Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup B-M60.
Haplogroup B
Possible time of origin50,000 YBP
Possible place of originSoutheastern Asia
AncestorR11'B
DescendantsB4, B5, B7
Defining mutations8281-8289d[1]

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was haplogroup R.

The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.[2]

Distribution

Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.[3]

Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,[4] as well as speakers of the Austronesian languages.

A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labelled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.

Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia.[5] However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks.[6] This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran,[6] Iraq,[7] Japan, Korea, Laos,[8] Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, and Vietnam.[9][10]

Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%).[11][12][13] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar),[14] Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),[15] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),[10] Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan),[14] and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).[16]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B
Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Carolinian (Saipan)1.00017Vilar 2013B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.60010Wen 2005B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.48127Wen 2005B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.42935Wen 2005B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1
Filipino0.42264Tabbada 2010B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.39041Wen 2005B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.37524Wen 2005B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.369168Peng 2010B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.36819Wen 2005B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.367177Tabbada 2010B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.33339Wen 2005B5a=8, B4a=5
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.32128Li 2007B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1
Kinh (Vietnamese)0.317139He 2012B4=24, B5=19, B6=1
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.31332Wen 2005B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.30040Wen 2005B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.29341Yao 2002B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.28025Wen 2005B4a=5, B5a=2
Filipino (Visayas)0.277112Tabbada 2010B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926Wen 2005B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1
Laos0.262214Bodner 2011B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.25831Wen 2005B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.25032Wen 2004B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.25032Wen 2005B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445Wen 2004B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3
Filipino (Mindanao)0.24370Tabbada 2010B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.23842Wen 2005B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Han (Taiwanese)0.234111Chen 2013B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631Li 2007B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21119Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.20991Umetsu 2005B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.206102Liu 2011B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1
Korean (South Korea)0.204103Derenko 2007B4=13, B5=8
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.20055Zheng 2011B5=6, B4=5
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.20015Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Han (Southern California)0.192390Ji 2012B=75
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.19021Qian 2001B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.190137Ji 2012B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.18864Wen 2004B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.184103Wen 2005B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18233Wen 2004B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.18211Wen 2005B4a=1, B4b1=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.180261Kim 2008B(xB5)=32, B5=15
Han (Taiwan)0.1791117Ji 2012B=200
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado)0.17873Zheng 2011B4=12, B5=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.17845Yao 2004B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.17540Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.17229Li 2007B4b=3, B5a=2
Thailand0.171105Kaewsutthi 2011B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.17135Wen 2004B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16050Wen 2004B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.156160Umetsu 2005B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.15645Kong 2003B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.155633Fuku 2007B=98
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020Li 2007B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947Derenko 2007B4=5, B5=2
Korean (South Korea)0.148203Umetsu 2005B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6
Korean (South Korea)0.146185Jin 2009B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1
Vietnamese0.14342Jin 2009B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1
Okinawa0.141326Umetsu 2005B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.140121Zheng 2011B4=14, B5=3
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.136118Zheng 2011B4=11, B5=5
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.13330Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.129217Asari 2007B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5
Japanese (Tōkai)0.124282Umetsu 2005B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9
Japanese (Gifu)0.1211617Fuku 2007B=196
Negidal0.12133Starikovskaya 2005B5b2=4
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.119336Umetsu 2005B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1
Korean (northern China)0.11851Jin 2009B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.11371Derenko 2007B4=8
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.11118Wen 2004B4a=1, B5a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.11154Ji 2012B4a=5, B5b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.109256Umetsu 2005B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1
Japanese0.109211Maruyama 2003B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.10647Kong 2003B4b=4, B5b=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.10448Kong 2003B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.10448Kong 2003B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Beijing)0.10040Jin 2009B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.10030Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Thai0.10040Jin 2009B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.09731Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.090100Uchiyama 2007B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.08857Derenko 2007B4=5
Han (Xinjiang)0.08547Yao 2004B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan)0.08547Yao 2004B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.08547Jin 2009B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1
Tuvan0.08495Starikovskaya 2005B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.08324Ji 2012B=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.081149Derenko 2012B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota)0.076105Vilar 2013B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1
Manchurian0.07540Jin 2009B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540Comas 2004B=3
Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.07355Yao 2004B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1
Buryat0.071126Kong 2003B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.07199Derenko 2007B4=5, B5=2
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316Comas 2004B=1
Persian (eastern Iran)0.06182Derenko 2007B4=4, B5=1
Nogai (Dagestan)0.06133Marchani 2008B=2
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.05735Ji 2012B=2
Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.05555Yao 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.05437Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.053133Fornarino 2009B5a=7
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.05258Yao 2004B4b1=2, B4c=1
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004B=1
Filipino (Palawan)0.05020Scholes 2011B4a1a=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004B=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004B=1
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast)0.04982Derenko 2007B4=4
Va (Simao, Yunnan)0.04522Qian 2001B4(xB4a)=1
Altai Kizhi0.04490Derenko 2007B4=3, B5=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.04468Wen 2004B5a=2, B4b1=1
Tofalar0.04346Starikovskaya 2005B4a1c2=2
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan)0.04248Yao 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1
Tubalar0.04272Starikovskaya 2005B4b1a=3
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)0.04173Derenko 2007B4=3
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.04198Derenko 2012B5b2=3, B4c1b=1
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast)0.04025Starikovskaya 2005B4d1a=1
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.03853Yao 2004B4a=2
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast)0.03853Derenko 2007B4=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.036110Derenko 2007B4=3, B5=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.03429Ji 2012B4a=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.034295Derenko 2007B4=9, B5=1
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.02935Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.02836Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)0.02836Yao 2002B5a=1
Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836Derenko 2007B4=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.02540Fornarino 2009B5a=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.02540Wen 2004B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.02344Kong 2003B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.02147Yao 2004B(xB4, B5, B6)=1
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.02049Yao 2004B4b1=1
Ainu0.02051Sato 2009
Tajima 2004		B4f1=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.019105Derenko 2007B4=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.01856Wen 2004B4a=1
Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia)0.015206Bermisheva 2004B=3
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.01474Ji 2012B4a=1
Yakut0.012423Fedorova 2013B4(xB4b1)=3
B4b1=1
B5b2=1
Bashkir0.009221Bermisheva 2002B=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015Derenko 2007–
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00016Comas 2004–
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004–
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004–
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004–
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004–
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020Comas 2004–
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024Fornarino 2009–
Nganasan0.00024Starikovskaya 2005–
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024Wen 2004–
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025Derenko 2007–
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029Fornarino 2009–
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.00029Ji 2012–
Batak (Palawan)0.00031Scholes 2011–
Ket0.00038Starikovskaya 2005–
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044Derenko 2007–
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.00044Ji 2012–
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045Derenko 2007–
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)0.00046Starikovskaya 2005–
Itelmen0.00047Starikovskaya 2005–
Chuvash0.00055Bermisheva 2002–
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056Starikovskaya 2005–
Komi-Zyryans0.00062Bermisheva 2002–
Mansi0.00063Pimenoff 2008–
Chukchi0.00066Starikovskaya 2005–
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan)0.00071Starikovskaya 2005–
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.00071Malyarchuk 2010–
Komi-Permyaks0.00074Bermisheva 2002–
Siberian Eskimo0.00079Starikovskaya 2005–
Ulchi0.00087Starikovskaya 2005–
Mansi0.00098Starikovskaya 2005–
Udmurt0.000101Bermisheva 2002–
Mordvinian0.000102Bermisheva 2002–
Khanty0.000106Pimenoff 2008–
Yakut0.000117Kong 2003–
Tatar (Buinsk)0.000126Malyarchuk 2010–
Mari0.000136Bermisheva 2002–
Koryak0.000155Starikovskaya 2005–
Tatar0.000228Bermisheva 2002–

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

  • B'R11'R24
    • B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
      • B4
        • B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
        • B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
          • B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province[17]), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
          • B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh[18])
            • B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp[19])
              • B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp[19])
                • B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
                • B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 3,900 [95% CI 3,600 <-> 4,300] ybp[19]) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)[20] the Polynesian motif,[21][22][23][24] or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
                  • B4a1a1a (16247) – Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
                    • B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
                        • B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
                      • B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                      • B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
                      • B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
                    • B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                    • B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
                    • B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
                    • B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
                    • B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
                    • B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
                    • B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
                    • B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
                      • B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
                    • B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
                    • B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
                    • B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
                    • B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
                  • B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
                  • B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
                  • B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
                  • B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
                  • B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
                  • B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
                  • B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                  • B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
                  • B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
                  • B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
                  • B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                • B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
                  • B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
                    • B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
                      • B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
                • B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
                  • B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
                • B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
                  • B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
                • B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
              • B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp[19])
                • B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
                • B4a1b – Japan
                  • B4a1b1 – Japan
                    • B4a1b1a – Japan, Korea
                • B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province,[17] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[25])
              • B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Japan
                • B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
                  • B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
                    • B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
                • B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
                  • B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
                  • B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province[17])
                  • B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
                • B4a1c3
                  • B4a1c3a (TMRCA 1,850 [95% CI 650 <-> 4,200] ybp) – Japan, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic[26]), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan[27])
                  • B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,100 [95% CI 5,100 <-> 21,000] ybp) – Japan, China
              • B4a1d – Vietnam
            • B4a2 – Japan
              • B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
                • B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
                • B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
                • B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
              • B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
                • B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
                  • B4a2b1a – Japan
            • B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Japan
            • B4a4 – Japan, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Naxi, Uyghur, Ladakh, Yakut, Russia, Germany
            • B4a5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (Hmong, Yao, Gelao)
          • B4g
            • B4g1 – Thailand
              • B4g1a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces,[17] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province[17]), Vietnam (Thái, Nùng, etc.), China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.)
              • B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
            • B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province,[17] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,[17] Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province,[17] Htin in Phayao Province[17])
          • B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province[17])
            • B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[17]), Japan
          • B4i – China
            • B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
        • B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
          • B4b – Canada
            • B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
              • B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
                • B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
                  • B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
                    • B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
                  • B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
                • B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
                • B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
                • B2a4
                  • B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
                    • B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
                • B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
              • B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
                • B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
                • B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
                  • B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
                • B2b3 – Yanomama
                  • B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
                • B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
              • B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada
                • B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
                • B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
                  • B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
              • B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
              • B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
              • B2f – USA (Mexican)
              • B2g
                • B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
                • B2g2
              • B2h – Ache
              • B2i
                • B2i1 – Kayapo
                • B2i2 – Chile
                  • B2i2a – Mapuche
                    • B2i2a1 – Chile
                      • B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
                      • B2i2a1b – Chile
                  • B2i2b – Chile
                    • B2i2b1 – Chile
              • B2j
              • B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
              • B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
              • B2m
              • B2n
              • B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
                • B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
                  • B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
              • B2p – USA (Mexican)
              • B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
              • B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
              • B2s – USA (Mexican)
              • B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
              • B2u
              • B2v
              • B2w
              • B2x
              • B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
                • B2y1 – USA
            • B4b1
              • B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province),[17] Korea, Japan
              • B4b1a
                • B4b1a* – China, Tubalar,[14] Philippines, Indonesia
                • B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 16,200] ybp) – Japan
                  • B4b1a1 (TMRCA 2,800 [95% CI 1,950 <-> 3,900] ybp) – Japan
                    • B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
                    • B4b1a1b – Japan
                    • B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
                  • B4b1a2 (TMRCA 10,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 12,000] ybp) – Japan, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[17]), India
                    • B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province[17]), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Japan
                    • B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
                      • B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
                      • B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
                    • B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
                    • B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
                    • B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
                    • B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
                    • B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
                      • B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
                    • B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
                    • B4b1a2i
                      • B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)[28]
                      • B4b1a2i1
                        • B4b1a2i1*
                        • B4b1a2i1a
                          • B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
                            • B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
                      • B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 3,600 <-> 12,200] ybp) – Han Chinese (Denver)
                    • B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)[29]
                    • B4b1a3a (TMRCA 2,400 [95% CI 1,500 <-> 3,700] ybp)
                    • B4b1a3b
                      • B4b1a3b* – Buryat[16]
                      • B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
              • B4b1b'c
                • B4b1b – Japan, Korean, southern China, Vietnam
                • B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
                  • B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
                  • B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
          • B4d
            • B4d1'2'3
              • B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat[14]), China (Oroqen,[29] Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
              • B4d1 – China (Miao, Han from Fengcheng, Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)[32]
                • B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)
              • B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
              • B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
                • B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
                  • B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.)
            • B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
          • B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,[17] Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province[17]), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[17]), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
          • B4j – Buryat
        • B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
        • B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama[38]), Korea, Vietnam (Lô Lô)
          • B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
          • B4f1
            • B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
      • B5
        • B5* – China
        • B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province[17]), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
          • B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province[17]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
            • B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,[17] Thailand,[17] Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
              • B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
            • B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran[39]
              • B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province[17]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane[17]), China, Korea
            • B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province[17]), Guyana
              • B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang[17])
                • B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
                  • B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
              • B5a1c2 – China (Han)
            • B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
          • B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
            • B5a2a
              • B5a2a1 – Han Chinese
                • B5a2a1a – China
                • B5a2a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
              • B5a2a2
                • B5a2a2* – China
                • B5a2a2a
                  • B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
                  • B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
                • B5a2a2b
                  • B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
                    • B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
                  • B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
        • B5b – China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
          • B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province[17]), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
            • B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province[17])
              • B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
              • B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
                • B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
            • B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
              • B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
                • B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
          • B5b2 – Russian old settler in Siberia (Pokhosk Village, Sakha Republic), Ulchi,[40] Uyghur, China (Han), Japan, Philippines, Malaysia (Bidayuh)
            • B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
              • B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
              • B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Buryat, Hezhen
                • B5b2a2a
                  • B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
                  • B5b2a2a2 – Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
            • B5b2b – Yakut
            • B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
              • B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
          • B5b3
          • B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
          • B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
    • R11'B6
      • R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
        • R11a – Japan
        • R11b – China, Japan
          • R11b1 – China, Tibet (Tingri),[41] Thailand (Khmer from Surin Province),[17] Vietnam (Kinh)
            • R11b1a – China (Han from Beijing), Altai Kizhi
            • R11b1b – China (Han from Qingdao and Hunan), Xibo, Korea
      • B6
        • B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[17])
          • B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province[17]), Philippines
            • B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[17]), Malaysia (Temuan)
    • R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
      • R24a – Philippines

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References
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  4. Haplogroup B.
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