ANSI escape code

ANSI escape sequences are a standard for in-band signaling to control the cursor location, color, and other options on video text terminals. Certain sequences of bytes, most starting with Esc and '[', are embedded into the text, which the terminal looks for and interprets as commands, not as character codes.

ANSI sequences were introduced in the 1970s to replace vendor-specific sequences and became widespread in the computer equipment market by the early 1980s. They were used in development, scientific and commercial applications and later by the nascent bulletin board systems to offer improved displays compared to earlier systems lacking cursor movement, a primary reason they became a standard adopted by all manufacturers.

Although hardware text terminals have become increasingly rare in the 21st century, the relevance of the ANSI standard persists because most terminal emulators interpret at least some of the ANSI escape sequences in output text. One notable exception was the Win32 console of Microsoft Windows before Windows 10 update TH2.[1]

History

Almost all manufacturers of video terminals added vendor-specific escape sequences to perform operations such as placing the cursor at arbitrary positions on the screen. One example is the VT52 terminal, which allowed the cursor to be placed at an x,y location on the screen by sending the ESC character, a y character, and then two characters representing with numerical values equal to the x,y location plus 32 (thus starting at the ASCII space character and avoiding the control characters).

As these sequences were different for different terminals, elaborate libraries such as termcap and utilities such as tput had to be created so programs could use the same API to work with any terminal. In addition many of these terminals required sending numbers (such as row and column) as the binary values of the characters; for some programming languages, and for systems that did not use ASCII internally, it was often difficult or impossible to turn a number into the correct character.

The ANSI standard attempted to address these problems by making a command set that all terminals would use and requiring all numeric information to be transmitted as ASCII numbers. The first standard in the series was ECMA-48, adopted in 1976. It was a continuation of a series of character coding standards, the first one being ECMA-6 from 1965, a 7-bit standard from which ISO 646 originates. The name "ANSI escape sequence" dates from 1979 when ANSI adopted ANSI X3.64. The ANSI X3L2 committee collaborated with the ECMA committee TC 1 to produce nearly identical standards. These two standards were merged into an international standard, ISO 6429.[2] In 1994, ANSI withdrew its standard in favor of the international standard.

The first popular video terminal to support these sequences was the Digital VT100, introduced in 1978.[3] This model was very successful in the market, which sparked a variety of VT100 clones, among the earliest and most popular of which was the much more affordable Zenith Z-19 in 1979.[4] Others included the Qume QVT-108, Televideo TVI-970, Wyse WY-99GT as well as optional "VT100" or "VT103" or "ANSI" modes with varying degrees of compatibility on many other brands. The popularity of these gradually led to more and more software (especially bulletin board systems and other online services) assuming the escape sequences worked, leading to almost all new terminals and emulator programs supporting them.

In 1981, ANSI X3.64 was adopted for use in the US government by FIPS publication 86. Later, the US government stopped duplicating industry standards, so FIPS pub. 86 was withdrawn.[5]

ECMA-48 has been updated several times and is currently at its 5th edition, from 1991. It is also adopted by ISO and IEC as standard ISO/IEC 6429.

Platform support

Unix-like systems

Although termcap/terminfo-style libraries were primarily developed on and for Unix, since about 1984 programs running on Unix-like operating systems could almost always assume they were using a terminal or emulator that supported ANSI sequences; this led to widespread use of ANSI by programs running on those platforms. For instance, many games and shell scripts (see below for colored prompt examples), and utilities such as color directory listings, directly write the ANSI sequences and thus cannot be used on a terminal that does not interpret them. Many programs, including text editors such as vi and GNU Emacs, still use termcap or terminfo, or use libraries such as curses that use termcap or terminfo, and thus in theory support non-ANSI terminals, but this is so rarely tested nowadays that they are unlikely to work with those terminals. Terminal emulators for communicating with local programs as well as remote machines and the text system console almost always support ANSI escape codes.

DOS

MS-DOS 1.x did not support the ANSI or any other escape sequences. Only a few control characters (BEL, CR, LF, BS) were interpreted by the underlying BIOS, making it almost[nb 1] impossible to do any kind of full-screen application. Any display effects had to be done with BIOS calls, which were notoriously slow, or by directly manipulating the IBM PC hardware.

DOS 2.0 introduced the ability to add a device driver for the ANSI escape sequences – the de facto standard being ANSI.SYS, but others like ANSI.COM,[6] NANSI.SYS[7] and ANSIPLUS.EXE are used as well (these are considerably faster as they bypass the BIOS). Slowness and the fact that it was not installed by default made software rarely take advantage of it; instead, applications continued to directly manipulate the hardware to get the text display needed. ANSI.SYS and similar drivers continued to work in Windows 9x up to Windows Me, and in NT-derived systems for 16-bit legacy programs executing under the NTVDM.

PTS-DOS[8][9] as well as Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS[10] and REAL/32 have built-in support for ANSI ecape sequences (plus a number of extensions) and do not require a separate ANSI driver to be loaded.

OS/2

The ANSI command in a batch file or at the command line enables the extensions.

Atari ST

The Atari ST used the command system adapted from the VT52 with some expansions for color support,[11] rather than supporting ANSI escape codes.

AmigaOS

AmigaOS not only interprets ANSI code sequences for text output to the screen, the AmigaOS printer driver also interprets them (with extensions proprietary to AmigaOS) and translates them into the codes required for the particular printer that is actually attached.[12]

Windows

The Win32 console did not support ANSI escape sequences at all. Some replacements or additions for the console window such as JP Software's TCC (formerly 4NT), Michael J. Mefford's ANSI.COM, Jason Hood's ANSICON[13] and Maximus5's ConEmu interpreted ANSI escape sequences printed by programs. A Python package[14] internally interpreted ANSI escape sequences in text being printed, translating them to calls to manipulate the color and cursor position, to make it easier to port Python code using ANSI to Windows.

In 2016 with Windows 10 "Threshold 2"[1] Microsoft unexpectedly started supporting ANSI escape sequences[15] in the console app, making the porting of software from (or remote access to) Unix much easier.

Escape sequences

Sequences have different lengths. All sequences start with ESC (27 / hex 0x1B / octal 033), followed by a second byte in the range 0x40–0x5F (ASCII @A–Z[\]^_).[16]:5.3.a

The standard says that in 8-bit environments these two-byte sequences can be merged into single C1 control code in the 0x80–0x9F range.[16]:5.4.a However on modern devices those codes are often used for other purposes, such as parts of UTF-8 or for CP-1252 characters, so only the 2-byte sequence is used.

Other C0 codes besides ESC — commonly BEL, BS, CR, LF, FF, TAB, VT, SO, and SI — produce similar or identical effects to some control sequences when output.

Some ANSI escape sequences (not a complete list)
SequenceC1NameEffect
ESC N0x8eSS2 – Single Shift TwoSelect a single character from one of the alternative character sets. In xterm, SS2 selects the G2 character set, and SS3 selects the G3 character set.[17]
ESC O0x8fSS3 – Single Shift Three
ESC P0x90DCS – Device Control StringTerminated by ST. Xterm's uses of this sequence include defining User-Defined Keys, and requesting or setting Termcap/Terminfo data.[17]
ESC [0x9bCSI - Control Sequence IntroducerMost of the useful sequences, see next section.
ESC \0x9cST – String TerminatorTerminates strings in other controls.[16]:8.3.143
ESC ]0x9dOSC – Operating System CommandStarts a control string for the operating system to use, terminated by ST.[16]:8.3.89 In xterm, they may also be terminated by BEL.[17] In xterm, the window title can be set by OSC 0;this is the window title BEL.
ESC X0x98SOS – Start of StringTakes an argument of a string of text, terminated by ST. The uses for these string control sequences are defined by the application[16]:8.3.2,8.3.128 or privacy discipline.[16]:8.3.94 These functions are not implemented and the arguments are ignored by xterm.[17]
ESC ^0x9ePM – Privacy Message
ESC _0x9fAPC – Application Program Command
ESC cRIS – Reset to Initial StateResets the device to its original state. This may include (if applicable): reset graphic rendition, clear tabulation stops, reset to default font, and more.

Pressing special keys on the keyboard, as well as outputting many xterm CSI, DCS, or OSC sequences, often produces a CSI, DCS, or OSC sequence, sent from the terminal to the computer as though the user typed it.

CSI sequences

The ESC [ is followed by any number (including none) of "parameter bytes" in the range 0x30–0x3F (ASCII 0–9:;<=>?), then by any number of "intermediate bytes" in the range 0x20–0x2F (ASCII space and !"#$%&'()*+,-./), then finally by a single "final byte" in the range 0x40–0x7E (ASCII @A–Z[\]^_`a–z{|}~).[16]:5.4

All common sequences just use the parameters as a series of semicolon-separated numbers such as 1;2;3. Missing numbers are treated as 0 (1;;3 acts like the middle number is 0, and no parameters at all in ESC[m acts like a 0 reset code). Some sequences (such as CUU) treat 0 as 1 in order to make missing parameters useful.[16]:F.4.2 Bytes other than digits and semicolon seem to not be used.

A subset of arrangements was declared "private" so that terminal manufacturers could insert their own sequences without conflicting with the standard. Sequences containing the parameter bytes <=>? or the final bytes 0x70–0x7E (p–z{|}~) are private.

The behavior of the terminal is undefined in the case where a CSI sequence contains any character outside of the range 0x20–0x7E. These illegal characters are either C0 control characters (the range 0–0x1F), DEL (0x7F), or bytes with the high bit set. Possible responses are to ignore the byte, to process it immediately, and furthermore whether to continue with the CSI sequence, to abort it immediately, or to ignore the rest of it.

Some ANSI control sequences (not a complete list)
CodeNameEffect

CSI ACUU – Cursor UpMoves the cursor (default 1) cells in the given direction. If the cursor is already at the edge of the screen, this has no effect.

CSI BCUD – Cursor Down

CSI CCUF – Cursor Forward

CSI DCUB – Cursor Back
CSI ECNL – Cursor Next LineMoves cursor to beginning of the line (default 1) lines down. (not ANSI.SYS)
CSI FCPL – Cursor Previous LineMoves cursor to beginning of the line (default 1) lines up. (not ANSI.SYS)
CSI GCHA – Cursor Horizontal AbsoluteMoves the cursor to column (default 1). (not ANSI.SYS)

CSI ; HCUP – Cursor PositionMoves the cursor to row , column . The values are 1-based, and default to 1 (top left corner) if omitted. A sequence such as CSI ;5H is a synonym for CSI 1;5H as well as CSI 17;H is the same as CSI 17H and CSI 17;1H

CSI JED – Erase in DisplayClears part of the screen. If is 0 (or missing), clear from cursor to end of screen. If is 1, clear from cursor to beginning of the screen. If is 2, clear entire screen (and moves cursor to upper left on DOS ANSI.SYS). If is 3, clear entire screen and delete all lines saved in the scrollback buffer (this feature was added for xterm and is supported by other terminal applications).

CSI KEL – Erase in LineErases part of the line. If is 0 (or missing), clear from cursor to the end of the line. If is 1, clear from cursor to beginning of the line. If is 2, clear entire line. Cursor position does not change.

CSI SSU – Scroll UpScroll whole page up by (default 1) lines. New lines are added at the bottom. (not ANSI.SYS)

CSI TSD – Scroll DownScroll whole page down by (default 1) lines. New lines are added at the top. (not ANSI.SYS)

CSI ; fHVP – Horizontal Vertical PositionSame as CUP

CSI mSGR – Select Graphic RenditionSets the appearance of the following characters, see SGR parameters below.

CSI 5iAUX Port OnEnable aux serial port usually for local serial printer

CSI 4iAUX Port OffDisable aux serial port usually for local serial printer

CSI 6nDSR – Device Status ReportReports the cursor position (CPR) to the application as (as though typed at the keyboard) ESC[n;mR, where is the row and is the column.)

CSI sSCP – Save Cursor PositionSaves the cursor position/state.

CSI uRCP – Restore Cursor PositionRestores the cursor position/state.
Some popular private sequences
CodeEffect
CSI ? 25 hDECTCEM Shows the cursor, from the VT320.
CSI ? 25 lDECTCEM Hides the cursor.
CSI ? 1049 hEnable alternative screen buffer
CSI ? 1049 lDisable alternative screen buffer
CSI ? 2004 hTurn on bracketed paste mode. Text pasted into the terminal will be surrounded by ESC [200~ and ESC [201~, and characters in it should not be treated as commands (for example in Vim).[18] From Unix terminal emulators.
CSI ? 2004 lTurn off bracketed paste mode.

SGR (Select Graphic Rendition) parameters

SGR sets display attributes. Several attributes can be set in the same sequence, separated by semicolons.[19] Each display attribute remains in effect until a following occurrence of SGR resets it.[2] If no codes are given, CSI m is treated as CSI 0 m (reset / normal).

In ECMA-48 SGR is called "Select Graphic Rendition".[2] In Linux manual pages the term "Set Graphics Rendition" is used.[19]

CodeEffectNote
0Reset / Normalall attributes off
1Bold or increased intensity
2Faint (decreased intensity)
3ItalicNot widely supported. Sometimes treated as inverse.
4Underline
5Slow Blinkless than 150 per minute
6Rapid BlinkMS-DOS ANSI.SYS; 150+ per minute; not widely supported
7reverse videoswap foreground and background colors
8ConcealNot widely supported.
9Crossed-outCharacters legible, but marked for deletion.
10Primary(default) font
11–19Alternative fontSelect alternative font
20FrakturRarely supported
21Doubly underline or Bold offDouble-underline per ECMA-48.[20] See discussion
22Normal color or intensityNeither bold nor faint
23Not italic, not Fraktur
24Underline offNot singly or doubly underlined
25Blink off
27Inverse off
28Revealconceal off
29Not crossed out
30–37Set foreground colorSee color table below
38Set foreground colorNext arguments are 5;n or 2;r;g;b, see below
39Default foreground colorimplementation defined (according to standard)
40–47Set background colorSee color table below
48Set background colorNext arguments are 5;n or 2;r;g;b, see below
49Default background colorimplementation defined (according to standard)
51Framed
52Encircled
53Overlined
54Not framed or encircled
55Not overlined
60ideogram underline or right side lineRarely supported
61ideogram double underline or
double line on the right side
62ideogram overline or left side line
63ideogram double overline or
double line on the left side
64ideogram stress marking
65ideogram attributes offreset the effects of all of 60–64
90–97Set bright foreground coloraixterm (not in standard)
100–107Set bright background coloraixterm (not in standard)

Colors

3/4 bit

The original specification only had 8 colors, and just gave them names. The SGR parameters 30-37 selected the foreground color, while 40-47 selected the background. Quite a few terminals implemented "bold" (SGR code 1) as a brighter color rather than a different font, thus providing 8 additional foreground colors. Usually you could not get these as background colors, though sometimes inverse video (SGR code 7) would allow that. Examples: to get black letters on white background use ESC[30;47m, to get red use ESC[31m, to get bright red use ESC[1;31m. To reset colors to their defaults, use ESC[39;49m (not supported on some terminals), or reset all attributes with ESC[0m. Later terminals added the ability to directly specify the "bright" colors with 90-97 and 100-107.

When hardware started using 8-bit DACs several pieces of software assigned 24-bit color numbers to these names. The chart below shows values sent to the DAC for some common hardware and software.

NameFG CodeBG Code VGA[nb 2] CMD[nb 3] Terminal.app PuTTY mIRC xterm X[nb 4] Ubuntu[nb 5]
Black3040 0,0,0 1,1,1
Red3141 170,0,0 128,0,0 194,54,33 187,0,0 127,0,0 205,0,0 255,0,0 222,56,43
Green3242 0,170,0 0,128,0 37,188,36 0,187,0 0,147,0 0,205,0 0,255,0 57,181,74
Yellow3343 170,85,0[nb 6] 128,128,0 173,173,39 187,187,0 252,127,0 205,205,0 255,255,0 255,199,6
Blue3444 0,0,170 0,0,128 73,46,225 0,0,187 0,0,127 0,0,238[21] 0,0,255 0,111,184
Magenta3545 170,0,170 128,0,128 211,56,211 187,0,187 156,0,156 205,0,205 255,0,255 118,38,113
Cyan3646 0,170,170 0,128,128 51,187,200 0,187,187 0,147,147 0,205,205 0,255,255 44,181,233
White3747 170,170,170 192,192,192 203,204,205 187,187,187 210,210,210 229,229,229 255,255,255 204,204,204
Bright Black90100 85,85,85 128,128,128 129,131,131 85,85,85 127,127,127 127,127,127 128,128,128
Bright Red91101 255,85,85 255,0,0 252,57,31 255,85,85 255,0,0 255,0,0 255,0,0
Bright Green92102 85,255,85 0,255,0 49,231,34 85,255,85 0,252,0 0,255,0 144,238,144 0,255,0
Bright Yellow93103 255,255,85 255,255,0 234,236,35 255,255,85 255,255,0 255,255,0 255,255,224 255,255,0
Bright Blue94104 85,85,255 0,0,255 88,51,255 85,85,255 0,0,252 92,92,255[22] 173,216,230 0,0,255
Bright Magenta95105 255,85,255 255,0,255 249,53,248 255,85,255 255,0,255 255,0,255 255,0,255
Bright Cyan96106 85,255,255 0,255,255 20,240,240 85,255,255 0,255,255 0,255,255 224,255,255 0,255,255
Bright White97107 255,255,255 255,255,255 233,235,235 255,255,255 255,255,255 255,255,255 255,255,255

8-bit

As 256-color lookup tables became common on graphic cards, escape sequences were added to select from a pre-defined set of 256 colors:

   ESC[ … 38;5;<n> … m Select foreground color
   ESC[ … 48;5;<n> … m Select background color
     0-  7:  standard colors (as in ESC [ 30–37 m)
     8- 15:  high intensity colors (as in ESC [ 90–97 m)
    16-231:  6 × 6 × 6 cube (216 colors): 16 + 36 × r + 6 × g + b (0 ≤ r, g, b ≤ 5)
   232-255:  grayscale from black to white in 24 steps

The ITU's T.416 Information technology - Open Document Architecture (ODA) and interchange format: Character content architectures[23] uses ':' as separator characters instead:

   ESC[ … 38:5:<n> … m Select foreground color
   ESC[ … 48:5:<n> … m Select background color
256-color mode — foreground: ESC[38;5;#m   background: ESC[48;5;#m
Standard colors High-intensity colors
 0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10 11 12 13 14 15
216 colors
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123
124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159
160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195
196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231
Grayscale colors
232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255

24-bit

As "true color" graphic cards with 16 to 24 bits of color became common, Xterm,[17] KDE's Konsole,[24] as well as all libvte based terminals[25] (including GNOME Terminal) support ISO-8613-3 24-bit foreground and background color setting[26]

   ESC[ … 38;2;<r>;<g>;<b> … m Select RGB foreground color
   ESC[ … 48;2;<r>;<g>;<b> … m Select RGB background color

The ITU's T.416 Information technology - Open Document Architecture (ODA) and interchange format: Character content architectures[23] which was adopted as ISO/IEC International Standard 8613-6 gives an alternative version that seems to be less supported:

   ESC[ … 38:2:<Color-Space-ID>:<r>:<g>:<b>:<unused>:<CS tolerance>:<Color-Space: 0="CIELUV"; 1="CIELAB">; … m Select RGB foreground color
   ESC[ … 48:2:<Color-Space-ID>:<r>:<g>:<b>:<unused>:<CS tolerance>:<Color-Space: 0="CIELUV"; 1="CIELAB">; … m Select RGB background color

Note that this uses the otherwise reserved ':' character to separate the sub-options which may have been a source of confusion for real-world implementations. It also documents using '3' as the second parameter to specify colors using a Cyan-Magenta-Yellow scheme and '4' for a Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black one, the latter using the position marked as "unused" in the above examples for the Black component.

Also note that many implementation that recognize ':' as the separator erroneously forget about the color space identifier parameter and hence shift the position of the remaining ones.

Examples

CSI 2 J — This clears the screen and, on some devices, locates the cursor to the y,x position 1,1 (upper left corner).

CSI 32 m — This makes text green. The green may be a dark, dull green, so you may wish to enable Bold with the sequence CSI 1 m which would make it bright green, or combined as CSI 32 ; 1 m. Some implementations use the Bold state to make the character Bright.

CSI 0 ; 6 8 ; "DIR" ; 13 p — This reassigns the key F10 to send to the keyboard buffer the string "DIR" and ENTER, which in the DOS command line would display the contents of the current directory. (MS-DOS ANSI.SYS only) This was sometimes used for ANSI bombs. This is a private-use code (as indicated by the letter p), using a non-standard extension to include a string-valued parameter. Following the letter of the standard would consider the sequence to end at the letter D.

CSI s — This saves the cursor position. Using the sequence CSI u will restore it to the position. Say the current cursor position is 7(y) and 10(x). The sequence CSI s will save those two numbers. Now you can move to a different cursor position, such as 20(y) and 3(x), using the sequence CSI 20 ; 3 H or CSI 20 ; 3 f. Now if you use the sequence CSI u the cursor position will return to 7(y) and 10(x). Some terminals require the DEC sequences ESC 7 / ESC 8 instead which is more widely supported.

Example of use in shell scripting

ANSI escape codes are often used in UNIX and UNIX-like terminals to provide syntax highlighting. For example, on compatible terminals, the following list command color-codes file and directory names by type.

ls --color

Users can employ escape codes in their scripts by including them as part of standard output or standard error. For example, the following GNU sed command embellishes the output of the make command by displaying lines containing words starting with "WARN" in reverse video and words starting with "ERR" in bright yellow on a dark red background (letter case is ignored). The representations of the codes are highlighted.[27]

make 2>&1 | sed -e 's/.*\bWARN.*/\x1b[7m&\x1b[0m/i' -e 's/.*\bERR.*/\x1b[93;41m&\x1b[0m/i'

The following Bash function flashes the terminal (by alternately sending reverse and normal video mode codes) until the user presses a key.[28]

flasher () { while true; do printf \\e[?5h; sleep 0.1; printf \\e[?5l; read -s -n1 -t1 && break; done; }

This can be used to alert a programmer when a lengthy command terminates, such as with make ; flasher .[29]

printf \\033c

This will reset the console, similar to the command reset on modern Linux systems; however it should work even on older Linux systems and on other (non-Linux) UNIX variants.

Invalid and ambiguous sequences in use

  • The Linux console uses OSC P n rr gg bb to change the palette, which, if hard-coded into an application, may hang other terminals. However, appending ST will be ignored by Linux and form a proper, ignorable sequence for other terminals.
  • On the Linux console, certain function keys generate sequences of the form CSI [ char. The CSI sequence should terminate on the [.
  • Old versions of Terminator generate SS3 1; modifiers char when F1–F4 are pressed with modifiers. The faulty behavior was copied from GNOME Terminal.
  • xterm replies CSI row ; column R if asked for cursor position and CSI 1 ; modifiers R if the F3 key is pressed with modifiers, which collide in the case of row == 1. This can be avoided by using the ? private modifier, which will be reflected in the response.
  • many terminals prepend ESC to any character that is typed with the alt key down. This creates ambiguity for uppercase letters and symbols @[\]^_, which would form C1 codes.
  • Konsole generates SS3 modifiers char when F1–F4 are pressed with modifiers.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The screen display could be replaced by drawing the entire new screen's contents at the bottom, scrolling the previous screen up sufficiently to erase all the old text. The user would see the scrolling, and the hardware cursor would be left at the very bottom. Some early batch files achieved rudimentary "full screen" displays in this way.
  2. ↑ Typical colors that are used when booting PCs and leaving them in text mode, which used a 16-entry color table. The colors are different in the EGA/VGA graphic modes.
  3. ↑ As of Windows XP
  4. ↑ Above color name from X11 rgb.txt color database, with "light" prefixed for the bright colors.
  5. ↑ For virtual terminals, from /etc/vtrgb.
  6. ↑ On terminals based on CGA compatible hardware, such as ANSI.SYS running on DOS, this normal intensity foreground color is rendered as Orange. CGA RGBI monitors contained hardware to modify the dark yellow color to an orange/brown color by reducing the green component. See this ansi art Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. as an example.

References

  1. 1 2 Grehan, Oisin (2016-02-04). "Windows 10 TH2 (v1511) Console Host Enhancements". Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  2. 1 2 3 "Standard ECMA-48: Control Functions for Character-Imaging I/O Devices" (PDF) (Second ed.). Ecma International. August 1979.
  3. ↑ Williams, Paul (2006). "Digital's Video Terminals". VT100.net. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
  4. ↑ Heathkit Company (1979). "Heathkit Catalog 1979". Heathkit Company. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
  5. ↑ "Withdrawn FIPS Listed by Number" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. December 15, 2016.
  6. ↑ Mefford, Michael (1989-02-07). "ANSI.com: Download It Here". PC Magazine. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
  7. ↑ Kegel, Dan; Auer, Eric (1999-02-28). "Nansi and NNansi – ANSI Drivers for MS-DOS". Dan Kegel's Web Hostel. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
  8. ↑ "PTS-DOS 2000 Pro User Manual" (PDF). Buggingen, Germany: Paragon Technology GmbH. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
  9. ↑ Günther, Jens; Ernst, Tobias (2004-04-25) [1996]. Ellsässer, Wolfgang, ed. "Inoffizielle deutschsprachige PTS-DOS-FAQ (PTS/FAQD)" [Inofficial German PTS-DOS FAQ] (in German). Retrieved 2018-10-02.
  10. ↑ CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP.
  11. ↑ "Using C-Kermit", p. 88.
  12. ↑ "Amiga Printer Command Definitions". Commodore. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  13. ↑ Hood, Jason (2005). "Process ANSI escape sequences for Windows console programs". Jason Hood's Home page. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  14. ↑ "colorama 0.2.5 :". Python Package Index. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
  15. ↑ bitcrazed. "Console Virtual Terminal Sequences - Windows Console". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Standard ECMA-48: Control Functions for Coded Character Sets" (Fifth ed.). Ecma International. June 1991.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "XTerm Control Sequences". invisible-island.net. 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  18. ↑ Conrad Irwin (April 2013). "bracketed paste mode". cirw.in.
  19. 1 2 "console_codes(4) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  20. ↑ ECMA International. "Control Functions for Coded Character Sets" (PDF). p. 61 on printed page, PDF page 75.
  21. ↑ Changed from 0,0,205 in July 2004 "Patch #192 – 2004/7/12 – XFree86 4.4.99.9".
  22. ↑ Changed from 0,0,255 in July 2004 "Patch #192 – 2004/7/12 – XFree86 4.4.99.9".
  23. 1 2 "T.416 Information technology - Open Document Architecture (ODA) and interchange format: Character content architectures".
  24. ↑ "color-spaces.pl (a copy of 256colors2.pl from xterm dated 1999-07-11)". KDE. 2006-12-06.
  25. ↑ "libvte's bug report and patches". GNOME Bugzilla. 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
  26. ↑ "README.moreColors". KDE. 2010-04-22.
  27. ↑ "Chapter 9. System tips". debian.org.
  28. ↑ "VT100.net: Digital VT100 User Guide". Retrieved 2015-01-19.
  29. ↑ "bash – How to get a notification when my commands are done – Ask Different". Retrieved 2015-01-19.
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