Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).[2]

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup D-M174.
Haplogroup D
Possible time of originca. 60,000 – 40,000 YBP
Possible place of originEast Asia
AncestorM
DescendantsD4, 16189
Defining mutations4883 5178A 16362[1]

In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central[3] and Northeast Asia.[4] Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X.

Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland,[5] is a branch of D4b1c.

D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese,[6][7][8][9] Okinawans,[7] Koreans,[7][10] and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,[11] Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner,[12] and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner.[12] D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, and the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic.[11][13] Spread also all over China, Southeast Asia, Siberia, Central Asia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave.

  • D4* - China, Korea, Japan, USA, Russia, Georgia, Iraq, Turkey, Greece

  • D1 - America
    • D1a - Colombia
      • D1a1 - Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
      • D1a2 - Guaraní
    • D1b - United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
    • D1c - United States (Hispanic), Mexican
    • D1d
      • D1d1 - United States (Hispanic), Mexican
      • D1d2 - Mexican
    • D1e - Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
    • D1f - Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador, Peru, Mexican, USA
      • D1f1 - Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
      • D1f2 - Colombia
      • D1f3 - Mexico, USA (Native American)
    • D1g - Southern Cone of South America
      • D1g1
        • D1g1a
        • D1g1b
      • D1g2
        • D1g2a
      • D1g3
      • D1g4
      • D1g5
      • D1g6
    • D1h
      • D1h1 - Mexican
      • D1h2 - Mexican
    • D1i - Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
      • D1i1 - Mexican
      • D1i2 - Mexican
    • D1j - Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
      • D1j1
        • D1j1a
          • D1j1a1 - Argentina
          • D1j1a2
    • D1k - Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
    • D1m - Mexican
    • D1n - United States (Hispanic), Mexico
    • D1r - Peru
    • D1u
      • D1u1 - Peru

  • D4a - Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province),[21] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),[21] Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan
    • D4a1 - Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi[22]
      • D4a1a - Japan
        • D4a1a1 - Japan, Korea
          • D4a1a1a - Japan
      • D4a1b - Japan, Korea
        • D4a1b1 - Japan
      • D4a1c - Japan, Korea
      • D4a1d - Japan
      • D4a1e - China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Yakut
        • D4a1e1 - Japan, Uyghurs
      • D4a1f - Japan
        • D4a1f1 - Japan
      • D4a1g - China, Bargut
      • D4a1h - Japan
    • D4a2 - Japan, Korea
      • D4a2a - Japan, Korea
      • D4a2b - Japan
    • D4a3
      • D4a3a
        • D4a3a* - China, Korea
        • D4a3a1 - China
        • D4a3a2 - Japan
      • D4a3b
        • D4a3b* - China
        • D4a3b1 - Japan, Korea
        • D4a3b2 - China, Taiwan
    • D4a4 - Japan
    • D4a5
    • D4a6
    • D4a7 - China
    • D4a8 - China
  • D4b - Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand[23])
    • D4b1
      • D4b1* - Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur), Mongols
      • D4b1a
        • D4b1a* - China (Bargut from Inner Mongolia), South Korea
        • D4b1a1 - South Korea, Japan
          • D4b1a1a - South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyzstan
        • D4b1a2 - Yukaghir, Neolithic Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug
          • D4b1a2a
            • D4b1a2a* - Hungary, Khamnigan, Han (Beijing)
            • D4b1a2a1 - China (Bargut, Uyghur), Mongol, Kazakhstan, Karakalpak, Azeri, Turkey, Poland, Russia (Buryats in Buryat Republic and Irkutsk Oblast, Tubalars, Ayon, Yanranay, Karaginsky District), Inuit (Canada, Greenland[24]), Canada, Native American (USA)
            • D4b1a2a2 - Buryat, Todzhins, Tuvan
      • D4b1b'd
        • D4b1b
          • D4b1b1 - Japan
            • D4b1b1a - Japan
              • D4b1b1a1 - Japan
          • D4b1b2 - China (Han from Zhanjiang), Japan
        • D4b1d - China (Gelao from Daozhen)
      • D4b1c
        • D3 - Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
          • D3* - Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
          • D3a - Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
          • D3b - Oroqen
          • D3c
            • D3c* - Buryat
            • D3c1
              • D3c1* - Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
              • D3c1a
                • D3c1a1
                  • D3c1a1a - Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
                  • D3c1a1b - Italy (Roman Empire)
                • D3c1a2 - Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
          • D3d - Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
          • D3e - Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
    • D4b2 - Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama,[25] China, India (Gallong)
      • D4b2a - Japan
        • D4b2a1 - Japan
        • D4b2a2 - Japan, Korea
          • D4b2a2a - Japan, Kyrgyzstan
            • D4b2a2a1 - Japan
            • D4b2a2a2 - Japan
          • D4b2a2b - Japan
      • D4b2b - China (Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province[21]), Saudi Arabia
        • D4b2b1 - Japan, Korea, Buryat, Uyghur, Persian
          • D4b2b1a - Japan
          • D4b2b1b - Japan
          • D4b2b1c - Japan
          • D4b2b1d - Japan
        • D4b2b2 - China (Tujia, etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • D4b2b2a - China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
            • D4b2b2a1 - Japan, Russia
          • D4b2b2b - Russia, China, South Korea
          • D4b2b2c - China, Buryat
        • D4b2b3 - Japan
        • D4b2b4 - Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
        • D4b2b5 - Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
        • D4b2b6 - Chinese (Beijing, Denver), Korea, Armenian
        • D4b2b7 - China, Taiwan (Hakka)
        • D4b2b8 - Uyghur
        • D4b2b9
          • D4b2b9* - China, Xibo
          • D4b2b9a
            • D4b2b9a* - Buryat
            • D4b2b9a1 - China
      • D4b2c
      • D4b2d - Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
  • D4c
    • D4c1 - Uyghur
      • D4c1a - Japan, Korea
        • D4c1a1 - Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
      • D4c1b - Japan, Inner Mongolia
        • D4c1b1 - Japan, Tibet
        • D4c1b2 - Japan
    • D4c2 - Turkmenistan
      • D4c2a - Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
        • D4c2a1 - Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
      • D4c2b - Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
      • D4c2c - Japan
  • D4d - Japan, Korea

  • D4e
    • D4e1 - Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
      • D4e1a - Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province[21]), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China, Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
        • D4e1a1 - Japan, Chinese
        • D4e1a2 - Thailand, Sonowal Kachari
          • D4e1a2a - Japan, Korea
        • D4e1a3 - Chinese
      • D2 - Uyghur
        • D2a'b
          • D2a - Aleut, Tlingit
            • D2a1 - Saqqaq, ancient Canada
              • D2a1a - Aleut
              • D2a1b - Siberian Eskimo
            • D2a2 - Chukchi, Eskimo
          • D2b - Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region)
            • D2b1 - China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
              • D2b1a - Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
            • D2b2 - Evenk, Bargut
        • D2c - Buryat
      • D4e1c - Mexican
    • D4e2 - Japan, Korea
      • D4e2a - Japan, Korea
      • D4e2b - Japan
      • D4e2c - Japan
      • D4e2d - Japan
    • D4e3 - Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek),[21] China, Lachungpa
    • D4e4 - Yakut, Ulchi,[22] Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
      • D4e4a - Evenk, Even, Uyghur
        • D4e4a1 - Yukaghir, Evenk, Even
      • D4e4b - Russian, Volga Tatar
  • D4f - Shor
    • D4f1 - Japan, Korea, Bargut

  • D4g
    • D4g* - Japan, Korea
    • D4g1 - Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Uzbekistan
      • D4g1a - Japan
      • D4g1b - Japan, Taiwan, Belarus
      • D4g1c - Japan
    • D4g2 - China
      • D4g2a - Japan
        • D4g2a1 - China, Thailand (Mon from Lopburi Province[21]), Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
          • D4g2a1a - Japan
          • D4g2a1b - China, Thailand (Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province)
          • D4g2a1c - Thailand (Mon from Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Province[21]), China, Wancho, Jammu and Kashmir
      • D4g2b - China, Buryat
        • D4g2b1 - Han Chinese, Ulchi
          • D4g2b1a - Japan

  • D4h
    • D4h* - Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province[21]), Philippines
    • D4h1
      • D4h1* - China
      • D4h1a
        • D4h1a1 - Japan
        • D4h1a2 - Japan
      • D4h1b - Hunan (Han), Japan
      • D4h1c - China (incl. Tu), Tibet
        • D4h1c1 - Japan
      • D4h1d - Bargut
    • D4h2 - Ulchi
    • D4h3 - Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province[21])[26]
      • D4h3a - South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA[27]
        • D4h3a1 - Chile
          • D4h3a1a - Chile
            • D4h3a1a1 - Chile
            • D4h3a1a2 - Chile
        • D4h3a2 - Chile, Argentina
        • D4h3a3 - Chile
          • D4h3a3a - Mexico, USA
        • D4h3a4 - Peru
        • D4h3a5 - Chile, Peru, Argentina
        • D4h3a6 - Peru, Ecuador
        • D4h3a7 - ancient Canada
        • D4h3a8 - Mexico
        • D4h3a9 - Peru
      • D4h3b - China
    • D4h4 - Uyghur, Tibet, Japan
      • D4h4a - Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
  • D4i
    • D4i* - Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
    • D4i1 - Japan
    • D4i2 - Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
    • D4i3
      • D4i3* - Nepal (Kathmandu)
      • D4i3a - China, Taiwan (Atayal)
    • D4i4 - Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
    • D4i5 - Japan

  • D4j - Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Bargut, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
    • D4j1 - Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[21]), Uyghur
      • D4j1a - Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
        • D4j1a1 - Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province[21]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
          • D4j1a1a - Gallong, Tibet
          • D4j1a1b - Toto
        • D4j1a2 - Tibet, Ladakh
      • D4j1b - Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province[21]), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • D4j1b2 - Gallong
    • D4j2 - Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut,[28] Dolgan[28]
      • D4j2a - Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)[29]
    • D4j-T16311C! - Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
      • D4j3 - Russian Federation, Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province[21])
        • D4j3a - China, Inner Mongolia, Ulchi
          • D4j3a1 - Japan
      • D4j11 - Japan, Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Hungary, Italy
    • D4j4 - Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic[28]), Evenk (Nyukzha River basin,[29] Iengra River basin[29])
      • D4j4a - Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,[28] Iengra River basin[29]), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin[28])
    • D4j5 - Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan),[30] Uyghur, Kyrgyz,[31] Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut,[29][28] Yukaghir,[28] Even (Sakha Republic),[29][28] Evenk (Sakha Republic)[28]
    • D4j-T146C!
      • D4j6 - China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
      • D4j13 - Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
    • D4j7 - Tubalar
      • D4j7a - Buryat, Bargut
    • D4j8 - China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic),[28] Yakut,[28] Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
    • D4j9 - Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
    • D4j10 - Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
    • D4j12 - Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
    • D4j14 - Japan
    • D4j15 - China, Tibet, Kazakhstan
    • D4j16 - China
  • D4k'o'p
    • D4k - Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
    • D4o - Buryat
      • D4o1
        • D4o1* - Khamnigan,[32] Tubalar (Northeast Altai),[20] Buryat (Buryat Republic),[33] Han Chinese (N. China)[34]
        • D4o1a
          • D4o1a* - Japan, Buryat[32]
          • D4o1a1 - Japan
        • D4o1b - Uyghur
        • D4o1c - Kyrgyz (Artux)[31]
      • D4o2 - Bargut, Yakut, Evenk (Sakha Republic), Even (Kamchatka, Sakha Republic), Koryak, Ulchi[22]
        • D4o2* - Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[32] Yakut[29]
        • D4o2a - Manchu
          • D4o2a* - Uyghur, Yakut, Nganasan, Buryat (Zabaykalsky Krai), Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)
          • D4o2a1
            • D4o2a1* - Negidal, Hezhen, Uyghur
            • D4o2a1a - Uyghur
            • D4o2a1b - China
          • D4o2a2 - Even (Kamchatka),[29] Koryak[29]
          • D4o2a3 - Yakut,[29] Uyghur
      • D4o3 - Uyghur, Buryat[32]
    • D4p
      • D4p* - Altaian, Buryat
      • D4p1 - Japan
      • D4p2 - Buryat
  • D4l
    • D4l1
      • D4l1a - Japan
        • D4l1a1 - Japan
      • D4l1b - Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
    • D4l2 - Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut, Uyghur
      • D4l2a - Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir
        • D4l2a1 - Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
        • D4l2a2 - Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
      • D4l2b - China, Tibet (Lhasa)
  • D4m
    • D4m* - Tubalar (Northeast Altai)[20]
    • D4m1 - Japan
    • D4m2 - Mongolia
      • D4m2a - Nivkh, Ulchi, Yakut, Buryat, Evenk, Even, Yukaghir
      • D4m2b - Tuvinian,[35] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[32] Mongolia, Uyghur
    • D4m3 - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan,[36] Artux[31]), Uyghur
  • D4n
    • D4n* - Japan, Korea
    • D4n1
      • D4n1* - Japan
      • D4n1a - Japan
    • D4n2
      • D4n2a - China
      • D4n2b - Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan),[31] Tibet,[37] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[32] Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)[33]
  • D4q - Tibet, Sherdukpen, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Jammu and Kashmir, Germany, Netherlands, United States
  • D4r - Thailand, Myanmar
  • D4s
  • D4t - China, Korea, Japan
  • D4u
    • D4u*
    • D4u1
      • D4u1* - Iran (Qashqai)[30]
      • D4u1a - Tashkurgan (Sarikoli)[31]
  • D4v - Thailand[21]
  • D4w - Japan (Tokyo), Tu
  • D4x - Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
  • D4y - Vietnam (La Chí)
  • D4z - China

D5'6

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in Japan.[39][40][41] It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, Northeast and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%[28]) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times, under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.[28]

  • D5
    • D5a - China, Korea, Buryat, Poland
      • D5a1 - Japan
        • D5a1a - Japan
          • D5a1a1 - Japan
          • D5a1a2 - Japan
      • D5a2 - Gallong, Korea
        • D5a2a - Buryat, Japan
          • D5a2a-T16092C - Korea
            • D5a2a1 - China, Tibet (Monpa, Deng), Vietnam (Hà Nhì), Korea, Japan (Gifu), Buryat, Tuvan, Kazakh
              • D5-C16172T! - Burusho,[34] Tubalar,[20] Wancho, Gallong, Thailand (Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province[21]), China (Han from Fujian)
                • D5a2a1a - Japan (Aichi, Chiba, etc.), China
                  • D5a2a1a1 - Japan (Aichi, etc.), Uyghur, Poland[32][42]
                    • D5a2a1a1a - Japan (Chiba, etc.)
                  • D5a2a1a2 - Japan (Gifu, Tokyo, etc.)
              • D5a2a1b - Sonowal Kachari,[43] Gallong,[43] China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet (Lhoba, Tingri, Deng), Kyrgyz (Artux)[31]
                • D5a2a1b1 - China, Taiwan (Minnan)
            • D5a2a2 - Japan (Aichi), Bargut, Buryat, Kyrgyz (Artux), Tibet (Shannan), Yakut, Dolgan, Yukaghir, Evenk (Iengra, Nyukzha, Taimyr, Sakha Republic), Even (Sakha Republic)
        • D5a2b - Vietnam (Si La, Hà Nhì), Tibet (Deng, Sherpa), China
      • D5a3 - Tibet, Korea, Japan
        • D5a3a - Tibet, Finland
          • D5a3a1 - China, Uyghur, Ukraine
            • D5a3a1a - Finland, Norway (Saami), Russia (Veliky Novgorod, etc.), Mansi
    • D5b - Uyghur, China
      • D5b1
        • D5b1* - China, Uyghur
        • D5b1a
          • D5b1a1 - Japan, Korea, China (Hubei, etc.)
          • D5b1a2 - Japan
        • D5b1b
          • D5b1b* - Japan, Korea
          • D5b1b1 - Japan, Korea, Uzbekistan
          • D5b1b2
            • D5b1b2* - Japan, Korea, Taiwan (Minnan), Uyghur
            • D5b1b2a - Uyghur
            • D5b1b2b - Uyghur
            • D5b1b2c - Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[36][44]
          • D5b1b3 - Japan
          • D5b1b4 - China
        • D5b1c
          • D5b1c* - China (Han from Kunming)
          • D5b1c1 - China, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam (Kinh)
            • D5b1c1* - Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
            • D5b1c1a
              • D5b1c1a* - Taiwan (Amis, Puyuma, etc.), Indonesia (Manado), Chinese (Singapore)
              • D5b1c1a1 - Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, etc.)
              • D5b1c1a2 - Philippines (Ibaloi)
            • D5b1c1b - China
          • D5b1c2 - Uyghur
        • D5b1d - Han Chinese (Beijing), Yakut[28][34]
        • D5b1e - China
        • D5b1f - China
      • D5b2 - Japan
      • D5b3
        • D5b3* - Vietnam (Kinh, Tay), Thailand (Phuan), Laos (Lao), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
        • D5b3a - Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai, Puyuma)
          • D5b3a1 - Taiwan (Rukai, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
        • D5b3b
          • D5b3b* - Thailand
          • D5b3b1 - Thailand
      • D5b4 - Thailand (Siamese, Tai Yuan), Vietnam (Tay Nung, Cờ Lao, Tay, Kinh), Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao, etc.), China (Han)
      • D5b5 - Uyghur
    • D5c
      • D5c1 - Japan, Han Chinese (Beijing)
        • D5c1a - Japan, Tubalar, Shor, Uyghur, China, Taiwan (Minnan, etc.)
      • D5c-T16311C! - Mongolia, China
        • D5c2
          • D5c2* - Vietnam (Kinh)
          • D5c2a - China, Japan
  • D6
    • D6a - Philippines, East Timor
      • D6a1
        • D6a1* - Tibet, China, Korea, Japan
        • D6a1a - China, Japan
      • D6a2 - Taiwan (Atayal), Philippines
    • D6c - China (She people, Han from Zhanjiang), Taiwan (Minnan)
      • D6c1 - Philippines


Table of frequencies by ethnic group
Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Aleut (Commander Islands)1.00036Volodko 2008D2a1a=36
Orok (Sakhalin)0.68961Bermisheva 2005D(xD5)=41, D5=1
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.656163Volodko 2008D2a1a=107
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.55040Wen 2004D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2
Northern Paiute/Shoshoni0.47994Malhi 2003D=45
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.43816Comas 2004D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.43244Kong 2003D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.415217Asari 2007D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.414256Umetsu 2005D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3
Japanese0.412211Maruyama 2003D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1
Japanese (Tōkai)0.411282Umetsu 2005D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2
Northern Paiute0.40898Malhi 2004D=40
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.399336Umetsu 2005D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2
Korean (South Korea)0.398103Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.39648Kong 2003D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)0.390154Fedorova 2013D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1
Okinawa0.383326Umetsu 2005D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.37524Ji 2012D=9
Korean (South Korea)0.364261Kim 2008D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7
Japanese (Tokyo)0.356118Zheng 2011D4=39, D5=3
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.356149Derenko 2012D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.349295Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2
Buryat0.348419Derenko 2010D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3
Korean (South Korea)0.340203Umetsu 2005D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.33399Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1
Korean (northern China)0.33351Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.33348Kong 2003D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.329164Fedorova 2013D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1
Korean (South Korea)0.324185Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.32331Wen 2004D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.31947Kong 2003D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.30173Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4
Han (Beijing)0.30040Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.300100Uchiyama 2007D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.30020Comas 2004D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1
Yakut0.299117Kong 2003D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.297111Fedorova 2013D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.29627Wen 2005D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.292137Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5
Nganasan0.29224Starikovskaya 2005D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.291110Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.28656Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.28635Ji 2012D=10
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)0.280125Fedorova 2013D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.275160Umetsu 2005D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.27333Wen 2004D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.26715Wen 2004D(xD5)=4
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.26598Derenko 2012D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4
Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.257148Fedorova 2013D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1
Nganasan (Ust-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya)0.25639Volodko 2008D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.25547Yao 2004D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.25547Yao 2004D(xD5)=12
Nuu-Chah-Nulth0.255102Malhi 2004D=26
Han (southern California)0.254390Ji 2012D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18
Manchurian0.25040Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.248105Fedorova 2013D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.24553Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.24445Kong 2003D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2
Evenk (Buryatia)0.24445Derenko 2007D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1
Han (Taiwan)0.2431117Ji 2012D=271
Negidal0.24233Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.24050Wen 2004D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Ainu0.23551Sato 2009D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.23191Umetsu 2005D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631Li 2007D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.22458Yao 2004D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakut (Yakutia)0.22236Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.22218Volodko 2008D5a1=3, D6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.21964Wen 2004D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Ulchi0.21887Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.215121Zheng 2011D4=15, D5=11
Vietnamese0.21442Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)0.21171Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.21171Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=15
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.20824Wen 2005D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.20729Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.20729Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.20449Yao 2004D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Siberian Eskimos0.20379Starikovskaya 2005D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin)
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020Comas 2004D(xD4c)=4
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020Comas 2004D(xD4c)=4
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.20030Wen 2004D(xD5)=6
Buryat0.198126Kong 2003D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.196102Liu 2011D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Tubalar0.19472Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.194103Wen 2005D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.19168Wen 2004D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4
Mansi0.19063Pimenoff 2008D=12
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.19042Wen 2005D(xD5)=7, D5a=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18816Wen 2004D(xD5)=3
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.18554Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.18255Yao 2004D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.17939Wen 2005D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Denver)0.17873Zheng 2011D4=10, D5=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.17182Volodko 2008D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.16736Wen 2004D(xD5)=6
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.16730Wen 2004D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakama0.16742Malhi 2004D=7
Han (Hunan & Fujian)0.16455Zheng 2011D4=6, D5=2, D6=1
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.16455Yao 2004D(xD5)=9
Khanty0.160106Pimenoff 2008D=17
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)0.16025Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.15819Wen 2004D(xD5)=3
Khakassians (Khakassia)0.15857Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=9
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.15632Wen 2005D(xD5)=5
Hui (Xinjiang)0.15645Yao 2004D(xD5)=6, D5a=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.152105Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1
Nogai (Daghestan)0.15233Marchani 2008D=5
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.15040Wen 2005D(xD5)=6
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020Comas 2004D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.15040Wen 2004D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020Li 2007D(xD4b, D5)=3
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)0.146130Zhao 2010D4=13, D5=3, D(xD4,D5)=3
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.14648Yao 2004D(xD5)=7
Bella Coola0.14384Malhi 2004D=12
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.14335Wen 2004D(xD5)=5
Tuvan0.13795Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.13644Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.13622Fedorova 2013D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.13315Derenko 2007D2=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.13253Yao 2004D(xD5)=7
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.12847Jin 2009D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.12755Ji 2012D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1
Shor (Kemerovo)0.12282Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1
Chukchi0.12166Starikovskaya 2005D2=7, D3=1
Bunu (19 Bu Nu from Dahua & 6 Mu Bin from Tianlin)0.12025Wen 2005D(xD5)=2, D5a=1
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.12025Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=3
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky & Tatyshlinsky)0.119101Bermisheva 2002D=12
Karelian (Viena)0.11587Lappalainen 2008D5=10
Sulawesi (89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)0.110237Hill 2007D5=20, D(xD5)=6
Han (Taiwanese)0.108111Chen 2013D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.10647Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=5
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.10647Yao 2004D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.10020Comas 2004D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.10040Fornarino 2009D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.09971Malyarchuk 2010D=7
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.09432Volodko 2008D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.09432Wen 2004D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)0.090221Bermisheva 2002D=20
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.090133Fornarino 2009D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5
Altay Kizhi0.08990Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.08635Wen 2004D(xD5)=3
Mansi0.08298Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.08137Wen 2004D(xD5)=3
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.07726Wen 2005D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1
Thai0.07540Jin 2009D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540Comas 2004D(xD4c)=3
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.07341Wen 2005D(xD5)=3
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.07128Li 2007D(xD4b, D5)=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.07156Wen 2004D(xD5)=4
Ambon0.07043Hill 2007D(xD5)=2, D5=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.06929Li 2007D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.06844Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316Comas 2004D(xD4c)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.05735Wen 2005D(xD5)=2
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.05618Wen 2004D5(xD5a)=1
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous District)0.05474Bermisheva 2002D=4
Taono O'odham0.05437Malhi 2003D=2
Taiwan aborigines0.053640Peng 2011D5'6=26, D4=8
Apache0.05338Malhi 2003D=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.05319Ji 2012D=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.05319Wen 2005D(xD5)=1
Li (Hainan)0.052346Peng 2011D5'6=13, D4=5
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)0.051157Hill 2007D5=7, D(xD5)=1
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020Comas 2004D(xD4c)=1
Karelian (Tver)0.04961Lappalainen 2008D5=2, D(xD5)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)0.048126Malyarchuk 2010D=6
Thailand0.048105Kaewsutthi 2011D=5
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.04445Wen 2004D(xD5)=2
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.04224Fornarino 2009D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1
Chuvash (Morgaushsky)0.03655Bermisheva 2002D=2
Cun (Hainan)0.03330Peng 2011D4=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.03231Wen 2005D(xD5)=1
Filipino0.03164Tabbada 2010D5b=1, D6=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132Wen 2005D(xD5)=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.02970Tabbada 2010D6=2
Karelian (Aunus)0.028218Lappalainen 2008D5=6
Ket0.02638Starikovskaya 2005D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1
Tatar (Almetyevsky & Yelabuzhsky)0.026228Bermisheva 2002D=6
Persian (eastern Iran)0.02482Derenko 2007D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1
Lombok (Mataram)0.02344Hill 2007D5=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.023177Tabbada 2010D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1
Alor0.02245Hill 2007D(xD5)=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.018168Peng 2010D4=3
Mari (Zvenigovsky)0.015136Bermisheva 2002D=2
Koryak0.013155Starikovskaya 2005D3=2
Bali0.01282Hill 2007D5=1
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky)0.010102Bermisheva 2002D=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.009112Tabbada 2010D6=1
Kiliwa0.0007Malhi 2003-
Seri0.0008Malhi 2003-
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010Wen 2005-
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00011Wen 2005-
Cochimí0.00013Malhi 2003-
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020Scholes 2011-
River Yuman0.00022Malhi 2003-
Delta Yuman0.00023Malhi 2003-
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024Wen 2004-
Zuni0.00026Malhi 2003-
Pai Yuman0.00027Malhi 2003-
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029Hill 2006-
Batak (Palawan)0.00031Scholes 2011-
Lingao (Hainan)0.00031Peng 2011-
Nahua0.00031Malhi 2003-
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032Hill 2006-
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033Hill 2006-
Jemez0.00036Malhi 2003-
Akimal O’odham0.00043Malhi 2003-
Java (incl. 36 from Tengger)0.00046Hill 2007-
Tofalar0.00046Starikovskaya 2005-
Udegey0.00046Starikovskaya 2005-
Itelmen0.00047Starikovskaya 2005-
Sumba (Waingapu)0.00050Hill 2007-
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051Hill 2006-
Senoi (51 Temiar & 1 Semai, Malaysia)0.00052Hill 2006-
Filipino0.00061Hill 2007-
Semelai (Malaysia)0.00061Hill 2006-
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky)0.00062Bermisheva 2002-
Navajo0.00064Malhi 2003-
Sumatra0.000180Hill 2007-

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References
  1. van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  2. estimated at 48.3+13.1
    −12.7     kya     (95% CI) in: "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material (p. 84)" (PDF). 2009: 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. D. Comas et al., Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2004
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