Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios

Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios
English: The Sardinian Patriot to the Lords
Official anthem of  Sardinia, Italy
Lyrics Frantziscu Ignatziu Mannu
(Francesco Ignazio Mannu in Italian)
Adopted 2018

Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios ("The Sardinian Patriot to the Lords"),[1] widely known also by its incipit as Procurade 'e moderare ("Endeavor to moderate"), is a protest and antifeudal folk song in the culture of Sardinia. It's officially recognised to be the national anthem of Sardinia.[2][3][4]

The anthem was written in Sardinian by the lawyer Francesco Ignazio Mannu (Frantziscu Ignàtziu Mannu in his native language) on the occasion of the failed Sardinian revolution, a series of mass revolts (1793–1796) against the Savoyard feudal system (which would survive until the second half of the 19th century), long since abandoned by Western European powers, that culminated with the execution or expulsion from the island of the officials of the ruling House of Savoy on 28 April 1794 (officially commemorated today as Sa die de sa Sardigna, "Sardinian people's day"[5]).[6][7][8] Because of its temporal coincidence with the French revolution, the song was also nicknamed by J. W. Tyndale and other scholars like Auguste Boullier as "the Sardinian Marseillaise".[9][10]

In 2012, a bill was presented before the Sardinian Council that would recognize the song as the official anthem of Sardinia.[11] It has been finally made as such in 2018.[12]

Text

The anthem is a poetry written in octave with a metrical pattern of a bb cc dd e, and its content resounds with typical Enlightement themes. The entire text consists of 47 stanzas for a total of 376 verses, and describes the miserable state of Sardinia at the end of the XVIII° century, kept as Savoy's dependency with an archaic feudal system that would only advantage the feudatories and leave a Sard only with "a rope to hang himself" (stanza 34, verse 272).

The incipit is in fact addressed to the Lords' arrogance, regarded as the people being most at fault for the island's decadence: Procurad'e moderare, Barones, sa tirannia… ("Endeavor to moderate, Oh barons! your tyranny...").

The disastrous socio-economic situation plaguing the island is described in detail. The oppressors from the Mainland are also harshly criticized: according to the poet, they did not care about Sardinia, and the only thing that would concern them was to surround themselves with richness and loot through the cheap exploitation of the island's resources, in a manner not dissimilar to Spain's behaviour towards the Indies ("Sardinia to the Piedmonteise Was as a golden land, What Spain found in the Indies They discovered here": stanza 32, verse 249–251).

The chant closes with a vigorous incitement to revolt, sealed with a terse Sardinian saying: Cando si tenet su bentu est prezisu bentulare ("When the wind is in your harbour, Is the proper time to winnow": stanza 47, verse 375–376).

Editions, translations and literary critique

The anthem was illegally published in Sassari in 1796 and not in the nearby island of Corsica, as it was believed until recently.[13] After all, Sassari was already taken by the rebels and, in 1796, ruled by the alternos Giovanni Maria Angioy.

The song was first translated into another language from Sardinian by John Warre Tyndale in 1849 (Endeavor to moderate...),[14] while Auguste Boullier would publish a French translation in his own book (Essai sur le dialecte et les chants populaires de la Sardaigne) in June 1864 with the incipit being Songez à modérer....

The anthem, aside from any copy that had been illegally circulating on the island, was published for the first time in Sardinia in 1865 by Giovanni Spano[15][16] and later by Enrico Costa, who also made an Italian translation.[17] Sebastiano Satta would provide another Italian translation on the centenary of Giovanni Maria Angioy's triumphant entrance in the city.[18] In 1979, B. Granzer and B. Schütze would translate the song into German, with the title Die Tyrannei.

Raffa Garzia compared the song to Giuseppe Parini's "Il giorno".[19] The scholar also drew attention to another two poems having a similar subject: one by the Ploaghese poet Maria Baule about the attempted French invasion of the island in 1793, with the title Ancòra semus in gherra[20] ("we are still in war"), that was published by Giovanni Spano; the other one, always addressing the events of 1793, by the Gavoese poet Michele Carboni (1764–1814) titled Animu, patriottas, a sa gherra![21] ("Come on, patriots, to war!").

Interpreters

See also

References

  1. ↑ Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios – Uniss
  2. ↑ http://www.ansa.it/sardegna/notizie/2018/04/28/procurade-e-moderare-inno-regione_8d89a231-0ad7-4a49-80a6-5e908d1842ff.html
  3. ↑ http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/cronaca/2018/04/28/la_sardegna_ha_il_suo_inno_s_a_procurad_e_moderare-68-723896.html
  4. ↑ http://www.youtg.net/v3/storie/7339-procurade-e-moderare-inno-ufficiale-della-sardegna-ecco-il-testo-con-la-traduzione
  5. ↑ Sa die de sa Sardigna, Sardegna Cultura
  6. ↑ Alberto Loni and Giuliano Carta. Sa die de sa Sardigna – Storia di una giornata gloriosa. Sassari, Isola editrice, 2003.
  7. ↑ Massimo Pistis, Rivoluzionari in sottana. Ales sotto il vescovado di mons. Michele Aymerich, Roma, Albatros Il Filo, 2009.
  8. ↑ Adriano Bomboi, L'indipendentismo sardo. Le ragioni, la storia, i protagonisti, Cagliari, Condaghes, 2014.
  9. ↑ J. W. Tyndale, The Island of Sardinia including pictures of the manners and customs of the Sardinians, and notes on the antiquities and modern abjects of interest in the Island, in three volumes, T. Bentley, London 1849, vol. III, p. 279.
  10. ↑ Boullier, L’île de Sardaigne, cit., pp. 94–95
  11. ↑ Il Psd’Az chiede “Su patriotu” come inno ufficiale-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna
  12. ↑ "Procurade 'e Moderare" è l'inno ufficiale della Sardegna
  13. ↑ L. Carta (a cura di), Francesco Ignazio Mannu, Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios, Cagliari, 2002, p. LII
  14. ↑ W. Tyndale, The Island of Sardinia: Including Pictures of the Manners and Customs of the Sardinians, and Notes on the Antiquities..., Bentley, London, 1849
  15. ↑ Giovanni Spano, Canzoni popolari inedite in dialetto sardo centrale ossia logudorese., Cagliari, 1865
  16. ↑ P. A. Bianco – F. Cheratzu, Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios, Sassari, 1991, p. 70
  17. ↑ P. A. Bianco – F. Cheratzu, cit, p. 70. Ora F. I. Mannu, Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios, (a cura di Tullio Masala), con versione a fronte in italiano di Enrico Costa, Ozieri, 1995
  18. ↑ P. A. Bianco – F. Cheratzu, cit, p. 70. La Nuova Sardegna, n. 59 del 1º marzo 1896
  19. ↑ R. Garzia, Il canto d'una rivoluzione , Cagliari, 1899
  20. ↑ G. Spano, Canzoni popolari della Sardegna, 1863–1872, ora edizioni Ilisso, Nuoro, 1999 pp. 124–127
  21. ↑ L. Carta, cit., pp. XIV–XV

Bibliography

  • A. Bouiller, Essai sur le dialecte et les chants populaires de la Sardaigne, Paris 1864
  • A. Bouiller, L'île de Sardaigne. Dialecte et chants populaires, Paris 1865 (in Italian: I canti popolari della Sardegna. a cura di Raffa Garzia, Bologna 1916.)
  • Raffa Garzia, Il canto d'una rivoluzione , Cagliari, 1899.
  • Pier Ausonio Bianco – Francesco Cheratzu, Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios, Sassari, Condaghes, 1998, ISBN 978-88-86229-33-3
  • Luciano Carta, (a cura di), Francesco Ignazio Mannu, Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios, Cagliari, 2002
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.