JIS X 0208

JIS X 0208
Alias(es)	JIS C 6226
Language(s)	Japanese, English, Russian; Partial support: Greek, Chinese
Standard	JIS X 0208:1978 through 1997
Classification	ISO 2022, DBCS, CJK encoding
Extensions	ARIB STD B24 Kanji, NEC PC98 DBCS
Encoding formats	Shift JIS ("SJIS"); ISO-2022-JP ("JIS"); EUC-JP ("UJIS")
Preceded by	JIS X 0201
Succeeded by	JIS X 0213
Other related encoding(s)	KS X 1001, GB 2312, JIS X 0212

JIS X 0208 is a 2-byte character set specified as a Japanese Industrial Standard, containing 6879 graphic characters suitable for writing text, place names, personal names, and so forth in the Japanese language. The official title of the current standard is 7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded KANJI sets for information interchange (7ビット及び8ビットの2バイト情報交換用符号化漢字集合, Nana-Bitto Oyobi Hachi-Bitto no Ni-Baito Jōhō Kōkan'yō Fugōka Kanji Shūgō). It was originally established as JIS C 6226 in 1978, and has been revised in 1983, 1990, and 1997. It is also called Code page 952 by IBM. The 1978 version is also called Code page 955 by IBM.

Scope of use and compatibility

The character set JIS X 0208 establishes is primarily for the purpose of information interchange (情報交換, jōhō kōkan) between data processing systems and the devices connected to them, or mutually between data communication systems. This character set can be used for data processing and text processing.

Partial implementations of the character set are not considered compatible. Because there are places where such things have happened as the original drafting committee of the first standard taking care to separate characters between level 1 and level 2 and the second standard then shuffling some variant characters (異体字, itaiji) between the levels, at least in the first and second standards, it is conjectured that non-kanji and level 1-only implementation Japanese computer systems were at one time considered for development. However, such implementations have never been specified as compatible, though an example like the early NEC PC-9801 did exist.^[1]

Even though there are provisions in the JIS X 0208:1997 standard concerning compatibility, at the present time, it is generally considered that this standard neither certifies compatibility nor is it an official manufacturing standard that amounts to a declaration of self-compatibility.^[2] Consequently, de facto, JIS X 0208-“compatible” products are not considered to exist. Terminology such as “conformant” (準拠, junkyo) and “corresponding” (対応, taiō) is included in JIS X 0208, but the semantics of these terms vary from person to person.

Code charts

Lead byte

The first encoding byte corresponds to the row or cell number plus 0x20, or 32 in decimal (see below). Hence, the code set starting with 0x21 has a row number of 1, and its cell 1 has a continuation byte of 0x21 (or 33), and so forth.

JIS X 0208 (lead bytes)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	-	Punct. LEAD 1-_	Symbol LEAD 2-_	Alnum. LEAD 3-_	Hiragana LEAD 4-_	Katakana LEAD 5-_	Greek LEAD 6-_	Cyrillic LEAD 7-_	Box LEAD 8-_	9-_	10-_	11-_	12-_	13-_	14-_	15-_
3_	Kanji L1 LEAD 16-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 17-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 18-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 19-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 20-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 21-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 22-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 23-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 24-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 25-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 26-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 27-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 28-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 29-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 30-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 31-_
4_	Kanji L1 LEAD 32-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 33-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 34-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 35-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 36-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 37-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 38-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 39-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 40-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 41-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 42-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 43-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 44-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 45-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 46-_	Kanji L1 LEAD 47-_
5_	Kanji L2 LEAD 48-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 49-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 50-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 51-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 52-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 53-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 54-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 55-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 56-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 57-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 58-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 59-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 60-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 61-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 62-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 63-_
6_	Kanji L2 LEAD 64-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 65-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 66-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 67-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 68-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 69-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 70-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 71-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 72-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 73-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 74-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 75-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 76-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 77-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 78-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 79-_
7_	Kanji L2 LEAD 80-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 81-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 82-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 83-_	Kanji L2 LEAD 84-_	85-_	86-_	87-_	88-_	89-_	90-_	91-_	92-_	93-_	94-_	-
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Non-Kanji rows

Character set 0x21 (row number 1, special characters)

Some vendors use slightly different Unicode mapping for this set than the one below. For example, Microsoft maps kuten 1-29 (JIS 0x213D) to U+2015 (Horizontal Bar),^[3] whereas Apple maps it to U+2014 (Em Dash).^[4] Similarly, Microsoft maps kuten 1-61 (JIS 0x215D) to U+FF0D^[3] (the fullwidth form of U+002D Hyphen-Minus), and Apple maps it to U+2212 (Minus Sign).^[4] Unicode mapping of the wave dash also differs between vendors. See the cells with heavy grey border below.

ASCII and JISCII punctuation (shown here with a heavy green border) may use alternative mappings to the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block if used in an encoding which combines JIS X 0208 with ASCII or with JIS X 0201, such as Shift JIS, EUC-JP or ISO 2022-JP.

JIS X 0208 (prefixed with 0x21)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	32 -	IDSP 3000 33 1-1	、 3001 34 1-2	。 3002 35 1-3	, 002C 36 1-4	. 002E 37 1-5	・ 30FB 38 1-6	: 003A 39 1-7	; 003B 40 1-8	? 003F 41 1-9	! 0021 42 1-10	゛ 309B 43 1-11	゜ 309C 44 1-12	´ 00B4 45 1-13	` 0060 46 1-14	¨ 00A8 47 1-15
3_	^ 005E 48 1-16	‾ 205E 49 1-17	_ 005F 50 1-18	ヽ 309D 51 1-19	ヾ 309E 52 1-20	ゝ 30FD 53 1-21	ゞ 30FE 54 1-22	〃 3003 55 1-23	仝 4EDD 56 1-24	々 3005 57 1-25	〆 3006 58 1-26	〇 3007 59 1-27	ー 30FC 60 1-28	— 2014^{[lower-alpha 2]} 61 1-29	‐ 2010 62 1-30	/ 002F 63 1-31
4_	\ 005C 64 1-32	〜 301C^{[lower-alpha 3]} 65 1-33	‖ 2016^{[lower-alpha 4]} 66 1-34	\| 007C 67 1-35	… 2026 68 1-36	‥ 2025 69 1-37	‘ 2018 70 1-38	’ 2019 71 1-39	“ 201C 72 1-40	” 201D 73 1-41	( 0028 74 1-42	) 0029 75 1-43	〔 3014 76 1-44	〕 3015 77 1-45	[ 005B 78 1-46	] 005D 79 1-47
5_	{ 007B 80 1-48	} 007D 81 1-49	〈 3008 82 1-50	〉 3009 83 1-51	《 300A 84 1-52	》 300B 85 1-53	「 300C 86 1-54	」 300D 87 1-55	『 300E 88 1-56	』 300F 89 1-57	【 3010 90 1-58	】 3011 91 1-59	+ 002B 92 1-60	− 2212^{[lower-alpha 5]} 93 1-61	± 00B1 94 1-62	× 00D7 95 1-63
6_	÷ 00F7 96 1-64	= 003D 97 1-65	≠ 2260 98 1-66	< 003C 99 1-67	> 003E 100 1-68	≦ 2266 101 1-69	≧ 2267 102 1-70	∞ 221E 103 1-71	∴ 2234 104 1-72	♀ 2642 105 1-73	♂ 2640 106 1-74	° 00B0 107 1-75	′ 2032 108 1-76	″ 2033 109 1-77	℃ 2103 110 1-78	¥ 00A5 111 1-79
7_	$ 0024 112 1-80	¢ 00A2 113 1-81	£ 00A3 114 1-82	% 0025 115 1-83	# 0023 116 1-84	& 0026 117 1-85	* 002A 118 1-86	@ 0040 119 1-87	§ 00A7 120 1-88	☆ 2606 121 1-89	★ 2605 122 1-90	○ 25CB 123 1-91	● 25CF 124 1-92	◎ 25CE 125 1-93	◇ 25C7 126 1-94	127 -
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Character set 0x22 (row number 2, special characters)

Most of the characters in this set were added in 1983, except for characters 0x2221–0x222E (kuten 2-1 through 2-14, or the first line of the chart below), which were included in the original 1978 version of the standard.

JIS X 0208 (prefixed with 0x22)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	32 -	◆ 21C6 33 2-1	□ 25A1 34 2-2	■ 25A0 35 2-3	△ 25B3 36 2-4	▲ 25B2 37 2-5	▽ 25BD 38 2-6	▼ 25BC 39 2-7	※ 203B 40 2-8	〒 3012 41 2-9	→ 2192 42 2-10	← 2190 43 2-11	↑ 2191 44 2-12	↓ 2193 45 2-13	〓 3013 46 2-14	47 2-15
3_	48 2-16	49 2-17	50 2-18	51 2-19	53 2-21	53 2-21	54 2-22	55 2-23	56 2-24	57 2-25	∈ 2208 58 2-26	∋ 220B 59 2-27	⊆ 2286 60 2-28	⊇ 2287 61 2-29	⊂ 2282 62 2-30	⊃ 2283 63 2-31
4_	∪ 222A 64 2-32	∩ 2229 65 2-33	66 2-34	67 2-35	68 2-36	69 2-37	70 2-38	71 2-39	72 2-40	73 2-41	∧ 2227 74 2-42	∨ 2228 75 2-43	¬ 00AC 76 2-44	⇒ 21D2 77 2-45	⇔ 21D4 78 2-46	∀ 2200 79 2-47
5_	∃ 2203 80 2-48	81 2-49	82 2-50	83 2-51	84 2-52	85 2-53	86 2-54	87 2-55	88 2-56	89 2-57	90 2-58	91 2-59	∠ 2220 92 2-60	⊥ 22A5 93 2-61	⌒ 2312 94 2-62	∂ 2202 95 2-63
6_	∇ 2207 96 2-64	≡ 2261 97 2-65	≒ 2252 98 2-66	≪ 226A 99 2-67	≫ 226B 100 2-68	√ 221A 101 2-69	∽ 223D 102 2-70	∝ 221D 103 2-71	∵ 2235 104 2-72	∫ 222B 105 2-73	∬ 222C 106 2-74	107 2-75	108 2-76	109 2-77	110 2-78	111 2-79
7_	112 2-80	113 2-81	Å 212B 114 2-82	‰ 2030 115 2-83	♯ 266F 116 2-84	♭ 2669 117 2-85	♪ 266A 118 2-86	† 2020 119 2-87	‡ 2021 120 2-88	¶ 00B6 121 2-89	122 2-90	123 2-91	124 2-92	125 2-93	◯ 25EF 126 2-94	127 -
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Character set 0x23 (row number 3, digits and Roman)

Characters in this set may use alternative Unicode mappings to the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms block if used in an encoding which combines JIS X 0208 with ASCII or with JIS X 0201, such as EUC-JP, Shift JIS or ISO 2022-JP.

JIS X 0208 (prefixed with 0x23)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	32 -	33 3-1	34 3-2	35 3-3	36 3-4	37 3-5	38 3-6	39 3-7	40 3-8	41 3-9	42 3-10	43 3-11	44 3-12	45 3-13	46 3-14	47 3-15
3_	0 0030 48 3-16	1 0031 49 3-17	2 0032 50 3-18	3 0033 51 3-19	4 0034 52 3-20	5 0035 53 3-21	6 0036 54 3-22	7 0037 55 3-23	8 0038 56 3-24	9 0039 57 3-25	58 3-26	59 3-27	60 3-28	61 3-29	62 3-30	63 3-31
4_	64 3-32	A 0041 65 3-33	B 0042 66 3-34	C 0043 67 3-35	D 0044 68 3-36	E 0045 69 3-37	F 0046 70 3-38	G 0047 71 3-39	H 0048 72 3-40	I 0049 73 3-41	J 004A 74 3-42	K 004B 75 3-43	L 004C 76 3-44	M 004D 77 3-45	N 004E 78 3-46	O 004F 79 3-47
5_	P 0050 80 3-48	Q 0051 81 3-49	R 0052 82 3-50	S 0053 83 3-51	T 0054 84 3-52	U 0055 85 3-53	V 0056 86 3-54	W 0057 87 3-55	X 0058 88 3-56	Y 0059 89 3-57	Z 005A 90 3-58	91 3-59	92 3-60	93 3-61	94 3-62	95 3-63
6_	96 3-64	a 0061 97 3-65	b 0062 98 3-66	c 0063 99 3-67	d 0064 100 3-68	e 0065 101 3-69	f 0066 102 3-70	g 0067 103 3-71	h 0068 104 3-72	i 0069 105 3-73	j 006A 106 3-74	k 006B 107 3-75	l 006C 108 3-76	m 006D 109 3-77	n 006E 110 3-78	o 006F 111 3-79
7_	p 0070 112 3-80	q 0071 113 3-81	r 0072 114 3-82	s 0073 115 3-83	t 0074 116 3-84	u 0075 117 3-85	v 0076 118 3-86	w 0077 119 3-87	x 0078 120 3-88	y 0079 121 3-89	z 007A 122 3-90	123 3-91	124 3-92	125 3-93	126 3-94	127 -
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Character set 0x24 (row number 4, Hiragana)

JIS X 0208 (prefixed with 0x24)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	32 -	ぁ 3041 33 4-1	あ 3042 34 4-2	ぃ 3043 35 4-3	い 3044 36 4-4	ぅ 3045 37 4-5	う 3046 38 4-6	ぇ 3047 39 4-7	え 3048 40 4-8	ぉ 3049 41 4-9	お 304A 42 4-10	か 304B 43 4-11	が 304C 44 4-12	き 304D 45 4-13	ぎ 304E 46 4-14	く 304F 47 4-15
3_	ぐ 3050 48 4-16	け 3051 49 4-17	げ 3052 50 4-18	こ 3053 51 4-19	ご 3054 52 4-20	さ 3055 53 4-21	ざ 3056 54 4-22	し 3057 55 4-23	じ 3058 56 4-24	す 3059 57 4-25	ず 305A 58 4-26	せ 305B 59 4-27	ぜ 305C 60 4-28	そ 305D 61 4-29	ぞ 305E 62 4-30	た 305F 63 4-31
4_	だ 3060 64 4-32	ち 3061 65 4-33	ぢ 3062 66 4-34	っ 3063 67 4-35	つ 3064 68 4-36	づ 3065 69 4-37	て 3066 70 4-38	で 3067 71 4-39	と 3068 72 4-40	ど 3069 73 4-41	な 306A 74 4-42	に 306B 75 4-43	ぬ 306C 76 4-44	ね 306D 77 4-45	の 306E 78 4-46	は 306F 79 4-47
5_	ば 3070 80 4-48	ぱ 3071 81 4-49	ひ 3072 82 4-50	び 3073 83 4-51	ぴ 3074 84 4-52	ふ 3075 85 4-53	ぶ 3076 86 4-54	ぷ 3077 87 4-55	へ 3078 88 4-56	べ 3079 89 4-57	ぺ 307A 90 4-58	ほ 307B 91 4-59	ぼ 307C 92 4-60	ぽ 307D 93 4-61	ま 307E 94 4-62	み 307F 95 4-63
6_	む 3080 96 4-64	め 3081 97 4-65	も 3082 98 4-66	ゃ 3083 99 4-67	や 3084 100 4-68	ゅ 3085 101 4-69	ゆ 3086 102 4-70	ょ 3087 103 4-71	よ 3088 104 4-72	ら 3089 105 4-73	り 308A 106 4-74	る 308B 107 4-75	れ 308C 108 4-76	ろ 308D 109 4-77	ゎ 308E 110 4-78	わ 308F 111 4-79
7_	ゐ 3090 112 4-80	ゑ 3091 113 4-81	を 3092 114 4-82	ん 3093 115 4-83	116 4-84	117 4-85	118 4-86	119 4-87	120 4-88	121 4-89	122 4-90	123 4-91	124 4-92	125 4-93	126 4-94	127 -
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Character set 0x25 (row number 5, Katakana)

JIS X 0208 (prefixed with 0x25)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	32 -	ァ 30A1 33 5-1	ア 30A2 34 5-2	ィ 30A3 35 5-3	イ 30A4 36 5-4	ゥ 30A5 37 5-5	ウ 30A6 38 5-6	ェ 30A7 39 5-7	エ 30A8 40 5-8	ォ 30A9 41 5-9	オ 30AA 42 5-10	カ 30AB 43 5-11	ガ 30AC 44 5-12	キ 30AD 45 5-13	ギ 30AE 46 5-14	ク 30AF 47 5-15
3_	グ 30B0 48 5-16	ケ 30B1 49 5-17	ゲ 30B2 50 5-18	コ 30B3 51 5-19	ゴ 30B4 52 5-20	サ 30B5 53 5-21	ザ 30B6 54 5-22	シ 30B7 55 5-23	ジ 30B8 56 5-24	ス 30B9 57 5-25	ズ 30BA 58 5-26	セ 30BB 59 5-27	ゼ 30BC 60 5-28	ソ 30BD 61 5-29	ゾ 30BE 62 5-30	タ 30BF 63 5-31
4_	ダ 30C0 64 5-32	チ 30C1 65 5-33	ヂ 30C2 66 5-34	ッ 30C3 67 5-35	ツ 30C4 68 5-36	ヅ 30C5 69 5-37	テ 30C6 70 5-38	デ 30C7 71 5-39	ト 30C8 72 5-40	ド 30C9 73 5-41	ナ 30CA 74 5-42	ニ 30CB 75 5-43	ヌ 30CC 76 5-44	ネ 30CD 77 5-45	ノ 30CE 78 5-46	ハ 30CF 79 5-47
5_	バ 30D0 80 5-48	パ 30D1 81 5-49	ヒ 30D2 82 5-50	ビ 30D3 83 5-51	ピ 30D4 84 5-52	フ 30D5 85 5-53	ブ 30D6 86 5-54	プ 30D7 87 5-55	ヘ 30D8 88 5-56	ベ 30D9 89 5-57	ペ 30DA 90 5-58	ホ 30DB 91 5-59	ボ 30DC 92 5-60	ポ 30DD 93 5-61	マ 30DE 94 5-62	ミ 30DF 95 5-63
6_	ム 30E0 96 5-64	メ 30E1 97 5-65	モ 30E2 98 5-66	ャ 30E3 99 5-67	ヤ 30E4 100 5-68	ュ 30E5 101 5-69	ユ 30E6 102 5-70	ョ 30E7 103 5-71	ヨ 30E8 104 5-72	ラ 30E9 105 5-73	リ 30EA 106 5-74	ル 30EB 107 5-75	レ 30EC 108 5-76	ロ 30ED 109 5-77	ヮ 30EE 110 5-78	ワ 30EF 111 5-79
7_	ヰ 30F0 112 5-80	ヱ 30F1 113 5-81	ヲ 30F2 114 5-82	ン 30F3 115 5-83	ヴ 30F4 116 5-84	ヵ 30F5 117 5-85	ヶ 30F6 118 5-86	119 5-87	120 5-88	121 5-89	122 5-90	123 5-91	124 5-92	125 5-93	126 5-94	127 -
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Character set 0x26 (row number 6, Greek)

This row contains basic support for the modern Greek alphabet, without diacritics or the final sigma.

JIS X 0208 (prefixed with 0x26)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	32 -	Α 0391 33 6-1	Β 0392 34 6-2	Γ 0393 35 6-3	Δ 0394 36 6-4	Ε 0395 37 6-5	Ζ 0396 38 6-6	Η 0397 39 6-7	Θ 0398 40 6-8	Ι 0399 41 6-9	Κ 039A 42 6-10	Λ 039B 43 6-11	Μ 039C 44 6-12	Ν 039D 45 6-13	Ξ 039E 46 6-14	Ο 039F 47 6-15
3_	Π 03A0 48 6-16	Ρ 03A1 49 6-17	Σ 03A3 50 6-18	Τ 03A4 51 6-19	Υ 03A5 52 6-20	Φ 03A6 53 6-21	Χ 03A7 54 6-22	Ψ 03A8 55 6-23	Ω 03A9 56 6-24	57 6-25	58 6-26	59 6-27	60 6-28	61 6-29	62 6-30	63 6-31
4_	64 6-32	α 03B1 65 6-33	β 03B2 66 6-34	γ 03B3 67 6-35	δ 03B4 68 6-36	ε 03B5 69 6-37	ζ 03B6 70 6-38	η 03B7 71 6-39	θ 03B8 72 6-40	ι 03B9 73 6-41	κ 03BA 74 6-42	λ 03BB 75 6-43	μ 03BC 76 6-44	ν 03BD 77 6-45	ξ 03BE 78 6-46	ο 03BF 79 6-47
5_	π 03C0 80 6-48	ρ 03C1 81 6-49	σ 03C3 82 6-50	τ 03C4 83 6-51	υ 03C5 84 6-52	φ 03C6 85 6-53	χ 03C7 86 6-54	ψ 03C8 87 6-55	ω 03C9 88 6-56	89 6-57	90 6-58	91 6-59	92 6-60	93 6-61	94 6-62	95 6-63
6_	96 6-64	97 6-65	98 6-66	99 6-67	100 6-68	101 6-69	102 6-70	103 6-71	104 6-72	105 6-73	106 6-74	107 6-75	108 6-76	109 6-77	110 6-78	111 6-79
7_	112 6-80	113 6-81	114 6-82	115 6-83	116 6-84	117 6-85	118 6-86	119 6-87	120 6-88	121 6-89	122 6-90	123 6-91	124 6-92	125 6-93	126 6-94	127 -
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Character set 0x27 (row number 7, Cyrillic)

This row contains the modern Russian alphabet and is not necessarily sufficient for representing other forms of the Cyrillic script.

JIS X 0208 (prefixed with 0x27)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	32 -	А 0410 33 7-1	Б 0411 34 7-2	В 0412 35 7-3	Г 0413 36 7-4	Д 0414 37 7-5	Е 0415 38 7-6	Ё 0401 39 7-7	Ж 0416 40 7-8	З 0417 41 7-9	И 0418 42 7-10	Й 0419 43 7-11	К 041A 44 7-12	Л 041B 45 7-13	М 041C 46 7-14	Н 041D 47 7-15
3_	О 041E 48 7-16	П 041F 49 7-17	Р 0420 50 7-18	С 0421 51 7-19	Т 0422 52 7-20	У 0423 53 7-21	Ф 0424 54 7-22	Х 0425 55 7-23	Ц 0426 56 7-24	Ч 0427 57 7-25	Ш 0428 58 7-26	Щ 0429 59 7-27	Ъ 042A 60 7-28	Ы 042B 61 7-29	Ь 042C 62 7-30	Э 042D 63 7-31
4_	Ю 042E 64 7-32	Я 042F 65 7-33	66 7-34	67 7-35	68 7-36	69 7-37	70 7-38	71 7-39	72 7-40	73 7-41	74 7-42	75 7-43	76 7-44	77 7-45	78 7-46	79 7-47
5_	80 7-48	а 0430 81 7-49	б 0431 82 7-50	в 0432 83 7-51	г 0433 84 7-52	д 0434 85 7-53	е 0435 86 7-54	ё 0451 87 7-55	ж 0436 88 7-56	з 0437 89 7-57	и 0438 90 7-58	й 0439 91 7-59	к 043A 92 7-60	л 043B 93 7-61	м 043C 94 7-62	н 043D 95 7-63
6_	о 043E 96 7-64	п 043F 97 7-65	р 0440 98 7-66	с 0441 99 7-67	т 0442 100 7-68	у 0443 101 7-69	ф 0444 102 7-70	х 0445 103 7-71	ц 0446 104 7-72	ч 0447 105 7-73	ш 0448 106 7-74	щ 0449 107 7-75	ъ 044A 108 7-76	ы 044B 109 7-77	ь 044C 110 7-78	э 044D 111 7-79
7_	ю 044E 112 7-80	я 044F 113 7-81	114 7-82	115 7-83	116 7-84	117 7-85	118 7-86	119 7-87	120 7-88	121 7-89	122 7-90	123 7-91	124 7-92	125 7-93	126 7-94	127 -
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Character set 0x28 (row number 8, box drawing)

All characters in this set were added in 1983, and were not present in the original 1978 revision of the standard.

JIS X 0208 (prefixed with 0x28)
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F
2_	32 -	│ 2500 33 8-1	─ 2502 34 8-2	┐ 2510 35 8-3	┌ 250C 36 8-4	└ 2514 37 8-5	┘ 2518 38 8-6	┤ 2524 39 8-7	┬ 252C 40 8-8	├ 251C 41 8-9	┴ 2534 42 8-10	┼ 253C 43 8-11	━ 2501 44 8-12	┃ 2503 45 8-13	┏ 250F 46 8-14	┓ 2513 47 8-15
3_	┗ 2517 48 8-16	┛ 251B 49 8-17	┫ 252B 50 8-18	┳ 2533 51 8-19	┣ 2523 52 8-20	┻ 253B 53 8-21	╋ 254B 54 8-22	┠ 2520 55 8-23	┯ 252F 56 8-24	┨ 2528 57 8-25	┷ 2537 58 8-26	┿ 253F 59 8-27	┝ 251D 60 8-28	┰ 2530 61 8-29	┥ 2525 62 8-30	┷ 2537 63 8-31
4_	╂ 2543 64 8-32	65 8-33	66 8-34	67 8-35	68 8-36	69 8-37	70 8-38	71 8-39	72 8-40	73 8-41	74 8-42	75 8-43	76 8-44	77 8-45	78 8-46	79 8-47
5_	80 8-48	81 8-49	82 8-50	83 8-51	84 8-52	85 8-53	86 8-54	87 8-55	88 8-56	89 8-57	90 8-58	91 8-59	92 8-60	93 8-61	94 8-62	95 8-63
6_	96 8-64	97 8-65	98 8-66	99 8-67	100 8-68	101 8-69	102 8-70	103 8-71	104 8-72	105 8-73	106 8-74	107 8-75	108 8-76	109 8-77	110 8-78	111 8-79
7_	112 8-80	113 8-81	114 8-82	115 8-83	116 8-84	117 8-85	118 8-86	119 8-87	120 8-88	121 8-89	122 8-90	123 8-91	124 8-92	125 8-93	126 8-94	127 -
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Kanji rows

Code structure

JIS X 0208 codes are fundamentally two bytes of either seven or eight bits. However, one graphic character (図形文字, zukei moji), “space”, and every control character (制御文字, seigyo moji) is represented with a one-byte code. In order to represent code points, column/line numbers and kuten (区点) numbers are used. For a way to identify a character without depending on a code, character names are used.

Column/Line numbers

In order to represent the bit combination (ビット組合せ, bitto kumiawase) of a one-byte code, two decimal numbers – a column number and a line number – are used. Three high-order bits out of seven or four high-order bits out of eight, counting from zero to seven or from zero to fifteen respectively, form the column number. Four low-order bits counting from zero to fifteen form the line number. Each number corresponds to one hexadecimal digit, but is conventionally written in decimal.

For example, the bit combination corresponding to the graphic character “space” is 010 0000 as a 7-bit number, and 0010 0000 as an 8-bit number. According to those column/line numbers, this is represented as 2/0.

Code points and code numbers

In a two-byte code, the first of the two bytes similarly provides the group of codes, called a row (区, ku), and the individual code within the row, called a cell (点, ten).^{[lower-alpha 6]} A row and a cell form a kuten point, or rather, a code point.

The first and second of two bytes are each permitted to indicate the 94 column/line numbers from 2/1 to 7/14. Consequently, there are 94 rows, and 94 cells in each row. Thus, there are 8836 (94 × 94) code points.

A code point is referenced as a code number (区点番号, kuten bangō, “kuten number”). Each row is given a number from 1 to 94, and within each row, each cell is given a number from 1 to 94. A code number is expressed in the form “row-cell”, the row and cell numbers being separated by a hyphen. For example, the character “亜” has a code point at row 16, cell 1, so its code number is represented as “16-01”.

The correspondence between code numbers and graphic characters is represented, with row numbers made into line numbers and cell numbers made into column numbers, on the 94-line 94-column graphic character code table.

This structure is also used in the Chinese GB 2312 and the Korean KS C 5601 (currently KS X 1001).

Unassigned code points

Among the 2-byte codes, rows 9 to 15 and 85 to 94 are unassigned code points (空き領域, aki ryōiki); that is, they are code points with no characters assigned to them. Also, some cells in other rows are also essentially unassigned code points.

These empty areas contain code points that should basically not be used. Except when there is prior agreement among the relevant parties, characters (gaiji) for information interchange should not be assigned to the unassigned code points.

Even when assigning characters to unassigned code points, graphic characters defined in the standard should not be assigned to them, and the same character should not be assigned to multiple unassigned code points; characters should not be duplicated in the set.

Furthermore, when assigning characters to unassigned code points, it is necessary to be cautious of unification in regards to kanji glyphs. For example, row 25 cell 66 corresponds to the kanji meaning “high” or “expensive”; both the form with a component resembling the “mouth” character (口) in the middle (高) and the less common form with a ladder-like construction in the same location (髙) are subsumed into the same code point. Consequently, limiting point 25-66 to the “mouth” form and assigning the latter “ladder” form to an unassigned code point would technically be in violation of the standard.

In practice, however, several vendor-specific Shift JIS variants, including Windows-932 and MacJapanese, encode vendor extensions in unallocated regions of the encoding space for JIS X 0208. Also, most of the codes unassigned in JIS X 0208 are assigned by the newer JIS X 0213 standard.

Character names

For characters given codes in this standards, each is given a name. By using a character's name, it is possible to discern characters without relying on their codes. The names of characters are coordinated with other character set standards, so for some characters in some character sets, one can decide whether or not they are the same as characters in other character sets.

For example, both the character at ISO/IEC 646 column 4 line 1 and the one at JIS X 0208 row 3 cell 33 have the name “LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A”. Therefore, the character at 4/1 in ISO/IEC 646 and the character at 3-33 in this standard can be concluded to be the same character. Also, for the ISO/IEC 646 International Reference Version, 2/2 (quotation mark), 2/7 (apostrophe), 2/13 (hyphen-minus), and 7/14 (tilde) are characters that do not exist in this standard.

Character names not for kanji use uppercase Roman letters, spaces, and hyphens. Non-kanji characters are given a Japanese-language common name (日本語通用名称, Nihongo tsūyō meishō), but some provisions for these names do not exist.^{[lower-alpha 7]}

The names of kanji are mechanically set according to the corresponding hexadecimal representation of their code in the Universal Character Set (UCS). The name of a kanji can be arrived at by prepending the UCS code with “CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-”. For example, row 16 cell 1 (亜) corresponds to 4E9C in UCS, so the name of it would be “CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E9C”. Kanji are not given Japanese common names.

Kanji set

Overview

JIS X 0208 prescribes a set of 6879 graphical characters that correspond to two-byte codes with either seven or eight bits to the byte; in JIS X 0208, this is called the kanji set (漢字集合, kanji shūgō), which includes 6355 kanji as well as 524 non-kanji (非漢字, hikanji), including characters such as Latin letters, kana, and so forth.

Special characters: Occupies rows 1 and 2. There are 18 descriptor symbols (記述記号, kijutsu kigō) such as the “ideographic space” (　), and the Japanese comma and period; eight diacritical marks such as dakuten and handakuten; 10 characters for things that follow kana or kanji (仮名又は漢字に準じるもの, kana mata wa kanji ni junjiru mono) such as the Iteration mark; 22 bracket symbols (括弧記号, kakko kigō); 45 mathematical symbols (学術記号, gakujutsu kigō); and 32 unit symbols, which includes the currency sign and the postal mark, for a total of 147 characters.
Numerals: Occupies part of row 3. The ten digits from “0” to “9”.
Latin letters: Occupies part of row 3. The 26 letters of the English alphabet in uppercase and lowercase form for a total of 52.
Hiragana: Occupies row 4. Contains 48 unvoiced kana (including the obsolete wi and we), 20 voiced kana (dakuten), 5 semi-voiced kana (handakuten), 10 small kana for palatalized and assimilated sounds, for a total of 83 characters.
Katakana: Occupies row 5. There are 86 characters; in addition to the katakana equivalents of the hiragana characters, the small ka/ke kana (ヵ/ヶ) and the vu kana (ヴ).
Greek letters: Occupies row 6. The 24 letters of the Greek alphabet in uppercase and lowercase form (minus the final sigma) for a total of 48.
Cyrillic letters: Occupies row 7. The 33 letters of the Russian alphabet in uppercase and lowercase form for a total of 66.
Box-drawing characters: Occupies row 8. Thin segments, thick segments, and mixed thin and thick segments, 32 total.
Kanji: The 2965 characters of level 1 (第1水準, dai ichi suijun) from row 16 to row 47, and the 3390 characters of level 2 (第2水準, dai ni suijun) from row 48 to row 84 for a total of 6355.

Special characters, numerals, and Latin characters

As for the special characters in the kanji set, some characters from the graphic character set of the International Reference Version (IRV) of ISO/IEC 646:1991 (equivalent to ASCII) are absent from JIS X 0208. There are the aforementioned four characters “QUOTATION MARK”, “APOSTROPHE”, “HYPHEN-MINUS”, and “TILDE”. The former three are split into different code points in the kanji set (Nishimura, 1978; JIS X 0221-1:2001 standard, Section 3.8.7). The “TILDE” of IRV has no corresponding character in the kanji set.

In the following table, the ISO/IEC 646:1991 IRV characters in question are compared with their multiple equivalents in JIS X 0208, except for the IRV character “TILDE”, which is compared with the “WAVE DASH” of JIS X 0208. The entries under the “Symbol” columns utilize UCS/Unicode code points, so the specifics of display may differ.

The ASCII/IRV characters without exact JIS X 0208 equivalents were later assigned code points by JIS X 0213, these are also listed below, as are Microsoft's mapping of the four characters.

Non-strict correspondence between ISO/IEC 646:1991 IRV (ASCII) and JIS X 0208
ISO/IEC 646:1991 IRV					JIS X 0208
Column/Line	x0213^[5]	Microsoft	Symbol	Name	Kuten	Symbol	Name
2/2	1-2-16	92-94^{[upper-alpha 1]} 115-24^{[upper-alpha 2]}	"	QUOTATION MARK	1-15	¨	DIAERESIS
					1-40	“	LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
					1-41	”	RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
					1-77	″	DOUBLE PRIME
2/7	1-2-15	92-93^{[upper-alpha 1]} 115-23^{[upper-alpha 2]}	'	APOSTROPHE	1-13	´	ACUTE ACCENT
					1-38	‘	LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
					1-39	’	RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
					1-76	′	PRIME
2/13	1-2-17	1-61^{[upper-alpha 3]}	-	HYPHEN-MINUS	1-30	‐	HYPHEN
2/13	1-2-17	1-61^{[upper-alpha 3]}	-	HYPHEN-MINUS	1-61	−	MINUS SIGN
7/14	1-2-18	1-33^{[upper-alpha 4]}	~	TILDE	(no corresponding character)
(no corresponding character)					1-33	〜	WAVE DASH^{[upper-alpha 4]}

1 2 From "NEC selection of IBM extensions". Occupies a code point unallocated in JIS X 0208.
1 2 From "IBM extensions". Outside range of JIS X 0208, but encodable in Shift_JIS.
↑ Microsoft treat the JIS minus sign as a fullwidth form of the hyphen-minus.
1 2 Wave Dash is sometimes treated as a fullwidth form of the tilde, e.g. by Microsoft (see Tilde § Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash). The ASCII / IRV tilde is an ambiguous code point which may appear either as an tilde accent mark (˜) or as a dash with the same curvature (∼), although the dash is more common due to the spacing accent having a separate code point in Windows-1252; there is no JIS X 0208 character for a tilde accent. Character 1-2-18 in JIS X 0213 is shown as a tilde accent in the code chart.^[5]

This means that the kanji set is the most widespread non-upward-compatible character set in the world; it is counted as one of the weak points of this standard.

Even with the 90 special characters, numerals, and Latin letters the kanji set and the IRV set have in common, this standard does not follow the arrangement of ISO/IEC 646. These 90 characters are split between rows 1 (punctuation) and 3 (letters and numbers), although row 3 does follow ISO 646 arrangement for the 62 letters and numbers alone (e.g. 4/1 ("A") in ISO 646 becomes 2/3 4/1 (i.e. 3-33) in JIS X 0208).

As to the cause of how these numerals, Latin letters, and so forth in the kanji set are the “full-width alphanumeric characters” (全角英数字, zenkaku eisūji) and how the original implementation came forth with a differing interpretation compared to the IRV, it is thought that it is due to these incompatibilities.

Ever since the first standard, it has been possible to represent composites (合成, gōsei) such as encircled numbers, ligatures for measurement unit names, and Roman numerals;^[6] they were not given independent kuten code points. Although individual companies that manufacture information systems can make an effort to represent these characters as customers may require by the composition of the characters, none has requested to have them added to the standard, instead choosing to proprietarily offer them as gaiji.

In the fourth standard (1997), all these characters were explicitly defined as characters that accompany an advancement of the current position; that is to say, they are spacing characters. Furthermore, it was ruled that they should not be made by the composition of characters. For this reason, it became disallowed to represent Latin characters with diacritics at all, with possibly the sole exception of the ångström symbol (Å) at row 2 cell 82.

Hiragana and katakana

The hiragana and katakana in JIS X 0208, unlike JIS X 0201, includes dakuten and handakuten markings as part of a character. The katakana wi (ヰ) and we (ヱ) (both obsolete in modern Japanese) as well as the small wa (ヮ), not in JIS X 0201, are also included.

The arrangement of kana in JIS X 0208 is different from the arrangement of katakana in JIS X 0201. In JIS X 0201, the syllabary starts with wo (ヲ), followed by the small kana sorted by gojūon order, followed by the full-size kana, also in gojūon order (ヲァィゥェォャュョッーアイウエオ……ラリルレロワン). On the other hand, in JIS X 0208, the kana are sorted first by gojūon order, then in the order of “small kana, full-size kana, kana with dakuten, and kana with handakuten” such that the same fundamental kana is grouped with its derivatives (ぁあぃいぅうぇえぉお……っつづ……はばぱひびぴふぶぷへべぺほぼぽ……ゎわゐゑをん). This ordering was chosen in order to more simply facilitate the sorting of kana-based dictionary look-ups (Yasuoka, 2006).^{[lower-alpha 8]}

As mentioned above, in this standard, the previously defined katakana order in JIS X 0201 was not followed in JIS X 0208. It is thought that the JIS X 0201 katakana being “half-width kana” arose due to the incompatibility with the katakana of this standard. This point is also one of the weaknesses of this standard.

Kanji

How the kanji in this standard were chosen from what sources, why they are split into level 1 and level 2, and how they are arranged are all explained in detail in the fourth standard (1997). Per that explanation, the kanji included in the following four kanji listings were reflected in the 6349 characters of the first standard (1978).

Kanji Listing for Standard Code (Tentative) (標準コード用漢字表 (試案), Hyōjun Kōdo-yō Kanjihyō (Shian))

The Information Processing Society of Japan kanji code committee compiled this list in 1971. In the below “Correspondence Analysis Results”, this appears to be 6086 characters.

Basic Kanji for Administrative Data Processing Use (行政情報処理用基本漢字, Gyōsei Jōhō Shoriyō Kihon Kanji)

Selected by the Administrative Management Agency of Japan in 1975, it consists of 2817 characters. For data for the purpose of selection, the Agency made a report which, starting with the “Kanji Listing for Standard Code (Tentative)”, contrasted several kanji listings, the “Correspondence Analysis Results and Frequency of Use of Kanji for Administrative Data Processing Use Normal Kanji Selection” (行政情報処理用標準漢字選定のための漢字の使用頻度および対応分析結果 Gyōsei Jōhō Shoriyō Kihon Kanji Sentei no Tame no Kanji no Shiyō Hindo Oyobi Taiō Bunseki Kekka), or “Correspondence Analysis Results” (対応分析結果 Taiō Bunseki Kekka) for short.

Japanese Personality Registration Name Kanji (日本生命収容人名漢字, Nihon Seimei Shūyō Jinmei Kanji)

One of the kanji listings that compose the “Correspondence Analysis Results”, consisting of 3044 characters. It no longer exists. The original list was nonexistent for the original drafting committee; this kanji list was reflected in the standard to follow the “Correspondence Analysis Results”.

Kanji for National Administrative District Listing (国土行政区画総覧使用漢字, Kokudo Gyōsei Kukaku Sōran Shiyō Kanji)

One of the kanji listings that compose the “Correspondence Analysis Results”, consisting of 3251 characters. They are the kanji used in the list of all administrative place names compiled by the Japan Geographic Data Center, the “National Administrative District Listing” (国土行政区画総覧 Kokudo Gyōsei Kukaku Sōran). The original drafting committee did not investigate the listing itself; the kanji used from this list followed the “Correspondence Analysis Results”.

In the second and third standards, they added four and two characters to level 2, respectively, bringing the total kanji to 6355. Also, in the second standard, character forms were changed as well as transposition among the levels; in the third standard as well, character forms were changed. These are described further below.

Level partitioning

For level 1, characters common to multiple kanji glyph listings were chosen, using the tōyō kanji, the tōyō kanji correction draft, and the jinmeiyō kanji as a basis. Also, JIS C 6260 (“To-Do-Fu-Ken (Prefecture) Identification Code”; currently JIS X 0401) and JIS C 6261 (“Identification code for cities, towns and villages”; currently JIS X 0402) were consulted; kanji for nearly all Japanese prefectures, cities, districts, wards, towns, villages, and so forth were intentionally placed in level 1.^{[lower-alpha 9]} Furthermore, amendments by experts were added.

Level 2 was dedicated to kanji that made an appearance in the aforementioned four major listings but were not selected for level 1. As noted below, the kanji of level 1 were ordered by their pronunciation, so among the kanji whose pronunciation were difficult to determine, there were those that were transferred from level 1 to level 2 on that basis (Nishimura, 1978).

Due to these decisions, for the most part, level 1 contains more frequently used kanji, and level 2 contains more infrequently used kanji, but of course, those were judged by the standards of the day; over the passage of time, some level 2 kanji have become more frequently used, such as one meaning “to soar” (翔) and one meaning “to glitter” (煌); and inversely, some level 1 kanji have become infrequent, notably the ones meaning “centimeter” (糎) and “millimeter” (粍). Also, a few jinmeiyō kanji, being added after the kanji set was defined, fall into level 2.

Arrangement

The kanji in level 1 are sorted in order of each one’s “representative reading” (i.e. a canonical reading chosen for the purposes of this standard only); the reading of a kanji for this may be an on or a kun reading; readings are sorted in gojūon order.^{[lower-alpha 10]} As a general rule, the on (Chinese-sound) reading is considered the representative reading; where a kanji has multiple on readings, the reading judged to be predominant in use frequency is used for the representative reading (JIS C 6226-1978 standard, Section 3.4). For the small percentage of kanji that either do not have an on reading or have an on reading which is little known and not in common use, the kun reading was employed as the representative reading. Where a verb kun reading must be used as the representative reading, the ren'yōkei (rather than the shūshikei) form is used.

For example, cells 1 to 41 on row 16 are 41 characters sorted as starting with a reading of a. Within these, 22 characters, including 16-10 (葵: on reading “ki”; kun reading “aoi”) and 16-32 (粟: on readings “zoku” and “shoku”; kun reading “awa”) are there on the basis of their kun readings. 16-09 (逢: on reading “hō”, kun reading “a(i)”) and 16-23 (扱: on readings “sō” and “kyū”, kun reading “atsuka(i)”) are just two examples of ren'yōkei-form verbs used for the representative reading.

Where the representative reading is the same between different kanji, a kanji that uses an on reading is placed ahead of one that uses a kun reading. Where the on or kun readings are the same between more than one kanji, they are then ordered by their primary radical and stroke count.

Whether on level 1 or level 2, itaiji are arranged to directly follow their exemplar form. For example, in level 2, right after row 49 cell 88 (劍), the immediately following characters deviate from the general rule (stroke count in this case) to include three variants of 49-88 (劔, 劒, and 剱).^{[lower-alpha 11]}

The kanji in level 2 are arranged in order of primary radical and stroke count. Where these two properties are the same for different kanji, they are then sorted by reading.

Kanji from unknown sources

Kanji for which sources are unclear, unknown, or otherwise unidentifiable in JIS X 0208:1997 Appendix 7
Kuten	Symbol	Classification
52-55	墸	Unknown
52-63	壥	Unknown
54-12	妛	Source unclear
55-27	彁	Unidentifiable
57-43	挧	Source unclear
58-83	暃	Source unclear
59-91	椢	Source unclear
60-57	槞	Source unclear
74-12	蟐	Source unclear
74-57	袮	Source unclear
79-64	閠	Source unclear
81-50	駲	Source unclear

It has been pointed out that there are kanji in the kanji set that are not found in comprehensive, unabridged kanji dictionaries, and that the sources thereof are unknown. For example, only one year after the first standard was established, Tajima (1979) reported that he had confirmed 63 kanji that were not to be found in Shinjigen (a large kanji dictionary published by Kadokawa Shoten), nor in Dai Kan-Wa jiten, and they did not make sense as ryakuji of any sort; he noted that it would be preferable for kanji not available in kanji dictionaries to be selected from definite sources. These kanji came to be known as “ghost” characters (幽霊文字, yūrei moji) or “ghost kanji” (幽霊漢字, yūrei kanji), among other names.

The drafting committee for the fourth version of the standard also saw the existence of kanji with sources unknown as a problem, and so made an inquiry into just what kind of sources the drafting committee of the first version referenced. As a result, it was discovered that the original drafting committee had heavily relied on the “Correspondence Analysis Results” to collect kanji. When the drafting committee investigated the “Correspondence Analysis Results”, it became clear that many of the kanji included in the kanji set but not found in exhaustive kanji dictionaries supposedly came from the “Japanese Personality Registration Name Kanji” and “Kanji for National Administrative District Listing” lists mentioned in the “Correspondence Analysis Results”.

It was confirmed that no original text for the “Japanese Personality Registration Name Kanji” referenced in the “Correspondence Analysis Results” exists. For the “National Administrative District Listing”, Sasahara Hiroyuki of the fourth version's drafting committee examined the kanji that appeared on the in-progress development pages for the first standard. The committee also consulted many ancient writings, as well as many examples of personal names in a database of NTT phone books.

Due to this thorough investigation, the committee was able to pare down the number of kanji for which the source cannot be confidently explained to twelve, shown on the adjacent table. Of these, it is conjectured that several glyphs came about due to copying errors. In particular, 妛 was probably created when printers tried to create 𡚴 by cutting and pasting 山 and 女 together. A shadow from that process was misinterpreted as a line, resulting in 妛 (a picture of this can be found in the Jōyō kanji jiten).

Unification of kanji variants

According to the specifications in the fourth standard (1997), unification (包摂, hōsetsu, not the same term used for Unicode’s “unification” although it is nearly the same concept) is the action of giving the same code point to a character without regard to its different character forms. In the fourth standard, the glyphs allowed are limited; the extent to which particular allographic glyphs are unified into a graphemic code point is clearly defined.

Furthermore, according to the specifications in the standard, a glyph (字体, jitai, lit. “character body”;) is an abstract notion as to the graphical representation of a graphic character; a character form (字形, jikei, lit. “character shape”; also a “glyph” in a sense, but differentiated on a different level for standardization purposes) is the representation as a graphical shape that a glyph takes in actuality (e.g. due to a glyph being handwritten, printed, displayed on a screen, etc.). For a single glyph, there exist an endless range of possible concretely and/or visibly different character forms. A variation between a character form of one glyph is termed a “design difference” (デザインの差, dezain no sa).

The extent to which a glyph is unified to one code point is determined according to that code point's “example glyph” (例示字体, reiji jitai) and the “unification criteria” (包摂規準, hōsetsu kijun) that can be applied to that example glyph; that is, the example glyph for a code point applies to that code point, and any glyphs for which the parts that compose the example glyph are replaced in accordance with the unification criteria also apply to that code point.

For example, the example glyph at 33-46 (僧) is composed of radical 9 (亻) and the kanji that eventually spawned the both the so kana (曽). Also, in unification criterion 101, there are three kanji displayed: the first takes the form most often seen in Japanese (曽); the second contains a more traditional form (曾) in which the first two strokes form radical 12 (the kanji numeral for the number 8: 八); and the third is like the second, except that radical 12 is inverted (曾). Consequently, all three permutations (僧, 僧, 僧) all apply to the code point at line 33 cell 46.

In the fourth standard, including one of the errata for the first printing, there are 186 unification criteria.

When a code point’s example glyph is composed of more than one part glyph, unification criteria can be applied to each part. After a unification criterion is applied to one part glyph, that part cannot have any more unification criteria applied to it. Also, a unification criterion is not allowed to apply if the resulting glyph would coincide with that of another code point entirely.

An example glyph is no more than an example for that code point; it is not a glyph “endorsed” by the standard. Also, the unification criteria need only be used for generally used kanji and for the purpose of assigning things to the code points of this standard. The standard requests that generally unused kanji not be created based on the example glyphs and unification criteria.

The kanji of the kanji set are not chosen completely consistently according to the unification criteria. For example, although 41-7 corresponds to the form where the third and fourth strokes cross (彥) as well as the form where they don’t (彦) according to unification criterion 72, 20-73 only corresponds to the form where they do not cross (顔), and 80-90 only corresponds to the form where they do (顏).

The terms “unification”, “unification criteria”, and “example glyph” were adopted in the fourth standard. From the first to the third version, kanji and relations between kanji were grouped into three types: “independent” (独立, dokuritsu), “compatible” (対応, taiō), and “equivalent” (同値, dōchi); it was explained that the characters recognized as equivalent “consolidate to just one point”. “Equivalence” included, other than kanji with exactly the same shape, kanji with differences due to style, and kanji where the difference in character form is small.

In the first standard, it was stipulated that “this standard ... does not establish the particulars of character forms” (Section 3.1); it also states that “the aim of this standard is to establish the general idea of characters and their codes; the design of their character forms and such lie outside its scope.” In the second and third standards as well, notes to the effect that specific designs of character forms lie outside its scope (the note on item 1). The fourth standard also stipulates that “This standard regulates graphic characters as well as their bit patterns, and the use, specific designs of individual characters, and so forth are not within the scope of this standard” (JIS X 0208:1997, item 1).

Unification criteria for compatibility

In the fourth standard, “unification criteria for maintaining compatibility with previous standards” (過去の規格との互換性を維持するための包摂規準, kako no kikaku to no gokansei wo iji suru tame no hōsetsu kijun) is defined. Their application is limited to 29 code points whose glyphs vary greatly between the standards JIS C 6226-1983 on and after and JIS C 6226-1978. For those 29 code points, the glyphs from JIS C 6226-1983 on and after are displayed as “A”, and the glyphs from JIS C 6226-1978 as “B”. On each of them, both “A” and “B” glyphs may be applied. However, in order to claim compatibility with the standard, whether the “A” or “B” form has been used for each code point must be explicitly noted.

Character encodings

Eight encoding schemes

In JIS X 0208:1997, article 7 combined with appendices 1 and 2 define a total of eight encoding schemes.

In the descriptions below, the “CL” (control left), “GL” (graphic left), “CR” (control right), and “GR” (graphic right) regions are respectively, in column/line notation, from 0/0 to 1/15, from 2/1 to 7/14, from 8/0 to 9/15, and from 10/1 to 15/14. For each code, 2/0 is assigned the graphic character “SPACE” and 7/15 the control character “DELETE”. The C0 control characters (defined in JIS X 0211 and matching ISO/IEC 6429) are assigned to the CL region.

7-bit encoding for kanji: Stipulated in the standard itself. The JIS X 0208 double-byte set is assigned to the GL region.
8-bit encoding for kanji: Stipulated in the standard itself. Same as the 7-bit encoding, but defined in terms of 8-bit bytes. The CR region may be unused, or encode the C1 control characters from JIS X 0211. The GR region is unused.
International Reference Version + 7-bit encoding for kanji: Stipulated in the standard itself. The shift in control character delegates the ISO/IEC 646:1991 IRV (International Reference Version, equivalent to US-ASCII) to the GL region. Shift out delegates the JIS X 0208 double-byte set to the same region.
Latin characters + 7-bit encoding for kanji: Stipulated in the standard itself. As with IRV+7-bit, but with ISO/IEC 646:IRV replaced with ISO/IEC 646:JP (the Roman set of JIS X 0201).
International Reference Version + 8-bit encoding for kanji: Stipulated in the standard itself. ISO/IEC 646:IRV is assigned to the GL region, JIS X 0208 to the GR region. This is effectively a subset of EUC-JP, excluding the half-width katakana from JIS X 0201 and the supplemental kanji from JIS X 0212.
Latin characters + 8-bit encoding for kanji: Stipulated in the standard itself. As with IRV+8-bit, but with ISO/IEC 646:IRV replaced with ISO/IEC 646:JP.
Shift-coded character set: Stipulated in Appendix 1: “Shift-Coded Representation” (シフト符号化表現, Shifuto Fugōka Hyōgen). The authoritative definition of Shift JIS.
RFC 1468-coded character set: Stipulated in Appendix 2: “RFC 1468-Coded Representation” (RFC 1468符号化表現, RFC 1468 Fugōka Hyōgen). Resembles ISO-2022-JP (which is authoritatively defined in RFC 1468) but is defined in terms of eight-bit bytes, whereas ISO-2022-JP is defined in terms of seven-bit bytes.

Among the encodings stipulated in the fourth standard, only the “Shift” coded character set is registered by the IANA.^[7] However, certain others are closely related to IANA-registered encodings defined elsewhere (EUC-JP and ISO-2022-JP).

Escape sequence

JIS X 0208 may be used within ISO 2022/JIS X 0202 (of which ISO-2022-JP is a subset). The escape sequences to designate JIS X 0208 to each of the four ISO 2022 code sets are listed below. Here, "ESC" refers to the control character "Escape" (0x1B, or 1/11).

ISO 2022 escape sequences to select JIS C 6226 and JIS X 0208
Standard	G0	G1	G2	G3
78	ESC 2/4 4/0	ESC 2/4 2/9 4/0	ESC 2/4 2/10 4/0	ESC 2/4 2/11 4/0
83	ESC 2/4 4/2	ESC 2/4 2/9 4/2	ESC 2/4 2/10 4/2	ESC 2/4 2/11 4/2
90 onward	ESC 2/6 4/0 ESC 2/4 4/2	ESC 2/6 4/0 ESC 2/4 2/9 4/2	ESC 2/6 4/0 ESC 2/4 2/10 4/2	ESC 2/6 4/0 ESC 2/4 2/11 4/2

The escape sequence starting ESC 2/4 selects a multi-byte character set. The escape sequence starting ESC 2/6 specifies a revision of the upcoming character set selection. JIS C 6226:1978 is identified by the multibyte-94-set identifier byte 4/0 (corresponding to ASCII @). JIS C 6226:1983 / JIS X 0208:1983 is identified by the multibyte-94-set identifier byte 4/2 (B). JIS X 0208:1990 is also identified by the 94-set identifier byte 4/2, but can be distinguished with the revision identifier 4/0 (@).

The problem of duplicate encodings

When using the kanji set of this standard with either the ISO/IEC 646’s IRV’s graphic character set or JIS X 0201’s graphic character set for Latin characters, the treatment of the characters common to both sets becomes problematic. Unless one takes special measures, the characters included in both sets do not all map to each other one-to-one, and a single character may be given more than one code point; that is, it may cause a duplicate encoding.

JIS X 0208:1997, in regards to when a character is common to both sets, basically forbids the use of the code point in the kanji set (which is one of two code points), eliminating duplicate encodings. It is judged that characters that have the same name are the same character.

For example, both the name of the character corresponding to the bit pattern 4/1 in the ISO/IEC 646 IRV character set and the name of the character corresponding to row 3 cell 33 of the kanji set are “LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A”. In International Reference Version + 8-bit code for kanji, whether by the bit pattern 4/1 or by the bit pattern corresponding to the kanji set’s row 3 cell 33 (10/3 12/1), the letter “A” (i.e. “LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A”) is represented. The standard forbids the use of the “10/3 12/1” bit pattern, in an attempt to eliminate the duplicate encoding.

In consideration to implementations that treat the characters of the code points in the kanji set as “full-width characters” and those of the IRV character set or the graphic character set for Latin characters as different characters, the use of the kanji set code points is permitted only for the sake of backwards compatibility. For example, for the purpose of backwards compatibility, it is permitted to consider 10/3 12/1 in International Reference Version + 8-bit code for kanji to correspond to a full-width “A”.

If the kanji set is used along with the IRV graphic character set or the graphic character set for Latin characters, then even if the standard is abided by strictly, the unique encoding of a character is not guaranteed. For example, in the International Reference Version + 8-bit code for kanji, it is valid to represent a hyphen with the bit pattern 2/13 for the character “HYPHEN-MINUS”, as well as with the kanji set’s row 1 cell 30 (bit pattern 10/1 11/14) for the character “HYPHEN”. In addition, the standard does not define which of the two to use for what, and so the hyphen is not given one unique encoding. The same problem affects the minus sign, the quotation marks, and so forth.

Moreover, even if the kanji set is used as a separate code, there is no guarantee that the unique encoding of characters is implemented. In many cases, however, the full-width “IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE” at row 1 cell 1 and the half-width space (2/0) coexist. How the two should be different is not self-explanatory, and is not specified in the standard.

History

Until five years have passed after a Japanese Industrial Standard has been established, reaffirmed, or revised, the prior standard undergoes a process of reaffirmation, revision, or withdrawal. Since establishment, the standard has been subject to revision three times, and at present, the fourth standard is valid.

First standard

The first standard is JIS C 6226-1978 “Code of Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange” (情報交換用漢字符号系, Jōhō Kōkan'yō Kanji Fugōkei), established by the Japanese Minister of International Trade and Industry on 1 January 1978. It is also called 78JIS for short. Entrusted by the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, a JIPDEC kanji code standardization research and study committee produced the draft. The committee chairman was Moriguchi Shigeichi.

The code included 453 non-Kanji (including Hiragana, Katakana, the Roman, Greek and Cyrillic alphabets and punctuation) and 6349 Kanji (2965 level 1 Kanji and 3384 level 2 Kanji) for a total of 6802 characters.^[8] It did not yet include box-drawing characters. The standard itself was set in Shaken Co., Ltd’s Ishii Mincho typeface.

Second standard

The second standard JIS C 6226-1983 “Code of Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange” (情報交換用漢字符号系, Jōhō Kōkan'yō Kanji Fugōkei) revised the first standard on 1 September 1983. It is also called 83JIS. Entrusted by the AIST, a JIPDEC kanji code-related JIS committee produced the draft. The committee chairman was Motooka Tōru.

The draft of the second standard was based on the consideration of factors such as the promulgation of the jōyō kanji, the enforcement of the jinmeiyō kanji, and the standardization of Japanese-language Teletex by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications; also, the next modification was performed to keep pace with JIS C 6234-1983 (24-pixel matrix printer character forms; presently JIS X 9052).

Addition of special characters: 39 characters were added to the special characters. Among these 39, per JICST recommendations, and from such standards as JIS Z 8201-1981 (mathematical symbols) and JIS Z 8202-1982 (quantity, unit, and chemical symbols), things that could not be represented by composition were chosen.
Newly added box-drawing characters: 32 box-drawing characters were added.
Swapping of itaiji code points: Code points for 22 variant pairs of Kanji were swapped, such that the variant in level 2 was moved to level 1 and vice versa.^[8] For example, (level 1’s) row 36 cell 59 in the first standard (壺) was moved to (level 2’s) row 52 cell 68; the point originally at row 52 cell 68 (壷) was in turn moved to row 36 cell 59.
Additions to the level 2 kanji: Three characters from level 1 and one character from level 2 were given new code points at previously unassigned code points in row 84 as level 2 kanji. Itaiji for each of those code points were moved into their original locations. For example, row 84 cell 1 in the second standard (堯) was moved there to accommodate a different form not included in the first standard at row 22 cell 38 as a level 1 kanji (尭).
Modification of character forms: The character forms of approximately 300 kanji were amended.^[9]

Among the changes in those 300 or so kanji character forms, many level 1 glyphs that were in the style of the Kangxi Dictionary were changed into variants, and especially more simplified forms (e.g. ryakuji and extended shinjitai). For example, a couple of code points that are often the subject of criticism due to being greatly changed are row 18 cell 10 (78JIS: 鷗, 83JIS: 鴎) and row 38 cell 34 (78JIS: 瀆, 83JIS: 涜).

There were many smaller changes away from the Kangxi-style variants; for example, row 25 cell 84 (鵠) lost part of a stroke. Also, where some glyphs for level 1 kanji were not Kangxi-style forms, there were some changed into their Kangxi-style forms; for example, row 80 cell 49 (靠) gained part of a stroke (i.e., the same part of the stroke that 25-84 lost).

In order to elucidate the original intent of the first standard, these ended up falling into parameters for unification criteria in the fourth standard. The difference in form for the examples noted above (“鵠” and “靠”) falls under the parameters for unification criterion 42 (concerning the component “告”).^{[lower-alpha 12]}

The bulk of the changes to character forms are differences between level 1 and level 2 kanji. Specifically, simplification was done more often for level 1 kanji than for level 2 kanji; simplifications applied to level 1 kanji (e.g. “潑” to “溌” and “醱” to “醗”) were not generally applied to kanji in level 2 (“撥” stayed as-is). The aforementioned 25-84 (鵠) and 80-49 (靠) were given different treatment likewise, as the former is in level 1 and the latter is in level 2. Even so, there were some changes regardless of the level; for instance characters containing the “door” (戸) and “winter” (冬) components were changed with no different treatment between level 1 and level 2 kanji.

However, for 29 code points (such as the problematic 18-10 and 38-34 mentioned above), the forms inherited by the fourth standard contradicts the original intent of the first. For these, there are special unification criteria to maintain compatibility with the previous standards at these code points.

When the new “X” category for Japanese Industrial Standards (for information-related fields) was introduced, the second standard was re-termed JIS X 0208-1983^[8] on 1 March 1987.

Third standard

The third standard JIS X 0208-1990 “Code of Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange” (情報交換用漢字符号, Jōhō Kōkan'yō Kanji Fugō) revised the second standard on 1 September 1990. It is also called 90JIS for short. Entrusted by the AIST, a committee at the Japanese Standards Association for the revision of JIS X 0208 created the draft. The committee chairman was Tajima Kazuo.

225 kanji glyphs were changed, and two characters were added to level 2 (“凜” and “熙”). Some of the changes and the two additions corresponded to the 118 jinmeiyō kanji added in March 1990.^[8] The standard itself was set in Heisei Mincho.

Fourth standard

The fourth standard JIS X 0208:1997 “7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded KANJI sets for information interchange” (7ビット及び8ビットの2バイト情報交換用符号化漢字集合, Nana-Bitto Oyobi Hachi-Bitto no Ni-Baito Jōhō Kōkan'yō Fugōka Kanji Shūgō) revised the third standard on 20 January 1997. It is also called 97JIS for short. Entrusted by the AIST, a JSA committee for research and study of coded character sets produced the draft. The committee chairman was Shibano Kōji.

The basic policies of this revision were to perform no changes the character set, to clarify ambiguous provisions, and to make the standard relatively easier to use. Addition, removal, and code point rearrangement were not done, and without exception, the example glyphs were also left unchanged. However, the stipulations of the standard were completely re-written and/or supplemented. Whereas the third standard was 65 pages long without the explanations, the fourth standard was 374 pages without the explanations.

The main points of the revision are:

Definition of encoding methods: Until the third standard, only the encoding method based on JIS X 0202 code extension was defined. This is something unusual as far as coded character sets go. In the fourth standard, encoding methods that do not use escape sequences for the purpose of code extension were defined.
Definition of the general prohibition of the use of unassigned code points and methods of usage for unassigned code points: The third standard, in an explanation that was not part of the standard, described things as if there were places where for some unassigned code points, it was acceptable to assign gaiji. In the fourth standard, it was clarified that use of unassigned code points is generally prohibited. Also, the conditions for the usage of unassigned code points were specified.
General elimination of duplicate encodings: Each character was given a “character name” that maps to those of other standards. Also, encoding methods to use them together with the ISO/IEC 646’s International Reference Version or JIS X 0201 were specified. When JIS X 0208 is used together with either, among two assigned code points for characters with the same name, only one is permitted; thus, duplicate encodings were generally eliminated.
Investigation into sources of kanji: Characters included in the standard so far that are found in neither the Kangxi Dictionary nor the Dai Kanwa Jiten were identified. Accordingly, exactly with what purpose for inclusion and from which sources these kanji came during compilation of the first standard was investigated.
Definition of kanji unification criteria: Based on things such as the materials for the drafting of the first standard, an attempt was made to restore the intent of the first standard for the scope of the glyphs each code point represents. Moreover, the criteria for unifying kanji glyphs were clearly defined.
Inclusion of de facto standards: By the time of the fourth standard, the encoding methods Shift JIS and ISO-2022-JP had become de facto standards for personal computing and e-mail, respectively. These encoding methods were included as “Shift-Coded Representation” and “RFC 1468-Coded Representation” (described above).

Successors

JIS X 0213 (extended kanji) was designed “with the goal being to offer a sufficient character set for the purposes of encoding the modern Japanese language that JIS X 0208 intended to be from the start”;^[10] it defines a character set that expands upon the kanji set of JIS X 0208. The drafters of JIS X 0213 recommend migration from JIS X 0208 to JIS X 0213, among the advantages being JIS X 0213’s compatibility with the Hyōgai Kanji Glyph List and with newer jinmeiyō kanji.

Contrary to the expectations of the drafters, adoption of JIS X 0213 has been anything but fast since its enactment in the year 2000. The drafting committee of JIS X 0213:2004 wrote (in the year 2004), “The status where ‘what the majority of information systems can use in common is JIS X 0208 only’ still continues." (JIS X 0213:2000, Appendix 1:2004, section 2.9.7)

For Microsoft Windows, the predominant operating system (and hence supplying the predominant desktop environment) in the personal computing sector, the JIS X 0213 repertoire has been included since Windows Vista, released in November 2006. Mac OS X has been compatible with JIS X 0213 since version 10.1 (released in 2001). Many Unix-likes such as Linux can (optionally) support JIS X 0213 if desired. Therefore, it is thought that with time, JIS X 0213 support on personal computers will not be an impediment to its eventual adoption.

Among the drafters of JIS X 0213, there are those who expect to see a mix of JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0213 before any adoption of JIS X 0213 (Satō, 2004). However, JIS X 0208 continues to be used for the present, and many predict it to endure as a standard. There are barriers that need to be overcome if JIS X 0213 is to supplant JIS X 0208 in common usage:

The character repertoires utilized in Japanese mobile phones at the present time are based on JIS X 0208. There are no officially announced plans whatsoever to migrate these to JIS X 0213 compatibility. As mobile phones are now a pervasive aspect of Japanese textual communication (see Japanese mobile phone culture), being a widespread, commonly accessed medium for sending e-mail and accessing the World Wide Web, a lack of adoption for mobile phones deters usage elsewhere.
JIS X 0213 is not strictly upward-compatible with JIS X 0208 in terms of unification criteria (see below). For large-scale archives (e.g. bibliographic databases and Aozora Bunko) that use JIS X 0208 and follow its unification criteria strictly, it is thought that it would be extremely difficult work to both convert all the data to JIS X 0213 and preserve the same standard of textual integrity.
In practice, many systems define and use unassigned code points in JIS X 0208. For example, Windows assigns IBM and NEC extended characters and user-defined character areas (see Windows-932), and mobile phones assign emoji in some such places. The code points of these gaiji conflict with the code points that JIS X 0213 codes use, so there would be some difficulty in migrating these systems from JIS X 0208 to JIS X 0213. There are also plans to migrate to UCS/Unicode and use the JIS X 0213 repertoire from there, but until a system administrator is able to judge that the implementations of UCS/Unicode surrogate pairs and character compositions are sufficiently stable, he or she is likely to hesitate to use the repertoire of JIS X 0213 that requires those implementations.
The improvements provided by JIS X 0213 are mostly in the realm of characters that are not used as often as the ones already present in JIS X 0208. Because there are nearly twice as many glyphs that need to be implemented for less usage of those extra glyphs, it can be a low return on investment in many cases, especially where resources are constrained.

Implementations

Because JIS X 0208 / JIS C 6226 is primarily a character set and not a strictly defined character encoding, several companies have implemented their own encodings of the character set.

Apple Computer Inc.: MacJapanese (Shift_JIS based)
Fujitsu: JEF kanji code
Hitachi Ltd.: KEIS (EBCDIC based)
IBM: various, including IBM-932 and IBM-942 (both Shift_JIS based)
Microsoft: Windows-932 (Shift_JIS based)
NEC: JIPS

Several of these incorporate vendor-specific character assignments in place of unallocated regions of the standard. These include Windows-932 and MacJapanese, as well as NEC's PC98 character encoding. While IBM-932 and IBM-942 also include vendor assignments, they include them outside of the region used for JIS X 0208.

Relation to other standards

ISO/IEC 646 IRV and ASCII

As noted above, the kanji set is not upwardly compatible with the ISO/IEC 646:1991 IRV (ASCII) graphic character set. The kanji set and the IRV graphic character set can be used together as specified in JIS X 0208 (IRV + 7-bit code for kanji and IRV + 8-bit code for kanji). They can be used together in EUC-JP as well.

JIS X 0201

The kanji set lacks three characters included in JIS X 0201’s graphic character set for Latin characters: 2/2 (QUOTATION MARK), 2/7 (APOSTROPHE), and 2/13 (HYPHEN-MINUS). The kanji set contains all character included in JIS X 0201’s graphic character set for katakana.

The kanji set and the graphic character set for Latin characters can be used together as specified in JIS X 0208 (Latin characters + 7-bit code for kanji and the Latin characters + 8-bit code for kanji). The kanji set, graphic character set for Latin characters, and JIS X 0201’s graphic character set for katakana can be used together as specified in JIS X 0208 (the shift-coded character set; i.e. Shift JIS). The kanji set and graphic character set for katakana can be used together in EUC-JP.

JIS X 0212

JIS X 0212 (supplementary kanji) defines additional characters with code points for the purposes of information processing that requires characters not found in JIS X 0208. Rather than allocating characters within the main JIS X 0208 kanji set, it defines a second 94-by-94 kanji set containing supplementary characters.

JIS X 0212 can be used with JIS X 0208 in EUC-JP. Also, JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212 are both source standards for UCS/Unicode’s Han unification, meaning that kanji from both sets can be included in one Unicode-format document.

Among the code points that the second version of JIS X 0208 changed, 28 code points in JIS X 0212 reflect the character forms from before the changes. Also, JIS X 0212 reassigns the “closure mark” (〆) that JIS X 0208 had assigned as a non-kanji (at row 1 cell 26) as a kanji (at row 16 cell 17). JIS X 0212 has no characters in common with JIS X 0208 other than these. Hence, it is not suited for general use on its own.

However, in the fourth version of JIS X 0208, the connection to JIS X 0212 was not defined at all. It is believed that this is because the drafting committee of the fourth JIS X 0208 standard had a critical opinion of the selection and identification methods of JIS X 0212.^[11] The character meanings and selection rationales were not properly documented, making it difficult to identify whether desired kanji corresponded to those in its repertoire.^[12] The text of the fourth standard, as well as pointing out the problematic points of the character selection of JIS X 0212, states that “it is thought that not only is character selection impossible, it is also impossible to use together; the connection to JIS X 0212 is not defined at all.” (section 3.3.1)

JIS X 0213

JIS X 0213 (extension kanji) defines a kanji set that expands upon the kanji set of JIS X 0208. According to this standard, it is “designed with the goal being to offer a sufficient character set for the purposes of encoding the modern Japanese language that JIS X 0208 intended to be from the start.”^[10]

The kanji set of JIS X 0213 incorporates all characters that can be represented in the kanji set of JIS X 0208, with many additions. In total, JIS X 0213 defines 1183 non-kanji and 10,050 kanji (for a total of 11,233 characters), within two 94-by-94 planes (面, men). The first plane (non-kanji and level 1–3 kanji) is based on JIS X 0208, whereas the second plane (level 4 kanji) is designed to fit within the unallocated rows of JIS X 0212, allowing use in EUC-JP.^[13] JIS X 0213 also defines Shift_JISx0213, a variant of Shift_JIS capable of encoding the entirety of JIS X 0213.

For most intents and purposes, JIS X 0213 plane 1 is a superset of JIS X 0208. However, different unification criteria are applied to some code points in JIS X 0213 compared to JIS X 0208. Consequently, some pairs of kanji glyphs that were represented by one JIS X 0208 code point, due to being unified, are given separate code points in JIS X 0213. For example, the glyph at row 33 cell 46 of JIS X 0208 (“僧”, described above) unifies a few variants due to its right-hand component. In JIS X 0213, two forms (the ones containing the component “丷”) are unified on plane 1 row 33 cell 46, and the other (containing the component “八”) is located at plane 1 row 14 cell 41. Therefore, whether JIS X 0208 row 33 cell 46 should be mapped to JIS X 0213 plane 1 row 33 cell 46 or plane 1 row 14 cell 41 cannot be determined automatically.^{[lower-alpha 13]} This limits the extent to which JIS X 0213 can be considered upwardly compatible with JIS X 0208, as admitted by the JIS X 0213 drafting committee.^[14]

However, for the most part, row m cell n in JIS X 0208 corresponds to plane 1 row m cell n in JIS X 0213; therefore, not much confusion arises in practice. This is because most typefaces have come to use the glyphs exemplified in JIS X 0208, and most users are not consciously aware of the unification criteria.

ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode

The kanji set of JIS X 0208 is among the original source standards for the Han unification in ISO/IEC 10646 (UCS) and Unicode. Every kanji in JIS X 0208 corresponds to its own code point in UCS/Unicode’s Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP).

The non-kanji in JIS X 0208 also correspond to their own code points in the BMP. However, for some special characters, some systems implement a different correspondences from those of UCS/Unicode’s (which are based on the character names given JIS X 0208:1997).

Footnotes

Explanatory

1 2 3 4 (Withdrawn)
↑ JIS and Apple: U+2014.
Unicode,^{[lower-alpha 1]} Microsoft and WHATWG: U+2015.
↑ Microsoft and WHATWG: U+FF5E.
Unicode,^{[lower-alpha 1]} JIS and Apple: U+301C.
↑ Microsoft and WHATWG: U+2225.
Unicode,^{[lower-alpha 1]} JIS and Apple: U+2016.
↑ Microsoft: U+FF0D.
Unicode,^{[lower-alpha 1]} JIS and Apple: U+2212.
WHATWG: U+FF0D on decoding, exceptionally both on encoding.
↑ As shown in the code tables registered at the International Register of Coded Character Sets To Be Used With Escape Sequences, prior to the fourth standard (1997), the ku (区) and ten (点) were called “section” and “position” respectively in English. As to the background of the change in the English, in the JIS X 0221-1995 (UCS) standard that translated ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993, “group”, “plane”, “row”, and “cell” can be translated into gun (群), men (面), ku (区), and ten (点). However, the row and cell of JIS X 0208 and the row and cell of the UCS are different ideas.
↑ Character names are given in Roman letters and are used internationally, so they can be considered an international convention, somewhat like the scientific names of living organisms. In regard to this analogy, the Japanese common names for the characters would be like using common names for organisms.
↑ For a fully featured kana-order search or sort, word readings, repetition marks, and so forth must be taken into account. The sorting of Japanese character strings is prescribed in JIS X 4061 (Collation of Japanese character strings).
↑ According to Yasuoka (2001a), it seems there were some accidental oversights. He notes, for example, that the ba (旛, 58-57) of Inba and the shi (泗, 61-89) of Shisui, Kumamoto are not part of level 1.
↑ For row 19 cells 30 and 31, the order is mixed up for their representative readings. Consequently, where the correct order should be kaeru (蛙, “frog”) followed by kaori (馨, “aroma”), their positions are transposed so that kaori precedes kaeru.
↑ In addition, the primarily used variant (剣) is at row 23 cell 85 on level 1, and one other variant (釼) can be found grouped as having the “gold” radical at row 78 cell 63 on level 2.
↑ The question of which glyphs within the unification criteria are to be used is left to the type designer. Depending on that (and the end-user’s circumstances), it is possible that neither, both, one, or the other of these two will follow their Kangxi-style form.
↑ This is the same uncertainty as to whether the “HYPHEN-MINUS” in ISO/IEC 646 should be mapped to “HYPHEN” or “MINUS SIGN” in JIS X 0208.

Reference footnotes

↑ "Why Japan didn't create the iPod". Gatunka. 2008-05-05.
↑ JIS X 0208 was not one of the standards included in the list of applicable target systems for display of the new JIS mark announced by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry on 17 January 2007.
1 2 Steele, Shawn. "cp932 to Unicode table". Microsoft. (codes in Shift_JIS format; SJIS 0x815C = 1-29 = JIS 0x213D; SJIS 0x817C = 1-61 = JIS 0x215D)
1 2 "Map (external version) from Mac OS Japanese encoding to Unicode 2.1 and later". Apple. (codes in Shift_JIS format; SJIS 0x815C = 1-29 = JIS 0x213D; SJIS 0x817C = 1-61 = JIS 0x215D)
1 2 ISO-IR-233 (JIS X 0213:2004 plane 1) code chart
↑ JIS C 6225-1979 (control character codes for the purpose of the Japanese graphic character set for information interchange) provided control characters for the beginning and end of composition. JIS C 6225 was re-termed JIS X 0207 in 1987, and was withdrawn in 1997.
↑ In the IANA character sets, Shift JIS is defined by referring to JIS X 0208:1997 Appendix 1.
1 2 3 4 "15. History of JIS X 0208", IBM Japanese Graphic Character Set for Extended UNIX Code (EUC) (PDF), IBM, p. 371, archived from the original on 2017-12-07
↑ According to Nomura (1984), the number of character forms changed, including moves between code points, is 294. According to Shibano (1997a) and the text of the fourth standard, the number is of character forms changed is 300.
1 2 Original Japanese: 「JIS X 0208が当初符号化を意図していた現代日本語を符号化するために十分な文字集合を提供することを目的として設計された」
↑ For example, Shibano Kōji (1997a), who served as the chairman of the drafting committee for the fourth standard, stated these about the selection method: “It is based on a superficial understanding of JIS X 0208’s character set selection; it is a mistaken understanding” (original Japanese: 「JIS X 0208の文字集合選定の表層的理解に基づくものであり、間違った理解である」) and “There is a big problem in investigating all of a character set that exceeds 10000 characters.” (original Japanese: 「1万字を越える水準の文字集合の検討としては、大きな問題がある」)
↑ Marukawa, Kazushi. "JIS Character Sets – JIS X 0212:1990".
↑ Chang, Hyeshik. "Readme for CJKCodecs". cPython. Python Software Foundation.
↑ JIS X 0213:2000 section 5.3.2, JIS X 0213:2000 Appendix 1:2004 section 3.2.2

References

For the purposes of citation, these Japanese names are presented as if they were in Western order where Romanized, and retain Eastern order where not.

Nishimura, Hirohiko [西村恕彦], 1978. The Kanji JIS [漢字のJIS]. Standardization Journal [標準化ジャーナル], 171: 3–8.
Nomura, Masaaki [野村雅昭], 1984. Revision of JIS C 6226: Kanji codes for information interchange [JIS C 6226 情報交換用漢字符号系の改正]. Standardization Journal [標準化ジャーナル], 14 (3): 4–9.
Ogata, Katsuhiro [小形克宏], 2006a. Things that were not unified in 97JIS among the example glyphs changed in JIS C 6226-1983 (83JIS) [JIS C 6226-1983 (83JIS) で例示字体を変更したうち、97JISで包摂とされなかったもの] (accessed 29 January 2007).
Ogata, Katsuhiro [小形克宏], 2006b. Things that fell within the scope of unification among the example glyphs changed in JIS C 6226-1983 (83JIS) [JIS C 6226-1983 (83JIS) 例示字体変更のうち、包摂の範囲内だったもの] (accessed 29 January 2007).
Satō, Takayuki [佐藤敬幸], 2004. Concerning the revision of JIS X 0213 (7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded extended Kanji sets for information interchange) [JIS X 0213 (7ビット及び8ビットの2バイト情報交換用符号化拡張漢字集合) の改正について]. Standardization Journal [標準化ジャーナル], 34 (4): 8–12.
Shibano, Kōji [芝野耕司], 1997a. Concerning the revision of JIS X 0208 (7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded Kanji sets for information interchange ) [JIS X0208 (7ビット及び8ビットの2バイト情報交換用符号化漢字集合) の改正について]. Standardization Journal [標準化ジャーナル], 27 (3): 8–12.
Shibano, Kōji [芝野耕司], 1997b. Plan for the extension of the JIS kanji [JIS漢字の拡張計画]. Standardization Journal [標準化ジャーナル], 27 (7): 5–11.
Shibano, Kōji [芝野耕司], 2000. Establishment of JIS X 0213 (7-bit and 8-bit double byte coded extended Kanji sets for information interchange) [JIS X 0213 (7ビット及び8ビットの2バイト情報交換用符号化拡張漢字集合) の制定]. Standardization Journal [標準化ジャーナル], 30 (3): 3–7.
Shibano, Kōji [芝野耕司], 2001. Concerning the JIS kanji [漢字について]. Standardization and Quality Control [標準化と品質管理], 54 (8): 44–50.
Shibano, Kōji [芝野耕司] (editor), 2002. JIS Kanji Dictionary, enlarged and revised edition [増補改訂 JIS漢字字典]. Tokyo: Japanese Standards Association ( ISBN 4-542-20129-5).
Shibano, Kōji [芝野耕司], 2002. The development of kanji and Japanese language processing technologies: the standardization of kanji codes [漢字・日本語処理技術の発展: 漢字コードの標準化]. IPSJ Magazine [情報処理], 43 (12): 1362–1367
Tajima, Kazuo [田嶋一夫], 1979. Problems concerning the use of the JIS kanji listing: design and handling of kanji in kanji processing systems [JIS漢字表の利用上の問題: 漢字処理システムにおける漢字のデザインと管理]. Journal of Information Processing Society of Japan [情報管理], 21 (10): 753–761.
Uchida, Tomio [内田富雄], 1990. Establishment of JIS X 0212 (Kanji Codes for Information Interchange – Supplemental Kanji) [JIS X 0212 (情報交換用漢字符号―補助漢字) の制定]. Standardization Journal [標準化ジャーナル], 20 (11): 6–11.
Yasuoka, Kōichi [安岡孝一], 2001a. Situation of the Newest Character Codes in Japan (former part) [日本における最新文字コード事情 (前編)]. Systems, Control and Information [システム/制御/情報], 45 (9): 528–535.
Yasuoka, Kōichi [安岡孝一], 2001b. Situation of the Newest Character Codes in Japan (latter part) [日本における最新文字コード事情 (後編)]. Systems, Control and Information [システム/制御/情報], 45 (12): 687–694.
Yasuoka, Kōichi [安岡孝一], 2006 “Differences between the JIS kanji plan (1976) and JIS C 6226-1978” [JIS漢字案 (1976) とJIS C 6226-1978の異同] at the 17th “Computer Usage for Oriental Studies” [東洋学へのコンピュータ利用] research seminar. 3–51.
Yasuoka, Kōichi [安岡孝一] & Motoko Yasuoka [安岡素子], 2006. The History of Character Codes: Europe, America, and Japan [文字符号の歴史: 欧米と日本編]. Tokyo: Kyōritsu Shuppan ( ISBN 4-32012102-3).

External links

The International Register that the IPSJ/ITSCJ supervises.
(in Japanese) Japanese Industrial Standards Committee database search (the latest standard may be read here).
(in Japanese) Japanese Standards Association database search: (a copy of the latest standard may be purchased here).
(in Japanese) Unification-related provisions in the JIS X 0208 and 0213 standards
(in Japanese) Cyber Librarian – JIS kanji listing

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[w31jnec-13] 1 2 From "NEC selection of IBM extensions". Occupies a code point unallocated in JIS X 0208.

[w31jibm-14] 1 2 From "IBM extensions". Outside range of JIS X 0208, but encodable in Shift_JIS.

[15] Microsoft treat the JIS minus sign as a fullwidth form of the hyphen-minus.

[wavedash-16] 1 2 Wave Dash is sometimes treated as a fullwidth form of the tilde, e.g. by Microsoft (see Tilde § Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash). The ASCII / IRV tilde is an ambiguous code point which may appear either as an tilde accent mark (˜) or as a dash with the same curvature (∼), although the dash is more common due to the spacing accent having a separate code point in Windows-1252; there is no JIS X 0208 character for a tilde accent. Character 1-2-18 in JIS X 0213 is shown as a tilde accent in the code chart.^[5]

[uniwith-5] 1 2 3 4 (Withdrawn)

[6] JIS and Apple: U+2014.
Unicode,^{[lower-alpha 1]} Microsoft and WHATWG: U+2015.

[7] Microsoft and WHATWG: U+FF5E.
Unicode,^{[lower-alpha 1]} JIS and Apple: U+301C.

[8] Microsoft and WHATWG: U+2225.
Unicode,^{[lower-alpha 1]} JIS and Apple: U+2016.

[9] Microsoft: U+FF0D.
Unicode,^{[lower-alpha 1]} JIS and Apple: U+2212.
WHATWG: U+FF0D on decoding, exceptionally both on encoding.

[10] As shown in the code tables registered at the International Register of Coded Character Sets To Be Used With Escape Sequences, prior to the fourth standard (1997), the ku (区) and ten (点) were called “section” and “position” respectively in English. As to the background of the change in the English, in the JIS X 0221-1995 (UCS) standard that translated ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993, “group”, “plane”, “row”, and “cell” can be translated into gun (群), men (面), ku (区), and ten (点). However, the row and cell of JIS X 0208 and the row and cell of the UCS are different ideas.

[11] Character names are given in Roman letters and are used internationally, so they can be considered an international convention, somewhat like the scientific names of living organisms. In regard to this analogy, the Japanese common names for the characters would be like using common names for organisms.

[18] For a fully featured kana-order search or sort, word readings, repetition marks, and so forth must be taken into account. The sorting of Japanese character strings is prescribed in JIS X 4061 (Collation of Japanese character strings).

[19] According to Yasuoka (2001a), it seems there were some accidental oversights. He notes, for example, that the ba (旛, 58-57) of Inba and the shi (泗, 61-89) of Shisui, Kumamoto are not part of level 1.

[20] For row 19 cells 30 and 31, the order is mixed up for their representative readings. Consequently, where the correct order should be kaeru (蛙, “frog”) followed by kaori (馨, “aroma”), their positions are transposed so that kaori precedes kaeru.

[21] In addition, the primarily used variant (剣) is at row 23 cell 85 on level 1, and one other variant (釼) can be found grouped as having the “gold” radical at row 78 cell 63 on level 2.

[25] The question of which glyphs within the unification criteria are to be used is left to the type designer. Depending on that (and the end-user’s circumstances), it is possible that neither, both, one, or the other of these two will follow their Kangxi-style form.

[30] This is the same uncertainty as to whether the “HYPHEN-MINUS” in ISO/IEC 646 should be mapped to “HYPHEN” or “MINUS SIGN” in JIS X 0208.

[1] "Why Japan didn't create the iPod". Gatunka. 2008-05-05.

[2] JIS X 0208 was not one of the standards included in the list of applicable target systems for display of the new JIS mark announced by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry on 17 January 2007.

[ms932-3] 1 2 Steele, Shawn. "cp932 to Unicode table". Microsoft. (codes in Shift_JIS format; SJIS 0x815C = 1-29 = JIS 0x213D; SJIS 0x817C = 1-61 = JIS 0x215D)

[macjapanese-4] 1 2 "Map (external version) from Mac OS Japanese encoding to Unicode 2.1 and later". Apple. (codes in Shift_JIS format; SJIS 0x815C = 1-29 = JIS 0x213D; SJIS 0x817C = 1-61 = JIS 0x215D)

[x02132004m1-12] 1 2 ISO-IR-233 (JIS X 0213:2004 plane 1) code chart

[17] JIS C 6225-1979 (control character codes for the purpose of the Japanese graphic character set for information interchange) provided control characters for the beginning and end of composition. JIS C 6225 was re-termed JIS X 0207 in 1987, and was withdrawn in 1997.

[22] In the IANA character sets, Shift JIS is defined by referring to JIS X 0208:1997 Appendix 1.

[ibm208history-23] 1 2 3 4 "15. History of JIS X 0208", IBM Japanese Graphic Character Set for Extended UNIX Code (EUC) (PDF), IBM, p. 371, archived from the original on 2017-12-07

[24] According to Nomura (1984), the number of character forms changed, including moves between code points, is 294. According to Shibano (1997a) and the text of the fourth standard, the number is of character forms changed is 300.

[goal-26] 1 2 Original Japanese: 「JIS X 0208が当初符号化を意図していた現代日本語を符号化するために十分な文字集合を提供することを目的として設計された」

[27] For example, Shibano Kōji (1997a), who served as the chairman of the drafting committee for the fourth standard, stated these about the selection method: “It is based on a superficial understanding of JIS X 0208’s character set selection; it is a mistaken understanding” (original Japanese: 「JIS X 0208の文字集合選定の表層的理解に基づくものであり、間違った理解である」) and “There is a big problem in investigating all of a character set that exceeds 10000 characters.” (original Japanese: 「1万字を越える水準の文字集合の検討としては、大きな問題がある」)

[28] Marukawa, Kazushi. "JIS Character Sets – JIS X 0212:1990".

[python-eucjis-29] Chang, Hyeshik. "Readme for CJKCodecs". cPython. Python Software Foundation.

[31] JIS X 0213:2000 section 5.3.2, JIS X 0213:2000 Appendix 1:2004 section 3.2.2

Character encodings
Early telecommunications	ASCII ISO/IEC 646 ISO/IEC 6937 T.61 BCDIC Baudot code Morse code Telegraph code Wabun code Special telegraphy codes Non-Latin Chinese Cyrillic Needle telegraph codes
ISO/IEC 8859	-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16
Bibliographic use	ANSEL ISO 5426 / 5426-2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822 MARC-8
National standards	ArmSCII BraSCII CNS 11643 ELOT 927 GOST 10859 GB 18030 HKSCS I.S. 434 ISCII JIS X 0201 JIS X 0208 JIS X 0212 JIS X 0213 KOI-7 KPS 9566 KS X 1001 PASCII SI 960 TIS-620 TSCII VISCII VSCII YUSCII
EUC	CN JP KR TW
ISO/IEC 2022	CN JP KR CCCII
MacOS code pages ("scripts")	Armenian Arabic Barents Cyrillic Celtic CentEuro ChineseSimp / EUC-CN ChineseTrad / Big5 Croatian Cyrillic Devanagari Dingbats Farsi (Persian) Gaelic Georgian Greek Gujarati Gurmukhi Hebrew Iceland Inuit Japanese / ShiftJIS Keyboard Korean / EUC-KR Latin (Kermit) Maltese/Esperanto Ogham / I.S. 434 Roman Romanian Sámi Symbol Thai / TIS-620 Turkish Turkic Latin Turkic Cyrillic Ukrainian
DOS code pages	100 111 112 113 151 152 161 162 163 164 165 166 210 220 301 437 449 489 620 667 668 707 708 709 710 711 714 715 720 721 737 768 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 790 850 851 852 853 854 855/872 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864/17248 865 866/808 867 868 869 874/1161/1162 876 877 878 881 882 883 884 885 891 895 896 897 898 899 900 903 904 906 907 909 910 911 926 927 928 929 932 934 936 938 941 942 943 944 946 947 948 949 950/1370 951 966 991 1034 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1046 1086 1088 1092 1093 1098 1108 1109 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1125/848 1126 1127 1131/849 1139 1167 1168 1300 1351 1361 1362 1363 1372 1373 1374 1375 1380 1381 1385 1386 1391 1392 1393 1394 CWI-2 Iran System Kamenický KOI8 Mazovia MIK
IBM AIX code pages	367 371 806 813 819 895 896 912 913 914 915 916 919 920 921/901 922/902 923 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 963 964 965 970 971 1004 1006 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1029 1036 1089 1111 1124 1129/1163 1133 1350 1382 1383
IBM Apple MacIntosh emulations	1275 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286
IBM Adobe emulations	1038 1276 1277
IBM DEC emulations	1020 1021 1023 1090 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1287 1288
IBM HP emulations	1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058
Windows code pages	CER-GS 874/1162 (TIS-620) 932/943 (Shift JIS) 936/1386 (GBK) 950/1370 (Big5) 949/1363 (EUC-KR) 1169 1174 Extended Latin-8 1200 (UTF-16LE) 1201 (UTF-16BE) 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1261 1270 54936 (GB18030)
EBCDIC code pages	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37/1140 37-2 38 39 40 251 252 254 256 257 258 259 260 264 273/1141 274 275 276 277/1142 278/1143 279 280/1144 281 282 283 284/1145 285/1146 286 287 288 289 290 293 297/1147 298 300 310 320 321 322 330 351 352 353 355 357 358 359 360 361 363 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 410 420/16804 421 423 424/8616/12712 425 435 500/1148 803 829 833 834 835 836 837 838/838 839 870/1110/1153 871/1149 875/4971/9067 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 892 893 905 918 924 930/1390 931 933/1364 935/1388 937/1371 939/1399 1001 1002 1003 1005 1007 1024 1025/1154 1026/1155 1027 1028 1030 1031 1032 1033 1037 1047 1068 1069 1070 1071 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1087 1091 1097 1112/1156 1113 1122/1157 1123/1158 1130/1164 1132 1136 1137 1150 1151 1152 1159 1165 1166 1278 1279 1303 1364 1376 1377 JEF KEIS
Platform specific	Acorn Adobe Standard Adobe Latin 1 Apple II ATASCII Atari ST BICS Casio calculators CDC CPC DEC Radix-50 DEC MCS/NRCS DG International ELWRO-Junior FIELDATA GEM GEOS GSM 03.38 HP Roman Extension HP Roman-8 HP Roman-9 HP FOCAL HP RPL LICS LMBCS Mattel Aquarius Minitel MSX NEC APC NeXT PCW PETSCII Sharp calculators Sinclair QL Teletext TI calculators TRS-80 Ventura International Ventura Symbol WISCII XCCS ZX80 ZX81 ZX Spectrum
Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646	UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 (UTF-16LE/UTF-16BE) / UCS-2 UTF-32 (UTF-32LE/UTF-32BE) / UCS-4 UTF-EBCDIC GB 18030 BOCU-1 CESU-8 SCSU
TeX typesetting system	Cork LGR LY1 OML OMS OMX OT1 OT2 OT3 OT4 T2A T2B T2C T2D T3 T4 T5 TS1 TS3 U X2
Miscellaneous code pages	ABICOMP APL ARIB STD-B24 HZ INIS INIS-8 ISO-IR-111 ISO-IR-182 ISO-IR-197 ISO-IR-200 ISO-IR-201 Johab SEASCII Stanford/ITS TACE16 TRON UTF-5 UTF-6 WTF-8
Related topics	Code page Control character (C0 C1) CCSID Character encodings in HTML Charset detection Han unification Hardware ISO 6429/IEC 6429/ANSI X3.64 Mojibake
Character sets