Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set

The Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set (LMBCS) is a proprietary multi-byte character encoding originally conceived in 1988 at Lotus Development Corporation with input from Bob Balaban and others.^[1] Created around the same time and addressing some of the same problems, LMBCS could be viewed as parallel development and possible alternative to Unicode.^[1] For maximum compatibility, later issues of LMBCS incorporate UTF-16 as a subset.^[2]^[3]

Commercially, LMBCS was first introduced as the default character set of Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3 for DOS in March 1989^[1]^[4] and Lotus 1-2-3/G Release 1 for OS/2^[1] in 1990 replacing the 8-bit Lotus International Character Set (LICS) and ASCII used in earlier DOS-only versions of Lotus 1-2-3 and Symphony.^[5] LMBCS is also used in IBM/Lotus SmartSuite, Notes and Domino,^[1] as well as in a number of third-party products.

LMBCS encodes the characters required for languages using the Latin,^[6] Arabic, Hebrew, Greek and Cyrillic^[6] scripts, the Thai, Chinese, Japanese^[6] and Korean writing systems, and technical symbols.

Encodings

Technically, LMBCS is a lead-byte encoding where code point 00_hex as well as code points 20_hex (32) to 7F_hex (127) are identical to ASCII^[1] (as well as to LICS).^[5]

Code point 00_hex is always treated as NUL character to ensure maximum code compatibility with existing software libraries dealing with null-terminated strings^[1] in many programming languages such as C.^{[nb 1]}

Code points 01_hex to 1F_hex, which serve as control codes in ASCII, are used as lead bytes to switch the definition of code points above 7F_hex between several code groups (similar to code pages) and at the same time determine either a single- or multi-byte nature for the corresponding code group.^[1]

For example, code group 1 (with group byte 01_hex)^[1] is almost identical to the SBCS code page 850, whereas code group 16 (with group byte 10_hex)^[1] is similar to the Japanese MBCS code page 932. Multi-byte characters can thus occupy two or three bytes.^[7]^[6]

In canonical LMBCS, each character starts with its group byte.^[1] To reduce the length, in optimized or compressed LMBCS a default code group or optimization group code can be defined on a per application or process basis (ideally chosen according to the highest likelihood of occurrence)^[1] and must be communicated to the interpreting code in some way (f.e. by specifying the corresponding "LMBCS-n" name).^[8] Thereby, the group byte can be omitted for these characters.^[1] Lotus 1-2-3 retrieves the optimization group code from the file header of the corresponding source file,^[7] whereas for Lotus Notes the optimization group code is fixed to be always 01_hex.^[2]^[7]

Default	Group	Bytes	Description
N/A	00_hex	1^[7]	NUL
LMBCS-1	01_hex	2^[7]	Code page 850 (DOS Latin-1)^[2]^[7]
LMBCS-2	02_hex	2^[7]	Code page 851 (DOS Greek)^[2]^[7]
LMBCS-3	03_hex	2^[7]	Code page 1255 (Windows Hebrew)^[2]^[7]
LMBCS-4	04_hex	2^[7]	Code page 1256 (Windows Arabic)^[2]^[7]
LMBCS-5	05_hex	2^[7]	Code page 1251 (Windows Cyrillic)^[2]^[7]
LMBCS-6	06_hex	2^[7]	Code page 852 (DOS Latin-2)^[2]^[7]
N/A	07_hex	1^[7]	BEL^[2]
LMBCS-8	08_hex	2^[7]	Code page 1254 (Windows Turkish)^[2]^[9]^[7]
N/A	09_hex	1^[7]	TAB^[2]^[9]^[7]
N/A	0A_hex	1^[7]	LF^[2]^[9]^[7]
LMBCS-11	0B_hex	2^[7]	Code page 874 (Thai)^[9]^[7]
(LMBCS-12)	0C_hex	2^[7]	Reserved^[2]
N/A	0D_hex	1^[7]	CR^[2]^[9]^[7]
(LMBCS-14)	0E_hex	2^[7]	Reserved^[2]
(LMBCS-15)	0F_hex	2^[7]	Remapped C0/C1 control codes^[7]
LMBCS-16	10_hex	3^[7]	Code page 932/^[2]943^[7] (Japanese / Shift-JIS)^[2]^[9]
LMBCS-17	11_hex	3^[7]	Code page 949/^[2]1261^[7] (Korean)^[2]^[9]
LMBCS-18	12_hex	3^[7]	Code page 950^[2]^[7] (Traditional Chinese / Taiwan / Big5)^[2]^[9]
LMBCS-19	13_hex	3^[7]	Code page 936/^[2]1386^[7] (Simplified Chinese)^[2]^[9]
(LMBCS-20)	14_hex	3^[7]	UTF-16 (Unicode)^[2]^[3]^[7]
N/A	15_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	16_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	17_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	18_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	19_hex	1^[7]	Lotus 1-2-3 system range^[9]^[7]
N/A	1A_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	1B_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	1C_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	1D_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	1E_hex	3	Reserved^[2]
N/A	1F_hex	3	Reserved^[2]

Character set

Without prefix byte the code points 32 (20_hex) to 127 (7F_hex) are interpreted as follows (corresponding to LMBCS codes 32 to 127):

Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other undefined

Single byte codes (ASCII/ISO-646-US^[10])
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	SP 0020 32	! 0021 33	" 0022 34	# 0023 35	$ 0024 36	% 0025 37	& 0026 38	' 0027 39	( 0028 40	) 0029 41	* 002A 42	+ 002B 43	, 002C 44	- 002D 45	. 002E 46	/ 002F 47
3_	0 0030 48	1 0031 49	2 0032 50	3 0033 51	4 0034 52	5 0035 53	6 0036 54	7 0037 55	8 0038 56	9 0039 57	: 003A 58	; 003B 59	< 003C 60	= 003D 61	> 003E 62	? 003F 63
4_	@ 0040 64	A 0041 65	B 0042 66	C 0043 67	D 0044 68	E 0045 69	F 0046 70	G 0047 71	H 0048 72	I 0049 73	J 004A 74	K 004B 75	L 004C 76	M 004D 77	N 004E 78	O 004F 79
5_	P 0050 80	Q 0051 81	R 0052 82	S 0053 83	T 0054 84	U 0055 85	V 0056 86	W 0057 87	X 0058 88	Y 0059 89	Z 005A 90	[ 005B 91	\ 005C 92	] 005D 93	^ 005E 94	_ 005F 95
6_	` 0060 96	a 0061 97	b 0062 98	c 0063 99	d 0064 100	e 0065 101	f 0066 102	g 0067 103	h 0068 104	i 0069 105	j 006A 106	k 006B 107	l 006C 108	m 006D 109	n 006E 110	o 006F 111
7_	p 0070 112	q 0071 113	r 0072 114	s 0073 115	t 0074 116	u 0075 117	v 0076 118	w 0077 119	x 0078 120	y 0079 121	z 007A 122	{ 007B 123	\| 007C 124	} 007D 125	~ 007E 126	DEL (⌂) 007F (2302) 127
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Group 1

LMBCS group 1 code points 128 (80_hex) to 255 (FF_hex) are identical to the corresponding code points in code page 850 (DOS Latin-1), whereas code points 1 (01_hex) to 127 (7F_hex) are defined according to the following exception list (corresponding to LMBCS codes 256 to 383):

LMBCS Group 1, lower half^[11]^[10]
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_	NUL 0000 0	☺ 263A 1	☻ 263B 2	♥ 2665 3	♦ 2666 4	♣ 2663 5	♠ 2660 6	• 2022 7	◘ 25D8 8	○ 25CB 9	◙ 25D9 10	♂ 2642 11	♀ 2640 12	♪ 266A 13	♫ 266B 14	☼ 263C 15
1_	► 25BA 16	◄ 25C4 17	↕ 2195 18	‼ 203C 19	¶ 00B6 20	§ 00A7 21	▬ 25AC 22	↨ 21A8 23	↑ 2191 24	↓ 2193 25	→ 2192 26	← 2190 27	∟ 221F 28	↔ 2194 29	▲ 25B2 30	▼ 25BC 31
2_	¨ 00A8 32	~ 007E 33	˚ 02DA 34	^ 005E 35	` 0060 36	´ 00B4 37	“ 201C 38	' 0027 39	… 2026 40	–^{[nb 2]} 2013^{[nb 2]} 41	— 2014 42	‘ 2018 43^{[nb 3]}	’ 2019 44^{[nb 3]}	45^{[nb 3]}	‹ 2039 46	› 203A 47
3_	¨^{[nb 4]} 00A8 48	~^{[nb 4]} 007E 49	˚^{[nb 4]} 02DA 50	^^{[nb 4]} 005E 51	`^{[nb 4]} 0060 52	´^{[nb 4]} 00B4 53	„ 201E 54	‚ 201A 55	” 201D 56	‗ 2017 57	58^{[nb 3]}	NBSP 00A0 59^{[nb 3]}	60^{[nb 3]}	� FFFD 61^{[nb 3]}	62^{[nb 3]}	63^{[nb 3]}
4_	Œ 0152 64	œ 0153 65	Ÿ 0178 66	˙ 02D9 67^{[nb 3]}	˚^{[nb 4]} 02DA 68^{[nb 3]}	69^{[nb 3]}	╞ 255E 70	╟ 255F 71	▌ 258C 72	▐ 2590 73	◊ 25CA 74^{[nb 3]}	⌘ 2318 75^{[nb 3]}	 F8FF 76^{[nb 3]}	 F8FE 77^{[nb 3]}	Ω 2126 78^{[nb 3]}	79^{[nb 3]}
5_	╨ 2568 80	╤ 2564 81	╥ 2565 82	╙ 2559 83	╘ 2558 84	╒ 2552 85	╓ 2553 86	╫ 256B 87	╪ 256A 88	╡ 2561 89	╢ 2562 90	╖ 2556 91	╕ 2555 92	╜ 255C 93	╛ 255B 94	╧ 2567 95
6_	ĳ 0133 96	Ĳ 0132 97	ﬁ/ FB01/F8FD 98^{[nb 5]}	ﬂ/ FB02/F8FC 99^{[nb 5]}	ŉ 0149 100	ŀ 0140 101	Ŀ 013F 102	¯ 00AF 103^{[nb 3]}	˘ 02D8 104^{[nb 3]}	˝ 02DD 105^{[nb 3]}	˛ 02DB 106^{[nb 3]}	ˇ 02C7 107^{[nb 3]}	~^{[nb 4]} 007E 108^{[nb 3]}	^^{[nb 4]} 005E 109^{[nb 3]}	110^{[nb 3]}	111^{[nb 3]}
7_	† 2020 112	‡ 2021 113	Ħ 0126 114^{[nb 3]}	ħ 0127 115^{[nb 3]}	Ŧ 0166 116^{[nb 3]}	ŧ 0167 117^{[nb 3]}	™ 2122 118	ℓ 2113 119	Ŋ 014A 120^{[nb 3]}	ŋ 014B 121^{[nb 3]}	ĸ 0138 122^{[nb 3]}	123^{[nb 3]}	 (Kr) F8FB 124^{[nb 6]}	⌐ 2310 125	₤ 20A4 126	₧ 20A7 127
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Group 2

LMBCS group 2 code points 128 (80_hex) to 255 (FF_hex) are identical to the corresponding code points in code page 851 (DOS Greek), whereas code points 1 (01_hex) to 127 (7F_hex) are defined according to the following exception list:^{[nb 7]}

LMBCS Group 2, lower half^[11]
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_	NUL 0000 0	ͺ 037A 1	΅ 0385 2	Ϊ 03AA 3	Ϋ 03AB 4	― 2015 5	΄ 0384 6	ʼ 02BC 7	ʽ 02BD 8	‾ 203E 9	10	11	12	13	 F862 14	 F863 15
1_	 F864 16	 F865 17	⇕ 21D5 18	⅞ 215E 19	⅝ 215D 20	⅜ 215C 21	⅛ 215B 22	 F867 23	⇑ 21D1 24	⇓ 21D3 25	⇒ 21D2 26	⇐ 21D0 27	 F868 28	⇔ 21D4 29	 F869 30	 F89F 31
2_	 F89E 32	 F89D 33	 F89C 34	 F89B 35	 F89A 36	 F899 37	 F898 38	 F897 39	 F896 40	 F895 41	 F894 42	 F893 43	 F892 44	 F891 45	 F890 46	 F88F 47
3_	 F88E 48	 F88D 49	 F88C 50	 F88B 51	 F88A 52	 F889 53	 F888 54	 F887 55	 F886 56	 F885 57	 F884 58	 F883 59	 F882 60	 F881 61	 F880 62	 F866 63
4_	∠ 2220 64	∇ 2207 65	 F87F 66	 F87E 67	 F87D 68	 F87C 69	 F87B 70	 F87A 71	 F879 72	 F878 73	 F877 74	 F876 75	 F875 76	 F874 77	 F873 78	 F872 79
5_	∂ 2202 80	ℵ 2135 81	ℑ 2111 82	ℜ 211C 83	 F871 84	 F870 85	 F86F 86	 F86E 87	 F86D 88	 F86C 89	 F86B 90	∋ 220B 91	∈ 2208 92	∉ 2209 93	⊆ 2286 94	⊇ 2287 95
6_	⊗ 2297 96	⊕ 2295 97	✓ 2713 98	⋀ 22C0 99	∁ 2201 100	∫ 222B 101	∀ 2200 102	∃ 2203 103	 F86A 104	′ 2032 105	″ 2033 106	∞ 221E 107	∝ 221D 108	φ 03C6 109	∪ 222A 110	∩ 2229 111
7_	≡ 2261 112	≅ 2245 113	≥ 2265 114	≤ 2264 115	⌠ 2320 116	⌡ 2321 117	≠ 2260 118	≈ 2248 119	⁄ 2044 120	∙ 2219 121	‰ 2030 122	√ 221A 123	ⁿ 207F 124	∅ 2205 125	⊂ 2282 126	⊃ 2283 127
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Group 6

LMBCS group 6 code points 128 (80_hex) to 255 (FF_hex) are identical to the corresponding code points in code page 852 (DOS Latin-2), whereas code points 1 (01_hex) to 127 (7F_hex) are defined according to the following exception list:^{[nb 7]}

LMBCS Group 6, lower half^[11]
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
0_	NUL 0000 0	ā 0101 1	Ĉ 0108 2	ĉ 0109 3	Ċ 010A 4	ċ 010B 5	Ē 0112 6	ē 0113 7	Ė 0116 8	ė 0117 9	Ĝ 011C 10	ĝ 011D 11	Ġ 0120 12	ġ 0121 13	Ģ 0122 14	ģ 0123 15
1_	Ĥ 0124 16	ĥ 0125 17	Ĩ 0128 18	ĩ 0129 19	Ī 012A 20	ī 012B 21	Į 012E 22	į 012F 23	Ĵ 0134 24	ĵ 0135 25	Ķ 0136 26	ķ 0137 27	Ļ 013B 28	ļ 013C 29	Ņ 0145 30	ņ 0146 31
2_	Ō 014C 32	ō 014D 33	Ŗ 0156 34	ŗ 0157 35	Ŝ 015C 36	ŝ 015D 37	Ũ 0168 38	ũ 0169 39	Ū 016A 40	ū 016B 41	Ŭ 016C 42	ŭ 016D 43	Ų 0172 44	ų 0173 45	Ā 0100 46	47
3_	48	49	50	51	52	53	54	55	56	57	58	59	60	61	62	63
4_	64	65	66	67	68	69	70	71	72	73	74	75	76	77	78	79
5_	80	81	82	83	84	85	86	87	88	89	90	91	92	93	94	95
6_	96	97	98	99	100	101	102	103	104	105	106	107	108	109	110	111
7_	112	113	114	115	116	117	118	119	120	121	122	123	124	125	126	127
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Notes

↑ Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3.0 for DOS and newer versions are written in C.
1 2 ‐ (U+2010), ‑ (U+2011), ‒ (U+2012), – (U+2013)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 According to the documentation this code point is not supported by Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3.1+ for DOS and OS/2 and earlier.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 For compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3 Release 5.0.
1 2 LMBCS group 1 code points 0162_hex (LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI) and 0163_hex (LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FL) originally overlapped with Microsoft's Private Use Area (PUA) but were later redefined according to new Unicode definitions.
↑ Unicode does not define a glyph for the crown currency symbol (Krone aka "Kr"), therefore this points to F8FB_hex in the Unicode Private Use Area (PUA).
1 2 According to the documentation code points 1 to 127 in this group are not supported by Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3.1+ for DOS and OS/2 and earlier. These versions only supported LMBCS code points 0 to 511, covering group 0 and 1 only.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Balaban, Bob (2001). "Multi-Language Character Sets – What They Are, How To Use Them" (PDF). Looseleaf Software, Inc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 "Appendix A. Encoding Schemes". IBM Character Data Representation Architecture. IBM (CDRA). Lotus Multi-byte Character Set (LMBCS). Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-11-26. For optimization purposes, the group byte is omitted in Notes for single-byte values between X'20' and X'FF'. For example, LMBCS is always optimized to group 0x01, which means that any character where the first byte is greater than 0x1F, has an implicit group byte of 0x01.
1 2 Scherer, Markus; Murray, Brendan (2000-06-02). "Re: MS Excel, Lotus 123 & Unicode". Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
↑ "Kapitel 4. Kompatibilität mit anderen 1-2-3 Versionen – Zeichensätze" [Chapter 4. Compatibility with other 1-2-3 Versions – Character Sets]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Upgrader's Handbuch [Upgrader's handbook] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, MA, USA: Lotus Development Corporation. 1989. pp. 4–10–4–11. 302173.
1 2 Kamenz, Alfred; Vonhoegen, Helmut (1992). Das große Buch zu Lotus 1-2-3 für DOS (in German) (1 ed.). Data Becker. pp. 131–132, 357–358. ISBN 3-89011-375-3.
1 2 3 4 Lotus – Inside Notes – The Architecture of Notes and the Domino Server (PDF). Lotus Development Corporation. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2016-12-12. […] Notes uses a single character set, the Lotus Multibyte Character Set (LMBCS), to encode all text data used internally by its programs. Whenever Notes first inputs text encoded in a character set other than LMBCS, it translates the text into a LMBCS string, and whenever it must output text in a character set other than LMBCS, it translates the internal LMBCS string into the appropriate character set. Because all text is internally formatted by LMBCS, all text-processing operations […] are done in only one way. LMBCS uses up to three bytes in memory to represent a single text character […]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Murray, Brendan; Snyder-Grant, Jim, eds. (2016) [2000-02-09]. "ucnv_lmb.c". w32 tex-src. International Business Machines (IBM). Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
↑ Batutis, Edward J. (2001-11-03). "Re: converter types". International Components for Unicode (ICU). Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "LMBCS" (in Japanese). 2009-02-03. Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
1 2 "Anhang 2. Der Lotus Multibyte Zeichensatz (LMBCS)" [Appendix 2. The Lotus Multibyte Character Set (LMBCS)]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Referenzhandbuch [Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Reference Manual] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, MA, USA: Lotus Development Corporation. 1989. pp. A2–1 – A2–13. 302168.
1 2 3 "lmb-excp.ucm". megadaddeln / icu_chrome. 2010 [1995]. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-06.

External links

Berntrop-Bos, Lars (2014-07-10). "Blast from the past: LMBCS tables for Windows, OS/2, Unix and Macintosh". Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-11-26.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[NB_C-7] Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3.0 for DOS and newer versions are written in C.

[hyphendash-13] 1 2 ‐ (U+2010), ‑ (U+2011), ‒ (U+2012), – (U+2013)

[NB_DOS31-14] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 According to the documentation this code point is not supported by Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3.1+ for DOS and OS/2 and earlier.

[NB_R5-15] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 For compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3 Release 5.0.

[NB_PUA-16] 1 2 LMBCS group 1 code points 0162_hex (LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FI) and 0163_hex (LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FL) originally overlapped with Microsoft's Private Use Area (PUA) but were later redefined according to new Unicode definitions.

[NB_Kr-17] Unicode does not define a glyph for the crown currency symbol (Krone aka "Kr"), therefore this points to F8FB_hex in the Unicode Private Use Area (PUA).

[NB_DOS31_Many-18] 1 2 According to the documentation code points 1 to 127 in this group are not supported by Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3.1+ for DOS and OS/2 and earlier. These versions only supported LMBCS code points 0 to 511, covering group 0 and 1 only.

[Balaban_2001_LMBCS-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Balaban, Bob (2001). "Multi-Language Character Sets – What They Are, How To Use Them" (PDF). Looseleaf Software, Inc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-25.

[IBM_CDRA_LMBCS-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 "Appendix A. Encoding Schemes". IBM Character Data Representation Architecture. IBM (CDRA). Lotus Multi-byte Character Set (LMBCS). Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-11-26. For optimization purposes, the group byte is omitted in Notes for single-byte values between X'20' and X'FF'. For example, LMBCS is always optimized to group 0x01, which means that any character where the first byte is greater than 0x1F, has an implicit group byte of 0x01.

[Scherer_2000-3] 1 2 Scherer, Markus; Murray, Brendan (2000-06-02). "Re: MS Excel, Lotus 123 & Unicode". Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-06.

[Lotus_1989_Compatibility-4] "Kapitel 4. Kompatibilität mit anderen 1-2-3 Versionen – Zeichensätze" [Chapter 4. Compatibility with other 1-2-3 Versions – Character Sets]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Upgrader's Handbuch [Upgrader's handbook] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, MA, USA: Lotus Development Corporation. 1989. pp. 4–10–4–11. 302173.

[Kamenz_1992_DB-5] 1 2 Kamenz, Alfred; Vonhoegen, Helmut (1992). Das große Buch zu Lotus 1-2-3 für DOS (in German) (1 ed.). Data Becker. pp. 131–132, 357–358. ISBN 3-89011-375-3.

[Lotus_2000_Inside-6] 1 2 3 4 Lotus – Inside Notes – The Architecture of Notes and the Domino Server (PDF). Lotus Development Corporation. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2016-12-12. […] Notes uses a single character set, the Lotus Multibyte Character Set (LMBCS), to encode all text data used internally by its programs. Whenever Notes first inputs text encoded in a character set other than LMBCS, it translates the text into a LMBCS string, and whenever it must output text in a character set other than LMBCS, it translates the internal LMBCS string into the appropriate character set. Because all text is internally formatted by LMBCS, all text-processing operations […] are done in only one way. LMBCS uses up to three bytes in memory to represent a single text character […]

[IBM_2016_UCNV-8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Murray, Brendan; Snyder-Grant, Jim, eds. (2016) [2000-02-09]. "ucnv_lmb.c". w32 tex-src. International Business Machines (IBM). Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-06.

[Batutis_2001_ICU-9] Batutis, Edward J. (2001-11-03). "Re: converter types". International Components for Unicode (ICU). Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-06.

[Lotus_2009_81-10] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "LMBCS" (in Japanese). 2009-02-03. Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-11-26.

[Lotus_1989_RM31-11] 1 2 "Anhang 2. Der Lotus Multibyte Zeichensatz (LMBCS)" [Appendix 2. The Lotus Multibyte Character Set (LMBCS)]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Referenzhandbuch [Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Reference Manual] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, MA, USA: Lotus Development Corporation. 1989. pp. A2–1 – A2–13. 302168.

[LMB-EXCP-12] 1 2 3 "lmb-excp.ucm". megadaddeln / icu_chrome. 2010 [1995]. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-12-06.

Character encodings
Early telecommunications	ASCII ISO/IEC 646 ISO/IEC 6937 T.61 BCDIC Baudot code Morse code Telegraph code Wabun code Special telegraphy codes Non-Latin Chinese Cyrillic Needle telegraph codes
ISO/IEC 8859	-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16
Bibliographic use	ANSEL ISO 5426 / 5426-2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822 MARC-8
National standards	ArmSCII BraSCII CNS 11643 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 18030 HKSCS I.S. 434 ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI-7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 PASCII SI 960 TIS-620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII
EUC	CN JP KR TW
ISO/IEC 2022	CN JP KR CCCII
MacOS code pages ("scripts")	Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic CentEuro ChineseSimp / EUC-CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Dingbats Farsi (Persian) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Japanese / ShiftJIS Keyboard Korean / EUC-KR Latin (Kermit) Maltese/Esperanto Ogham / I.S. 434 Roman Romanian Sámi Symbol Thai / TIS-620 Turkish Turkic Latin Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian
DOS code pages	100 111 112 113 151 152 161 162 163 164 165 166 210 220 301 437 449 489 620 667 668 707 708 709 710 711 714 715 720 721 737 768 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 790 850 851 852 853 854 855/872 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864/17248 865 866/808 867 868 869 874/1161/1162 876 877 878 881 882 883 884 885 891 895 896 897 898 899 900 903 904 906 907 909 910 911 926 927 928 929 932 934 936 938 941 942 943 944 946 947 948 949 950/1370 951 966 991 1034 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1046 1086 1088 1092 1093 1098 1108 1109 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1125/848 1126 1127 1131/849 1139 1167 1168 1300 1351 1361 1362 1363 1372 1373 1374 1375 1380 1381 1385 1386 1391 1392 1393 1394 CWI-2 Iran System Kamenický KOI8 Mazovia MIK
IBM AIX code pages	367 371 806 813 819 895 896 912 913 914 915 916 919 920 921/901 922/902 923 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 963 964 965 970 971 1004 1006 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1029 1036 1089 1111 1124 1129/1163 1133 1350 1382 1383
IBM Apple MacIntosh emulations	1275 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286
IBM Adobe emulations	1038 1276 1277
IBM DEC emulations	1020 1021 1023 1090 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1287 1288
IBM HP emulations	1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058
Windows code pages	CER-GS 874/1162 (TIS-620) 932/943 (Shift JIS) 936/1386 (GBK) 950/1370 (Big5) 949/1363 (EUC-KR) 1169 1174 Extended Latin-8 1200 (UTF-16LE) 1201 (UTF-16BE) 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1261 1270 54936 (GB18030)
EBCDIC code pages	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37/1140 37-2 38 39 40 251 252 254 256 257 258 259 260 264 273/1141 274 275 276 277/1142 278/1143 279 280/1144 281 282 283 284/1145 285/1146 286 287 288 289 290 293 297/1147 298 300 310 320 321 322 330 351 352 353 355 357 358 359 360 361 363 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 410 420/16804 421 423 424/8616/12712 425 435 500/1148 803 829 833 834 835 836 837 838/838 839 870/1110/1153 871/1149 875/4971/9067 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 892 893 905 918 924 930/1390 931 933/1364 935/1388 937/1371 939/1399 1001 1002 1003 1005 1007 1024 1025/1154 1026/1155 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1037 1047 1068 1069 1070 1071 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1087 1091 1097 1112/1156 1113 1122/1157 1123/1158 1130/1164 1132 1136 1137 1150 1151 1152 1159 1165 1166 1278 1279 1303 1364 1376 1377 JEF KEIS
Platform specific	Acorn Adobe Standard Adobe Latin 1 Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC CPC DEC Radix-50 DEC MCS/NRCS DG International ELWRO-Junior FIELDATA GEM GEOS GSM 03.38 HP Roman Extension HP Roman-8 HP Roman-9 HP FOCAL HP RPL LICS LMBCS Mattel Aquarius Minitel MSX NEC APC NeXT PCW PETSCII Sharp calculators Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS-80 Ventura International Ventura Symbol WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum
Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646	UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 (UTF-16LE/UTF-16BE) / UCS-2 UTF-32 (UTF-32LE/UTF-32BE) / UCS-4 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 BOCU-1 CESU-8 SCSU
TeX typesetting system	Cork LGR LY1 OML OMS OMX OT1 OT2 OT3 OT4 T2A T2B T2C T2D T3 T4 T5 TS1 TS3 U X2
Miscellaneous code pages	ABICOMP APL ARIB STD-B24 HZ INIS INIS-8 ISO-IR-111 ISO-IR-182 ISO-IR-197 ISO-IR-200 ISO-IR-201 Johab SEASCII Stanford/ITS TACE16 TRON UTF-5 UTF-6 WTF-8
Related topics	Code page Control character (C0 C1) CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware ISO 6429/IEC 6429/ANSI X3.64 Mojibake
Character sets