[3]

Visa requirements map
Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau
  Macau
  ID card travel
  Home return permit travel
  Visa free access
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required

COVID-19 pandemic

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries have imposed temporary travel restrictions on Chinese citizens or persons arriving from China.

  •  Russia — entry ban on Chinese citizens travelling for private, educational, working and tourist purposes.[4]
  •  Taiwan - To avoid the spread of COVID-19, all Macau residents are not allowed to visit Taiwan from 7th February 2020 , applicants should apply by desk at the representative offices of Taiwan and providing entry and departure records proving without travel records to the mainland China within 14 days if having special and emergency reasons. [5]

Greater China
China (Mainland) With Home Return Permit

(Freedom of movement)[6]

 Holders of Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents are able to freely enter Mainland China for all purposes within the validity of their travel document. Most permits for adults are valid for 10 years ; minors under 18 years old are issued permits valid for five years.
 Hong Kong Visa not required[7] Visa free for a period of 180 days for holders of Macau Permanent Resident Identity Cards. Visa free for 7 days for passengers in transit to a third country holding MSAR passports.
 Taiwan Entry permit on arrival or Online entry permit[8] Entry Permit on arrival for NT$300. Free online registration prior to arrival is also available. Applicable to those who were born in Hong Kong or Macau, or those who have previously entered Taiwan at least once as a permanent resident of Macau. Not applicable to MSAR passport holders with nationality or citizenship of another country.[9]

Visa requirements
Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[10]
 Albania Visa not required[11] 90 days
 Algeria Visa required[12]
 Andorra Visa not required[13]
 Angola Visa required[14]
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[15] 30 days[16]
 Argentina Visa not required[17][18] 30 days
 Armenia Visa not required[19] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 365 day period
 Australia Online Visitor e600 visa[20] 90 days
  • 90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted
 Austria Visa not required[21] 90 days
 Azerbaijan eVisa / Visa on arrival[22] 30 days[23]
 Bahamas Visa required[24]
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[25] 2 weeks
  • May apply online.[26]
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[27]
 Barbados Visa not required[28] 30 days
 Belarus Visa not required[29] 30 days
  • For a maximum total stay of 90 days within any year period
 Belgium Visa not required[30] 90 days
 Belize Visa required[31]
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[32][33] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 Bhutan Visa required[34]
 Bolivia Visa on arrival[35] 90 days
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[36] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
 Botswana Visa required[37]
 Brazil Visa not required[38] 90 days
 Brunei Visa not required[39] 14 days
 Bulgaria Visa not required[40] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Burkina Faso Visa required[41]
 Burundi Visa required[42]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[43] 30 days
  • May apply online.[44]
 Cameroon Visa required[45]
 Canada Visa required[46]
  • Visa is not required for permanent residents of the United States. An eTA is required by permanent residents of USA if travelling by air.
 Cape Verde Visa not required[47] 90 days
 Central African Republic Visa required[48]
 Chad Visa required[49]
 Chile Visa not required[50] 30 days
 Mainland China With Home Return Permit only
(Freedom of movement)		 until Permit expiry
  • Holders of Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents are able to freely enter Mainland China for all purposes within the validity of their travel document. Most permits for adults are valid for 10 years ; minors under 18 years old are issued permits valid for five years.
  • Entry to Mainland China cannot be on a MSAR passport. However, all eligible for a MSAR passport are also able to apply for a Home Return Permit, allowing the holder to enter and stay in Mainland China until its expiry. Issuance of the Home Return Permit is not automatic for all MSAR passport holders and is at the sole discretion of the Bureau of Exit and Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security.
 Colombia Visa required[51]
 Comoros Visa on arrival[52]
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[53]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[54]
 Costa Rica Visa required[55]
  • May have a valid US visa to enter Costa Rica without visa up to 30 days
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[56] 3 months
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
 Croatia Visa not required[57] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Cuba Tourist card required[58]
 Cyprus Visa not required[59] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Czech Republic Visa not required[60] 90 days
 Denmark Visa not required[61] 90 days
 Djibouti eVisa[62] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[63] 180 days
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[64] 90 days
 Ecuador Visa not required[65] 90 days
 Egypt Visa not required[66] 3 months
 El Salvador Visa required[67]
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[68]
 Eritrea Visa required[69]
 Estonia Visa not required[70] 90 days
 Eswatini Visa required[71]
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[72][73] up to 90 days
 Fiji Visa not required[76] 4 months
 Finland Visa not required[77] 90 days
 France Visa not required[78] 90 days
 Gabon eVisa[79]
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.
 Gambia Visa not required[80] 90 days
 Georgia eVisa[81]
 Germany Visa not required[82] 90 days
 Ghana Visa required[83]
 Greece Visa not required[84] 90 days
 Grenada Visa not required[85] 3 months
 Guatemala Visa required[86]
 Guinea eVisa[87]
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[88] 90 days
  • May apply online[89]
 Guyana Visa required[90]
 Haiti Visa not required[91] 3 months
 Honduras Visa required[92]
  • No visa required if holding valid visa of US, Canada, or Schengen member state
 Hungary Visa not required[93] 90 days
 Iceland Visa not required[94] 90 days
 India e-Visa[95] 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][96]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year.
 Indonesia Visa not required[97] 30 days
 Iran Visa not required[98] 21 days[99]
 Iraq Visa required[100]
 Ireland Visa not required[101] 3 months
 Israel Visa not required[102] 90 days
  • Entry refused by certain Muslim countries due to Arab league boycott of Israel if evidence of travel to Israel
 Italy Visa not required[103] 90 days
 Jamaica Visa required[104]
 Japan Visa not required[105] 90 days
 Jordan Visa on arrival[106]
 Kazakhstan Visa required[107]
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[108] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa not required[109] 30 days
 North Korea Visa required[110]
 South Korea Visa not required[111] 90 days
 Kuwait Visa required[112]
 Kyrgyzstan eVisa[113]
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[115] 30 days
  • Visa on arrival is available at international airports Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane, and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge,[Note 3] and at 13 border crossings[Note 4] as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand.[116] Visa on arrival facility will be gradually phased out at various border crossings starting January 2020.[117]
  • eVisa may be used to enter Laos through the following entry points — Wattay International Airport and the First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge
  • Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders.
  • Visa on arrival is extendable up to 60 days.
 Latvia Visa not required[118] 90 days
 Lebanon Visa on arrival[119] 1 month
  • 1 month extendable for 2 additional months
  • Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.
 Lesotho eVisa[120] 44 days[121]
 Liberia Visa required[122]
 Libya Visa required[123]
 Liechtenstein Visa not required[124] 90 days
 Lithuania Visa not required[125] 90 days
 Luxembourg Visa not required[126] 90 days
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[127] 90 days
 Malawi Visa on arrival[128] 30 days
 Malaysia Visa not required[129] 30 days
 Maldives Visa on arrival[130] 30 days
 Mali Visa not required[131] 90 days
 Malta Visa not required[132] 90 days
 Marshall Islands Visa required[133]
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[134]
 Mauritius Visa not required[135] 90 days
 Mexico Visa not required[136] 180 days
 Micronesia Visa not required[137] 30 days
 Moldova Visa not required[138] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Monaco Visa not required[139]
 Mongolia Visa not required[140] 90 days
 Montenegro Visa not required[141] 90 days
 Morocco Visa not required[142] 90 days
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[143] 30 days
 Myanmar Visa not required[144] 30 days
 Namibia Visa not required[145] 3 months
 Nauru Visa required[146]
   Nepal Free visa on arrival[147] 90 days
 Netherlands Visa not required[148] 90 days
 New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority[149] 90 days
  • International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be obtained alongside Electronic Travel Authority.[150]
 Nicaragua Visa not required[151] 90 days
 Niger Visa required[152]
 Nigeria Visa required[153]
 North Macedonia Visa not required[154] 90 days
 Norway Visa not required[155] 90 days
 Oman eVisa[156] 30 days
 Pakistan Online Visa[157]
 Palau Visa on arrival[158] 30 days
 Panama Visa required[159]
 Papua New Guinea eVisa / Free visa on arrival[160] 60 days
 Paraguay Visa required[161]
 Peru Visa required[162]
 Philippines Visa not required[163] 14 days
 Poland Visa not required[164] 90 days
 Portugal Visa not required[165] 90 days
 Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival[166] 30 days
 Romania Visa not required[167] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Russia Visa not required[168] 30 days
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[169] 30 days[170]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[171]
 Saint Lucia Visa on arrival[172] 6 weeks
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[173] 30 days
 Samoa Visa not required[174] 30 days[175]
 San Marino Visa not required[176]
 São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa / Visa on arrival[177] 15 days[178][179]
  • No visa required if holding a valid US visa.
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[180][181] 90 days
 Senegal Visa required[182]
 Serbia Visa not required[183] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Seychelles Visa not required[184] 3 months
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[185]
 Singapore Visa not required[186] 30 days
 Slovakia Visa not required[187] 90 days
 Slovenia Visa not required[188] 90 days
 Solomon Islands Visa required[189]
 Somalia Visa on arrival[190] 30 days
 South Africa Visa not required[191] 30 days
 South Sudan Visa required[192]
 Spain Visa not required[193] 90 days
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[194] 30 days
  • Must hold return or onward ticket.[195]
 Sudan Visa required[196]
 Suriname eVisa[197]
 Sweden Visa not required[198] 90 days
  Switzerland Visa not required[199] 90 days
 Syria Visa required[200]
 Tajikistan eVisa[201] 45 days
  • 45 days within any 90 days period
 Tanzania Visa not required[202] 3 months
 Thailand Visa not required[203] 30 days
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[204] 30 days
 Togo Visa on arrival[205] 7 days
 Tonga Free visa on arrival[206] 31 days
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa required[207]
 Tunisia Visa required[208]
  • Visa not required for tourist groups organised by a travel agency.
 Turkey Visa not required[209] 30 days
 Turkmenistan Visa required[210]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[211] 1 month
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[212]
 Ukraine eVisa[214] 30 days
 United Arab Emirates Visa not required[216] 30 days[217]
 United Kingdom Visa not required[218] 6 months
 United States Visa required[219]
  • Macau citizens who do receive a visa are normally issued "10-years multiple-entry combination B1/B2 visas."
 Uruguay Visa not required[220] 90 days
 Uzbekistan eVisa[221][222] 30 days
  • 5-day visa-free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country.[223]
 Vanuatu Visa not required[224] 30 days
  Vatican City Visa not required[225]
 Venezuela Visa required[226]
 Vietnam Admission refused[227]
  • Was available to apply eVisa for maximum 30 days visit until 28 January 2020.
  • Due to SARS-CoV-2, Vietnamese government stops issuing the travel visas to the ordinary passport holders of Chinese citizens, including Macau and Hong Kong SAR passport holders. The visa policy would be reviewed at mid-February 2020.
 Yemen Visa required[228]
 Zambia eVisa[229]
 Zimbabwe Visa on arrival[230] 3 months

Territories

Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognised countries and restricted zones:

Europe
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 Abkhazia Visa required[231]
Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[232][233]
Crimea Visa not required Visa issued by Russia is required, MSAR Passport is exempted from a visa to enter Russia for 14 days.[234]
 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months[235][236]
UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required[237] Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.
 Faroe Islands Visa not required[238]
 Gibraltar Visa not required[239]
 Guernsey Visa not required[240]
 Isle of Man Visa not required[241]
Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[242] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[243]
 Jersey Visa not required[244]
 Kosovo Visa not required[245] 90 days
 Artsakh Visa required[246][247] Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[248]
 Russia Special authorisation required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorisation.[249]
 South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[250][251]
 Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h.[252][253]
Africa
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required.[254]
 Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[255]
 Mayotte Visa not required[256] 90 days
 Réunion Visa not required[256] 90 days
 Ascension Island Admission refused[257][258] From May 2015, the Ascension Island Government does not issue entry visas including eVisas to Chinese citizens of Macau.[259]
 Saint Helena Visitor's Pass required Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[260]
 Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[261]
 Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[262][263]
 Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners travelling more than 25 kilometres outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.
Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required.[264]
Asia
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 India PAP/RAP PAP/RAP required Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[265][266][267][268][269]
 Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[270]
Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[271]
Malaysia:

Sabah and Sarawak

 Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[272]
Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[273]
 Palestine Visa not required[274] Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[275]
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[276][277][278]
Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone
UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone
 Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden.[279]
Caribbean and North Atlantic
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)f
 Anguilla Visa not required[280] 3 months
 Aruba Visa not required[281] 30 days
 Bermuda Visa not required[282] lesser than 6 months
Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required[283] 30 days
 British Virgin Islands Visa not required[284] 30 days
 Cayman Islands Visa not required[285] 60 days for tourism / 10 days for business
 Curacao Visa not required[286] 30 days
French Guiana Visa not required[287] 90 days
French West Indies Visa not required French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.[288]
 Greenland Visa not required[238] 90 days
 Montserrat Visa not required[289] 90 days
 Puerto Rico Visa required[290]
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required[256] 90 days
 Sint Maarten Visa not required[291] 3 months
 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required[292] 90 days
 U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required[293]
Oceania
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 American Samoa Visa required[294]
Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required.[295]
Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required.[296]
 Cook Islands Visa not required[297] 31 days[298]
Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required.[299]
 French Polynesia Visa not required[300] 90 days
 Guam Visa required[301]
 New Caledonia Visa not required[256] 90 days
 Northern Mariana Islands Visa required[302]
 Niue Visa not required[303] 30 days[304]
 Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[305][306][307]
United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[308][309][310][311][312][313][314]
 Wallis and Futuna Visa not required[256] 90 days
South America
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[315]
South Atlantic and Antarctica
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 Falkland Islands Visa not required[316] 4 months
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands Visa not required 90 days(excludes Adélie Land)
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[317][318]
Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica, Australian Antarctic Territory, Chilean Antarctic Territory, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Peter I Island, Queen Maud Land, Ross Dependency.[319][320][321][322][323][324][325][326][327][328][329][330]

Timeline of visa-free access
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Visa requirements were lifted for Portuguese Macau (unilaterally or bilaterally) by the Philippines on 22 June 1994[331]

Visa requirements were lifted for Chinese citizens of Macau by the Czech Republic on 1 October 2001,[332] Russia on 30 September 2012, New Zealand on 30 June 2014[333] and Belarus on 27 November 2016.[334]

Non-visa restrictions

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[335] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination
An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever
Main article: Carte Jaune

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[336]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[337]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[338] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[339] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[340]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[341][342] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[343]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[344] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

Israeli stamps
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[345] Lebanon,[346] Libya,[347] Sudan,[348] Syria,[349] and Yemen[350] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[351]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity
Main article: Armenia–Azerbaijan relations

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[352][353]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[354] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[355] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[356] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics
See also: Countries applying biometrics
A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[357]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[358][359] Argentina,[360] Brunei, Cambodia,[361] China,[362] Ethiopia,[363] Ghana, Guinea,[364] India, Japan,[365][366] Kenya (fingerprints and photo),[367] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[368] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[369] Singapore, South Korea,[370] Taiwan, Thailand,[371] Uganda[372] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[373] [374] [375] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[376]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[377] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[378][379]

See also

References and Notes
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Notes
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammuan
    • Bokeo
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Samliemkham - (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
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