George Bush Intercontinental Airport

George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Summary
Airport type Public
Owner City of Houston
Operator Houston Airport System
Serves Greater Houston
Location Houston, Texas, U.S.
Hub for United Airlines
Focus city for Spirit Airlines
Elevation AMSL 97 ft / 30 m
Coordinates 29°59′04″N 095°20′29″W / 29.98444°N 95.34139°W / 29.98444; -95.34139Coordinates: 29°59′04″N 095°20′29″W / 29.98444°N 95.34139°W / 29.98444; -95.34139
Website Fly2Houston.com
Maps

FAA airport diagram
IAH
Location of airport in Texas
IAH
IAH (the US)
IAH
IAH (North America)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
15L/33R 12,001 3,658 Concrete
15R/33L 10,000 3,048 Concrete
9/27 10,000 3,048 Concrete
8L/26R 9,000 2,743 Concrete
8R/26L 9,402 2,866 Concrete
Statistics (2017)
Passengers 40,696,216
Aircraft operations 450,383
Sources: Fly2Houston.com[1] and Federal Aviation Administration[2]

George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IATA: IAH, ICAO: KIAH, FAA LID: IAH)[3] is an international airport in Houston, Texas, United States, under class B airspace, serving the Greater Houston metropolitan area. Located about 23 miles (37 km) north of Downtown Houston,[3] between Interstate 45 and Interstate 69/U.S. Highway 59 with direct access to the Hardy Toll Road expressway, George Bush Intercontinental Airport has scheduled flights to a large number of domestic and international destinations. The airport is named after George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States.[4]

In 2017, the airport served 40,696,189 passengers, making it the 48th busiest airport in the world, and the 15th busiest airport in the United States.

Houston Intercontinental is the second largest passenger hub for United Airlines, only behind O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois. IAH was the premier domestic and international hub for Continental Airlines prior to its merger with United Airlines.

IAH covers 10,000 acres (40.5 km2.) of land and has five runways.[2]

The airport also serves as a focus city for Spirit Airlines. Under operations as United Express, Expressjet Airlines and Skywest Airlines operate hub operations from IAH. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Houston Intercontinental served as focus city for several major airlines including the original Braniff International Airways, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, National Airlines, and Pan American World Airways. It served as a hub for Houston-based Texas International Airlines and commuter air carrier Metro Airlines, which was also based in the Houston area and started its first flights when Intercontinental opened in 1969.

History

The main entrance to the airport along John F. Kennedy Boulevard
Marker indicating the airport along Will Clayton Parkway. As of 2015, this has been replaced with a new sign bearing the Houston Airport System logo.

A group of Houston businessmen purchased the site for Bush Intercontinental Airport in 1957 to preserve it until the city of Houston could formulate a plan for a new airport as a replacement for William P. Hobby Airport (at the time known as Houston International Airport). The holding company for the land was named the Jet Era Ranch Corporation, but a typographical error transformed the words "Jet Era" into "Jetero" and the airport site subsequently became known as the Jetero airport site. Although the name Jetero was no longer used in official planning documents after 1961, the airport's eastern entrance was named Jetero Boulevard. Most of Jetero Boulevard was later renamed Will Clayton Parkway.

The City of Houston annexed the Intercontinental Airport area in 1965. This annexation, along with the 1965 annexations of the Bayport area, the Fondren Road area, and an area west of Sharpstown, resulted in a gain of 51,251 acres (20,741 ha) of land for the city limits.[5]

The Houston Airport System Administration Building is located on the airport grounds.
George Bush Intercontinental Airport control tower
The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center is on the airport grounds.

Houston Intercontinental Airport, which was the original name for the airport, opened in June 1969.[4] The airport's IATA code of IAH derived from the stylization of the airport's name as "Intercontinental Airport of Houston."[6][7] All scheduled passenger airline service formerly operated from William P. Hobby Airport moved to Intercontinental upon the airport's completion. Hobby remained open as a general aviation airport and was once again used for scheduled passenger airline flights two years later when Southwest Airlines initiated intrastate jet service between Hobby and Dallas Love Field in 1971.[8]

Houston Intercontinental had been scheduled to open in 1967, but design changes regarding the terminals created cost overruns and construction delays. The prime contractor, R.F. Ball Construction of San Antonio, sued the city of Houston for $11 million in damages, but assistant city attorney Joseph Guy Rollins, Jr. defended the municipality on appeal to the Texas Supreme Court.[9]

In the late 1980s, Houston City Council considered a plan to rename the airport after Mickey Leland—an African-American U.S. Congressman who died in an aviation accident in Ethiopia. Instead of renaming the whole airport, the city named Mickey Leland International Arrivals Building, which would later become Mickey Leland Terminal D, after the congressman. In April 1997, Houston City Council unanimously voted to rename the airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport/Houston, after George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States.[4][10]

On August 28, 1990, Continental Airlines agreed to build its maintenance center at George Bush Intercontinental Airport; Continental agreed to do so because the city of Houston agreed to provide city-owned land near the airport.[11]

As of 2007, Terminals A and B remain from the airport's original design. Lewis W. Cutrer Terminal C opened in 1981, the Mickey Leland International Arrivals Building (now called Terminal D) opened in May 1990, and the new Terminal E partially opened on June 3, 2003. The rest of Terminal E opened on January 7, 2004. Terminal D is the arrival point for all international flights except for United flights, which use Terminal E. Terminal D also held customs and INS until the opening of the new Federal Inspection Service (FIS) building, completed on January 25, 2005.[12]

Historical airline service: opening of Intercontinental in 1969 to the early 1980s

At the time of the opening of IAH in 1969, domestic scheduled passenger airline flights were being operated by American Airlines, Braniff International Airways, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, National Airlines and Houston-based Texas International Airlines which had formerly operated as Trans-Texas Airways.[13] International flights at this time were being flown by Pan American World Airways with ten nonstop flights a week operated with Boeing 707 jetliners to Mexico City; KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operating Douglas DC-8 jets four days a week to Amsterdam via an intermediate stop in Montreal; Braniff International with Boeing 727 services several times a week to Panama City, Panama; and Aeronaves de Mexico (now Aeroméxico) flying Douglas DC-9 jets to Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, Acapulco and Mexico City several days a week.[14][15][16][17] Texas International was also operating direct services to Mexico at this time with Douglas DC-9 jets to Monterrey and Convair 600 turboprop flights to Tampico and Veracruz.[18] KLM introduced Boeing 747 services in 1971 and by 1974 Air France was operating four nonstop Boeing 747 flights a week to both Paris and Mexico City.[19][20] Also in 1974, Continental, Pan Am, and National were operating McDonnell Douglas DC-10 wide body jetliners into IAH while Delta was flying Lockheed L-1011 TriStar wide body jets with both types being operated on respective domestic routes from the airport by these airlines; with National also operating Boeing 747s on a Miami-Houston-Los Angeles routing.[21]

By the late 1970s, Cayman Airways had begun nonstop flights between Grand Cayman in the Caribbean and Intercontinental with BAC One-Eleven jets.[22] Cayman Airways served the airport for many years, operating a variety of aircraft including Boeing 727-200, Boeing 737-200, Boeing 737-300, Boeing 737-400 and Douglas DC-8 jetliners into IAH in addition to the BAC One-Eleven.[23] In 1977, British Caledonian, commenced non-stop flights between London's Gatwick Airport and Houston with Boeing 707 service, and later with DC-10 and Boeing 747-200 service.[24] British Airways continued operating the route, when in December 1987, BA took over B-Cal increasing its frequency on the route to double-daily.

By July 1983, the number of domestic and international air carriers serving Intercontinental had grown substantially. American, Continental, Delta and Eastern had been joined by Piedmont Airlines, Southwest Airlines, TWA, United Airlines, USAir and Western Airlines.[25] Western was operating daily McDonnell Douglas DC-10 wide body jet services nonstop to Salt Lake City at this time, with this flight also offering one-stop services to Anchorage, Alaska.[26] International services were being operated by Air Canada, Aviateca, British Caledonian Airways, Continental Airlines, Eastern Air Lines, SAHSA, South African Airways, TACA and VIASA in addition to Pan Am, KLM, Air France, Aeroméxico and Cayman Airways.[27] Several commuter and regional airlines were also operating passenger services at this time from IAH including Emerald Air (operating as Pan Am Express), Metro Airlines, Rio Airways and Royale Airlines.[25] Metro Airlines was operating "cross-town" shuttle services with de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter turboprops with up to seventeen round trip flights a day between IAH and the Clear Lake City STOLport located near the NASA Johnson Space Center and also up to nine round trip flights a day between the airport and Sugar Land Regional Airport as well as other flights to regional destinations in Texas and Louisiana.[25] In addition, at this same time the airport had scheduled helicopter airline services operated by Executive Helicopters with Bell 206L LongRanger helicopters to four Houston-area heliports with up to 36 round trip flights a day.[25]

As Houston was not an approved gateway for USA-London Heathrow flights under the Bermuda II Agreement, Continental Airlines and British Airways flew their London services to Gatwick Airport. British Airways, keen to allow its' passengers access to connections at its larger Heathrow Airport hub, subsequently flew various routing from Houston to Heathrow, via a gateway approved technical stop, allowing its' Houston originating flights to land at Heathrow. While keeping a daily Houston-Gatwick flight, BA, for its second daily departure to London operated Houston-Washington Dulles International Airport-London Heathrow, switching the technical stop to O'Hare International Airport and finally to Detroit Metropolitan Airport. In March 2008, the Bermuda II agreement was replaced with the EU-US Open Skies Agreement, allowing Continental Airlines and British Airways to switch its London services from Houston to Heathrow Airport that summer.[28] Currently, BA operates double-daily flights to London's Heathrow Airport with a Boeing 777 service.[29]

Other airlines that served Houston Intercontinental were Aviacsa,[30] America West Airlines,[31] Atlantic Southeast Airlines, Canadian Airlines, China Airlines, Comair, Grand Airways, Gulf Air, Martinair, Northwest Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, PrivatAir operating on behalf of KLM[32] and later SAS, Royal Jordanian (then called ALIA), SeaPort Airlines,[33] South African Airways,[34] Southwest Airlines, UltrAir and World Airways.

Recent airline and airport developments: 2009 to the present day

On January 7, 2009, a Continental Airlines Boeing 737-800 departing Bush Intercontinental was the first U.S. commercial jet to fly on a mix of conventional jet fuel and biofuel.[35][36]

In December 2009, the Houston City Council approved a plan to allow Midway Cos. to develop 10 acres (4.0 ha) of land owned by Houston Airport System (HAS) on the grounds of Bush Airport. Midway planned to develop a travel center for the airport's rental car facility. The city dictated the developer needed to place a convenience store and gas station facility, a flight information board, a fast casual restaurant, and a sit-down restaurant in the development. Beyond the required buildings, the developer planned to add an office facility of between 20,000 and 40,000 square feet (1,900 and 3,700 m2) and additional retail space.[37]

In 2011, Continental Airlines began Boeing 777-200 services to Lagos, Nigeria; this was the airport's first non-stop flight to the African continent. In May 2016, United Airlines ended the Houston-Lagos service citing the inability to repatriate revenue sold locally in Nigerian currency.[38] South African Airways previously operated non-stop Boeing 747SP services in 1983 between Houston and Amilcar Cabral International Airport in the Cape Verde islands off the coast of Africa as a refueling stop for its flights between Houston and Johannesburg, South Africa.[39][40] Continental's successor United Airlines subsequently ceased non-stop service on the Houston-Lagos route. Continental was also planning to commence non-stop Boeing 787 services to Auckland in New Zealand but these plans were cancelled as a reaction to new international flights at Hobby Airport announced by Southwest Airlines.[41] United Airlines — which acquired Continental and had fully integrated it into the United brand by early 2012 — had postponed the introduction of this service owing to delays associated with the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.[42] Its 787s were put to use on other international routes, however, including Houston-London and United's then new Houston-Lagos non-stop flights. The Houston-Auckland non-stop route was then begun by Air New Zealand using a Boeing 777-200ER. In 2014, United Airlines added a second daily flight to Tokyo, new routes to Munich, Germany, Santiago, Chile and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic and restarted the Aruba route (which had been canceled in 2012).

Houston became the sixth U.S. city to have Airbus A380 services when Lufthansa transitioned its Houston-Frankfurt route from a Boeing 747-400 to an A380 on August 1, 2012.[43]

On July 11, 2013, Air China began non-stop flights from Houston to Beijing–Capital using a Boeing 777-300ER. This is the airport's first non-stop route to mainland China.[44]

Houston gained non-stop flights to Turkey when Turkish Airlines launched services to Istanbul–Atatürk on April 1, 2013.[45]

Korean Air commenced non-stop flights from Seoul–Incheon to Houston on May 2, 2014.[46]. Service was terminated in October 2017 in response to its Star Alliance Asian airlines codesharing out of Terminal D.

On March 31, 2014, Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) announced it would begin non-stop flights between Stavanger, Norway and Houston. This was the first time the airline had opened a route from one of its non-hub cities. The service was flown with a Boeing BBJ operated by PrivatAir. The aircraft operated in SAS colors in a 44-seat all business class configuration. SAS ended this service on October 24, 2015.

On April 24, 2014, Spirit Airlines announced new services from Houston to six new domestic destinations, including Atlanta, Fort Lauderdale, Kansas City, New Orleans and San Diego. In addition, Spirit added seasonal services between Houston and Minneapolis. These new flights brought its total destinations from Houston to 12 locations, making Spirit the second largest domestic airline by destinations at Houston's IAH, behind United Airlines. During September 2014, Spirit sought approval from the US Department of Transportation (DoT) to launch flights from Houston Intercontinental to Managua, San José, San Pedro Sula, San Salvador, Cancún, San José del Cabo and Toluca. With the addition of the above-mentioned routes, Spirit Airlines has increased Houston Intercontinental Airport's placement from the ninth largest focus city to the fifth largest focus city based upon the number of flights flown per week.[47] Spirit Airlines experienced growth of 123% in weekly flight departures at Houston Intercontinental from August 2014 to August 2015. In late 2016, Spirit dropped San Jose, Managua and San Salvador having dropped Toluca the spring before. Spirit has reallocated those flights with new routes to Seattle, Newark and Pittsburgh.

In 2014, Taiwan-based carrier EVA Air announced it would launch non-stop flights from Houston to Taipei on June 19, 2015. This began with three flights a week on the 777-300ER. The frequency was increased to four times a week starting July 1, 2015, and to six times a week starting March 28, 2016.[48] EVA Air has made these flights daily since the end of 2016. This marks the first time non-stop flights are being operated between Taipei and any airport in Texas.

In addition, All Nippon Airways announced new 2015 services from Narita International Airport. Flights on the 777-300ER began on June 12, 2015, with ANA becoming the first Japan-based carrier to operate passenger flights into IAH.

A typical lineup at Terminal D showing Lufthansa, Air France, British Airways and KLM aircraft

On June 19, 2014, Emirates announced it would become the second operator of the Airbus A380 at Bush, upgrading its service from Dubai to Houston from a Boeing 777 to the "Super Jumbo" A380. Service began on December 3, 2014. As of July 1, 2016, the A380 has been removed from the Houston route. It was the first time the A380 had been removed from a US route. Airbus A380 service resumed on June 1, 2018.[49]

On September 17, 2014, Frontier Airlines announced it would begin to base aircraft from Bush, for its new Phoenix–Sky Harbor and San Francisco services, with the possibility of more destinations from Houston to come in the future.

On July 16, 2015, the new Eastern Air Lines announced it would begin a weekly service to Havana from Houston, in cooperation with HavanaAir Charters utilizing Boeing 737-800 aircraft, beginning on August 12, 2015. The service was announced to have been delayed as of August 11, 2015, with no announcement of a new date (the revived company was dissolved in November 2017).[50]

On December 15, 2015, Air New Zealand began non-stop flights from Auckland to Houston with Boeing 777-200ER aircraft.[51]

On October 30, 2016, Singapore Airlines began the Singapore - Manchester - Houston route, replacing Moscow as the flights' stopover, with a Boeing 777-300ER. On January 17, 2017, Singapore Airlines replaced the Boeing 777-300ER with the new Airbus A350-900. [52]

In 2016, China Eastern Airlines expressed interest in operating a direct non-stop flight between Shanghai–Pudong, China's largest business center, and Houston. This flight would be the airport's second non-stop to China and the fifth non-stop to Asia. The route would be flown by the Boeing 777-300ER, China Eastern's only aircraft capable of the flight. Additionally, the flight would surpass the airline's New York City and Toronto–Pearson services as the longest in the China Eastern system.[53]

In 2017, Philippine Airlines announced that they are in the final planning stage for their route expansions to the US with flights between Manila and Houston via Vancouver. The airline is waiting until it can get final regulatory approval from the US DOT before they can make an official announcement for the route.[54]

On September 7, 2017, United Airlines announced their new route from Houston to Sydney with the 787-9 Dreamliner. The Houston-Sydney service, at 8,596 miles (13,834 km), is United's second longest flight following its Los Angeles-Singapore October 2017 launch. Additionally, it surpasses Emirates' Dubai route as the longest flight at IAH.[55]

In November 2017, Air China announced plans to fly direct between Beijing–Capital and Panama City via Houston following a change in relations between China and Panama. The flight is a fifth freedom route, so Air China may transport passengers between Houston and Panama City without originating or terminating in Beijing. The twice weekly flight began on April 5, 2018.[56][57]

Operations

An aerial view of the terminals and some taxiways

George Bush Intercontinental Airport served 40,187,442 passengers[58] in 2011, making the airport the tenth-busiest for total passengers in North America. IAH is the seventh-largest international passenger gateway in the US[3] and the seventh-busiest airport in the world for total aircraft movements. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named George Bush Intercontinental Airport the fastest growing of the top ten airports in the United States.[59] The Houston Airport System (HAS) states the airport's service area includes the following Greater Houston counties: Brazoria, Chambers, Fort Bend, Galveston, Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, and Waller.[60] The airport ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international services with 182 destinations, and about 45 percent of the airport's passengers begin or terminate (O&D) their journey at the airport.[61] Bush Intercontinental ranks first among the major United States airports with the highest on-time performance, according to a 2010 United States Department of Transportation report.[62] As of 2007, with 31 destinations in Mexico, the airport offered services to more Mexican destinations than any other United States airport.[63]

The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center, located on the airport grounds at 16600 JFK Boulevard,[64] serves as the region's ARTCC.[65][66] The HAS administrative offices are also on the airport property.[66][67]

Terminals

Terminal A
Terminal B
Terminal C
Mickey Leland Terminal D
Corridor leading to Terminal E and Terminal D
Terminal E

There are three main entrances into IAH's terminal areas. John F. Kennedy Boulevard is the main north-south artery into the airport and intersects with Greens Road becoming an expressway leading to the terminals (by traveling west on Greens Road, one can access the nearby Greenspoint business and residential district). Will Clayton Parkway, which runs east to west, is another main road for IAH. Interstate 69/U.S. Highway 59 (I-69/US 59) is connected to IAH by Will Clayton Parkway. The Hardy Tollway Connector runs from west to east connecting JFK Boulevard to the Hardy Toll Road.

The airport has five terminals and 130 gates encompassing 250 acres (1.0 km2), with a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) distance from Terminal A to Terminal D.

Terminal A

Terminal A serves all non-United domestic and Canadian operations as well as select United Express domestic operations and international departures.

It was one of the original two terminals to open in 1969 and was designed by Goleman & Rolfe and George Pierce-Abel B. Pierce.[68] Like Terminal B, it originally had four circular modules (called "Flight Stations" locally) at the end of corridors radiating out of the corners of the terminal. However, in the late-1990s and early-2000s, the North and South Concourses were rebuilt into linear facilities to provide a smoother operation within the terminal. The project was completed in 2002 and was designed by Gensler.[68] Terminal A has 20 gates, with 10 gates in the North Concourse[69] and 10 gates in the South Concourse.[70]

Terminal B

Terminal B serves most United Express domestic operations and international departures. As of 2017, United Express is the only tenant of Terminal B. It was one of the original two terminals of the airport to open in 1969 and was designed by Goleman & Rolfe and George Pierce-Abel B. Pierce.[68] It is mostly an unaltered terminal from its original design. For this reason, the jet bridges are considerably lower to the ground than most others. The terminal contains 37 gates and 20 hardstand gates.[71]

The terminal underwent minor renovations from 1997 to 2001, designed by Gensler.[68] In 2011 the City of Houston announced it would demolish the gate areas of Terminal B and rebuild them. The architect for the project is Pierce, Goodwin, Alexander & Linville.[72] The first phase of the terminal's renovation broke ground on January 23, 2012.[73] Phase one of the project was completed in April 2013, and the first 15 gates of the new South Concourse became operational on May 21, 2013.[74] The remaining gates were completed in 2014, bringing the number of gates in the South Concourse to 30 (both types).

Terminal C

Terminal C (also known as Lewis W. Cutrer Terminal[75]) serves as United Airlines' main base of domestic operations at IAH, and serves some United Express domestic operations and international departures.

It was the third terminal to be built at the airport, opening in 1981. It was designed by the Houston firm of Airport Architects, a joint venture of Golemon & Rolfe Architects and Pierce and Pierce Architects.[68] Terminal C has 31 gates.[76] The terminal includes the airport's interfaith chapel.[77] The terminal underwent renovations from 2000 to 2005, designed by Gensler.[68] On May 11, 2015, the airport broke ground on the airport's new Terminal C north concourse, which opened in March 2017.[78][79] In March 2017 United also opened a Global Reception area for Global Services and Global First check-in which directly connects to the Premier Access/PreCheck security queue.

Terminal D

Terminal D (known as Mickey Leland Terminal) serves all non-United international operations and some United Express international arrivals.

Opened in 1990 as the International Arrivals Building (IAB) and later renamed the Mickey Leland International Arrivals Building, the US$95 million terminal was designed by Golemon and Rolfe Architects, Pierce Goodwin Alexander, James L. Marshall Associates, and Molina and Associates.[80] The IAB, equipped with a Federal Inspection Facility (FIS) and US Customs services, consolidated all international arrivals into one terminal (until Continental moved its international operations to Terminal E/FIS)

In Terminal D airlines share gates, ticket counters, and terminal equipment, making it a "common use" facility. The Terminal D food court is located in the departures area.[81] In 2007 the airport authority began renovations in which 20 additional common-use ticket counters, upscale retail and restaurant shops, and new on-airport spa/beauty lounge will be added over the next few years.[82] Terminal D has 12 gates and several international lounges, including two separate British Airways Galleries Lounges (First and Club), a KLM Crown Lounge, an Air France Salon Lounge, and an Executive Lounge for Singapore, Emirates, Qatar, and Lufthansa.[83]

On June 18, 2014, Houston City Council unanimously passed a memorandum of agreement establishing plans to demolish the existing Terminal D building and construct a new facility on the same site.[84] Plans call for the terminal to have gates for 15 large wide-body jets, including four Airbus A380 capable gates, as well as a more open design and modern appearance. Construction on Terminal D is yet to commence despite the completion of the Terminal C North Concourse Project in March 2017.

Terminal E

Terminal E serves as United Airlines' main base of international operations at IAH, in addition to some United Express international arrivals and some larger mainline domestic operations. (All United international mainline flights arrive at Terminal E while all United Express international flights arrive at Terminals D or E, then depart out of Terminal A, B or C.)

Terminal E is IAH's newest terminal. It was designed by Corgan Associates and Spencer Partnership Architects,[68] and it opened in two phases. The first phase opened in 2002 with 14 gates, and the second phase added 16 gates in 2003 for a total of 30 gates.[85] United operates one large, three-floor United Club in Terminal E between Gates E11 and E12. Originally Continental (before merging with United) used the terminal solely for domestic flights, but it relocated international operation to the new terminal after the new Federal Inspection Service (FIS) building opened. The terminal was designed for maximum flexibility, with jetways designed to handle all types of aircraft.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinationsRefs
Aeroméxico Seasonal: Mexico City [86]
Aeroméxico Connect Mexico City [86]
Air Canada Toronto–Pearson [87]
Air Canada Express Calgary, Montréal–Trudeau [87]
Air China Beijing–Capital, Panama City [88]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle [89]
Air New Zealand Auckland [90]
Alaska Airlines Seattle/Tacoma [91]
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Narita [92]
American Airlines Charlotte, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, Philadelphia
Seasonal: Chicago–O'Hare 		[93]
American Eagle Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, Phoenix–Sky Harbor [93]
Avianca El Salvador San Salvador [94]
Bahamasair Nassau [95]
Boutique Air Victoria (TX) (begins November 6, 2018) [96]
British Airways London–Heathrow [97]
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, New York–LaGuardia (begins April 10, 2018) [98] Salt Lake City
Seasonal: Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul 		[99]
Delta Connection Cincinnati, Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–LaGuardia, Salt Lake City [99]
Emirates Dubai–International [100]
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan [101]
Frontier Airlines Denver, Las Vegas, Philadelphia, Raleigh/Durham [102]
Interjet Mexico City, Monterrey [103]
KLM Amsterdam [104]
Lufthansa Frankfurt [105]
Qatar Airways Doha [106]
Singapore Airlines Manchester (UK), Singapore [107]
Spirit Airlines Atlanta, Baltimore, Cancún, Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Guatemala City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Newark, Oakland, Orlando, San Diego, San Pedro Sula, San Salvador, Tampa
Seasonal: Minneapolis/St. Paul, San José del Cabo 		[108]
Turkish Airlines Istanbul–Atatürk [109]
United Airlines Amsterdam, Aruba, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Belize City, Bogotá, Bonaire, Boston, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Calgary, Cancún, Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Cleveland, Cozumel, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Detroit, Edmonton, El Paso, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Frankfurt, Grand Cayman, Guadalajara, Guatemala City, Havana, Honolulu, Jacksonville (FL), Kansas City, Las Vegas, Liberia (CR), Lima, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Managua, McAllen, Memphis, Mérida, Mexico City, Miami, Midland–Odessa, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Montego Bay, Munich, Nashville, New Orleans, New York–LaGuardia, Newark, Oklahoma City, Orange County (CA), Orlando, Panama City, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Port of Spain, Portland (OR), Puerto Vallarta, Punta Cana, Quito, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Roatán, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San José de Costa Rica, San José del Cabo, San Juan, San Pedro Sula, San Salvador, Santiago de Chile, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Seattle/Tacoma, Sydney, Tampa, Tegucigalpa, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Tucson, Vancouver, Washington–Dulles, Washington–National
Seasonal: Albuquerque, Anchorage, Charleston (SC), Cincinnati, Corpus Christi, Eagle/Vail, Gunnison/Crested Butte, Hayden/Steamboat Springs, Indianapolis, Jackson Hole, Minneapolis/St Paul, Montrose, Nassau, Norfolk, Omaha, Pittsburgh, Providenciales, Raleigh/Durham, Reno/Tahoe, Savannah, St. Thomas, Tulsa, West Palm Beach 		[110]
United Express Acapulco, Aguascalientes, Akron/Canton, Albuquerque, Alexandria, Amarillo, Atlanta, Austin, Baton Rouge, Birmingham (AL), Boise, Brownsville, Calgary, Charleston (SC), Charleston (WV), Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Chihuahua, Cincinnati, Cleveland, College Station, Colorado Springs, Columbia (SC), Columbus–Glenn, Corpus Christi, Dallas/Fort Worth, Dayton, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, El Paso, Fayetteville/Bentonville, Fort Walton Beach, Grand Rapids, Greenville/Spartanburg, Guadalajara, Gulfport/Biloxi, Harlingen, Havana, Hobbs, Huntsville, Indianapolis, Ixtapa/Zihuatanejo, Jackson (MS), Jacksonville (FL), Kansas City, Killeen/Fort Hood, Knoxville, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Laredo, León/Del Bajío, Lexington, Little Rock, Louisville, Lubbock, Manzanillo, McAllen, Memphis, Midland–Odessa, Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Mobile, Monroe, Monterrey, Morelia, Nashville, New Orleans, New York–LaGuardia, Norfolk, Oaxaca, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Panama City (FL), Pensacola, Pittsburgh, Puebla, Querétaro, Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Luis Potosí, Savannah, Shreveport, Springfield (MO), St. Louis, Tampico, Toronto–Pearson, Tucson, Tulsa, Veracruz, Washington–Dulles, Washington–National, Wichita
Seasonal: Aspen, Bozeman, Fort Myers, Gunnison/Crested Butte, Hartford, Jackson Hole, Mazatlán, Miami, Montrose, Nassau, Palm Springs, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Puerto Vallarta, Rapid City, Reno/Tahoe, San José del Cabo 		[110]
Vacation Express Seasonal: Punta Cana [111]
VivaAerobus Monterrey [112]
Volaris Guadalajara [113]
WestJet Calgary [114]

Other current services

EVA Air offers luxury bus services from the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex to feed its IAH-TPE route.[115]

United Airlines offers thrice-daily bus services to Beaumont, Texas, which replaced its air service on July 1, 2012.

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
AirBridgeCargo Airlines Anchorage, Amsterdam, Chicago–O'Hare, Los Angeles, Moscow–Sheremetyevo, Shanghai–Pudong
Air France Cargo Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Mexico City
Amazon Air Baltimore, Cincinnati, Miami, Ontario
Ameristar Air Cargo Laredo, Minneapolis/St.Paul
Baron Aviation Services College Station
CargoLogicAir Abu Dhabi, Frankfurt, Mexico City[116]
Cargolux Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth, Guadalajara, Luxembourg, Mexico City, Miami, New York–JFK, Prestwick
Cathay Pacific Cargo Anchorage, Dallas/Fort Worth, Miami
China Airlines Cargo Anchorage, Chicago–O'Hare, Miami
DHL Aviation Cincinnati, Huntsville, New Orleans
Emirates SkyCargo Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Dubai–Al Maktoum, Mexico City, Zaragoza
FedEx Express El Paso, Fort Worth/Alliance, Indianapolis, Memphis
Seasonal: Denver
Lufthansa Cargo Frankfurt, Stavanger
Martinaire Addison, San Antonio
Qatar Airways Cargo Doha, Liège, Luxembourg City, Mexico City
Turkish Airlines Cargo Istanbul–Atatürk, Madrid, Miami[117]
UPS Airlines Chicago/Rockford, Louisville

George Bush Intercontinental ranks as the 17th-largest gateway in the United States in terms of air cargo. The facility landed 1,746.5 million pounds of cargo in 2015.[118]

In January 2003, Houston Airport System decided to create a new 125 million dollar, 550,000 square feet (51,095 square meters), facility called the George Bush Intercontinental CargoCenter.[119]

The facility can handle up to 20 widebody aircraft at one time and has expanded to an operational area of 880,000 sq ft (82,000 m2) over the last five years. The CargoCenter has its own separate Federal Inspection Facitilty (FIS) that houses Customs, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), United States Department of Agriculture, and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.[120]

The facility also includes the International Air CargoCenter II, a 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2) perishable cargo handling facility. It is located in the IAH CargoCenter and offer direct ramp access for cargo airlines as well as importers and distributors of perishable goods.[121] The center is recoginized as an official Certified Cargo Screening Facility (CCSF).[122]

For five years in a row, Air Cargo Inc has honored Bush Intercontinental Airport with the ACE Award for Excellence in the category of airports with less than 500,000 tons of air cargo annually.[123]

Trade data

  • Europe 44%
  • Asia 23%
  • Middle East 16%
  • Africa 8%
  • Latin America 7%
  • North America 1%[124]

Statistics

Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes to and from IAH
(July 2017 – June 2018)[125]
Rank City Passengers Carriers
1 Los Angeles, California 773,250 American, Spirit, United
2 Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois 674,600 American, Spirit, United
3 Denver, Colorado 668,430 Frontier, Spirit, United
4 Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas 596,770 American, United
5 Newark, New Jersey 558,680 Spirit, United
6 Atlanta, Georgia 558,460 Delta, Spirit, United
7 Orlando, Florida 456,590 Spirit, United
8 San Francisco, California 453,690 United
9 Las Vegas, Nevada 430,880 Frontier, Spirit, United
10 New Orleans, Louisiana 371,520 Spirit, United
A United Airlines Boeing 787-8 parked at a Terminal E gate
An Emirates Boeing 777-200LR landing
Busiest International Routes to and from IAH (2016)[126]
Rank City Passengers Annual change Carriers
1 Mexico City, Mexico 833,066 Increase13.37% Aeroméxico, Interjet, United
2 Cancún, Mexico 661,587 Decrease3.45% Spirit, United
3 London–Heathrow, United Kingdom 474,976 Decrease8.81% British Airways, United
4 Calgary, Canada 439,609 Increase10.09% Air Canada, United, WestJet
5 Frankfurt, Germany 418,836 Increase2.35% Lufthansa, United
6 Monterrey, Mexico 372,145 Increase6.74% Aeroméxico, Interjet, United, VivaAerobus
7 San Jose, Costa Rica 363,574 Decrease0.19% Spirit, United
8 San Salvador, El Salvador 325,566 Increase7.34% Avianca El Salvador, Spirit, United
9 Toronto–Pearson, Canada 299,962 Increase3.86% Air Canada, United
10 Amsterdam, Netherlands 298,664 Decrease0.63% KLM, United
11 Tokyo–Narita, Japan 295,142 Increase24.90% ANA, United
12 Guadalajara, Mexico 244,451 Decrease2.53% United, VivaAerobus, Volaris
13 Guatemala City, Guatemala 241,416 Decrease0.38% United
14 San José del Cabo, Mexico 221,266 Increase22.22% Spirit, United
15 Dubai–International, United Arab Emirates 220,857 Decrease7.81% Emirates
16 Liberia, Costa Rica 208,018 Increase6.30% United
17 Managua, Nicaragua 203,917 Decrease5.70% United
18 Panama City, Panama 196,805 Increase1.07% United
19 Belize City, Belize 186,737 Decrease2.17% United
20 Istanbul–Atatürk, Turkey 182,620 Decrease6.90% Turkish
21 Bogotá 178,933 Decrease0.24% United
22 San Pedro Sula 162,345 Increase17.66% Spirit, United
23 Puerto Vallarta 157,646 Increase0.60% United
24 Doha 156,927 Decrease1.75% Qatar
25 León/Del Bajío 153,491 Increase20.51% United
26 Rio de Janeiro–Galeão 152,677 Decrease0.59% United
27 Taipei–Taoyuan 151,062 Increase162.15% EVA
28 Buenos Aires–Ezeiza 146,838 Increase7.90% United
29 Paris–Charles de Gaulle 145,907 Decrease0.84% Air France
30 Vancouver 145,376 Decrease1.64% United

Annual traffic

Annual passenger traffic (enplaned + deplaned) at IAH, 1987 through 2017[127]
Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Annual

change

 Year Passengers Annual

change

198715,388,667199728,678,153200742,998,040201740,696,216Decrease2.4%
198815,109,521199831,017,804200841,708,580
198916,013,660199933,051,248200940,007,354
199017,515,813200035,251,372201040,479,569
199118,127,395200134,763,443201140,187,442
199219,349,310200233,913,759201239,890,756
199320,173,941200334,208,170201339,625,358
199422,456,792200436,513,098201440,302,345Increase1.7%
199524,690,166200539,716,583201543,023,224Increase4.2%
199626,460,192200642,550,432201641,692,372Decrease3.2%

Terminal transportation

Skyway train that runs between terminals

An above ground train called Skyway (formerly TerminaLink) connects Terminals A, B, C, D, E and the International Arrivals Building (IAB) for those with connecting flights in different terminals and provides sterile airside connections. This allows passengers to travel within the airport without having to re-enter security. TerminaLink has four stops: Terminal A, Terminal B, Terminal C, and Terminals D/E including the IAB. The airport has expanded the line to Terminal A at a cost of US $100 million. Construction began on the extension in early 2008 and was completed in 2010.[128]

An underground train called the Subway (formerly inter-terminal train) outside of the sterile zone connects all five terminals and the airport hotel which can be accessed by all. This system is based on the WEDway PeopleMover technology developed by the Walt Disney Company.[129]

In addition, United Airlines has started a VIP, flight-to-flight, terminal transportation service for Global Services customers, using luxury cars.[130]

Hotels

The airport houses an on-site hotel, a Marriott, between Terminals B and C and is accessible via the inter-terminal train which runs every 3 minutes from 3:30am–12:30am everyday. The hotel has 573 rooms, one restaurant and bar, a concierge lounge, a coffee shop, health club, sundry shop and a conference center.[131]

Ground transportation

An entrance sign for the airport

Automobile

From Downtown Houston one can travel to George Bush Intercontinental by taking Interstate 69/U.S. Route 59 (Eastex Freeway) to Beltway 8 or to Will Clayton Parkway, and access the airport from either road. From Downtown one could also take Interstate 45 (North Freeway), connect to Beltway 8, and enter the airport from the Beltway.[81] The Hardy Toll Road has an exit from the north or south to the airport.

Bus

The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas, or METRO, offers bus services available at the south side of Terminal C. The 102 Bush IAH Express serves the airport. Previously, METRO also operated an express bus service known as Airport Direct, launched in the summer of 2008, which traveled from Downtown Houston to Terminal C via the HOV lane of the Eastex Freeway (I-69)/(US 59).[132][133][134] In 2010, in an effort to increase ridership and maximize revenue, METRO reduced the fare of Airport Direct and closed a dedicated passenger plaza for the service in Downtown Houston; instead, the bus stopped at several downtown hotels.[135] The fare each way was reduced from $15 to $4.50. The fare change increased ridership levels but reduced cash flow. METRO consistently provided the service at an operational loss.[136] However, in the summer of 2011, METRO announced it was discontinuing the Airport Direct service, while the Route 102 local service (which serves the greater Greenspoint business and residential district before traveling on I-45 to access downtown) continued to operate.[137]

As of 2016 the Taiwanese airline EVA Air operates a shuttle bus service from Bush IAH to Richardson, Texas in the Dallas-Fort Worth area so Dallas-based customers may fly on its services to and from Houston.[138] Previously China Airlines, also a Taiwanese carrier, provided a shuttle bus service to Sugar Land and the Southwest Houston Chinatown.[139] It ended in 2008 when China Airlines ended its Houston passenger service.[140]

Shuttle service

Carriers provide scheduled bus and shuttle services to locations from IAH to NRG Park/NRG Astrodome, Downtown Houston, Uptown, Greenway Plaza, the Texas Medical Center, hotels in the Westchase and Energy Corridor business districts, the city of College Station and William P. Hobby Airport. Super Shuttle uses shared vans to provide services from George Bush Intercontinental Airport to the surrounding communities.[132]

Artwork

Flag posts of G7 member countries plus the European Union titled "Light Spikes" located outside the airport entrance

Ed Carpenter's "Light Wings", a multicolored glass sculpture suspended below a skylight, adorns the Terminal A North Concourse.[141] In Terminal A, South Concourse stands Terry Allen's "Countree Music." Allen's piece is a cast bronze tree that plays instrumental music by Joe Ely and David Byrne, though the music is normally turned off. The corridor leading to Terminal A displays Leamon Green's "Passing Through," a 200-foot (61 m) etched glass wall depicting airport travelers.[142]

The elevators in Terminal B are cased in stainless steel accordion shaped structures designed by Rachel Hecker.[143] The corridor leading to Terminal B has Dixie Friend Gay's "Houston Bayou." This work is composed of an 8 ft × 75 ft (2.4 m × 22.9 m) Byzantine glass mosaic mural depicting scenes from Houston's bayous and wetlands, several bronze animals embedded in the floor, and five mosaic columns.

"Lights Spikes" was created for the 1990 G7 Summit when it was hosted by President George H. W. Bush in Houston. The sculpture was relocated to the airport outside E Terminal after the meetings, from its original location in front of the George R. Brown Convention Center. The columns lean at a ten-degree angle toward a central point that represents Houston. The distance between each "spike" and this point is relative to the distance between Houston and the capitals of the countries the flags represent. The countries represented are the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, Canada, Italy and Germany, as well as the European community.[144] The airport has a display of lighted modern sculptures between terminals C and D.[81]

Master plan

The city of Houston presented its master plan update for IAH in 2005.[145] The near-term plan calls for Terminal B's circular flight stations to be rebuilt into linear facilities similar to Terminal A. Construction of a new 155,000-square-foot (14,400 m2) pier at Terminal D, capable of handling six additional wide body aircraft, was slated for completion in 2016.[146]

The long-term plans call for the unit terminals to be demolished and the North and South Concourses to be linked midway. Soon after, the facilities in the North and South Concourses will be linked to form two long continuous facilities. In addition, a new Central Passenger Processing facility will also be built, called the East Terminal, along with an underground people mover.

Airfield improvements include a new Runway 8C-26C, a new Runway 9R-27L, a perimeter taxiway, and access roadways.[147][148] If the Federal Aviation Administration selects new sites for runways, it may buy land from the Glen Lee Place and Heather Ridge Village subdivisions, which are off of Lee Road.[149]

Accidents and incidents

  • February 1, 1975: Douglas DC-3 N15HC of Horizon Properties crashed on approach when the port wing collided with an electricity pylon. The aircraft was on a domestic non-scheduled passenger flight from Lawton Municipal Airport, Oklahoma to Huntsville Regional Airport, Texas. Due to weather conditions, the flight was diverted to Houston. Of the sixteen occupants,[150] two crew and three passengers were killed.[151]
  • 1990: Grumman Gulfstream I operated by Rowan Drilling Company; power loss in an engine after take-off resulted in a failed attempt to regain altitude en route to New Orleans International Airport. The aircraft crashed on departure from Runway 15L and came to rest midfield along a parallel taxiway. There were three fatalities.[152]
  • On February 19, 1996, a Continental Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 operating as Continental Airlines Flight 1943 from Ronald Reagan National Airport arriving in Houston, Texas landed with its landing gear in the stowed position on Runway 27. The aircraft slid for 6,915 feet (2,108 m) on its belly before stopping on the runway 140 feet (43 m) left of the runway centerline approximately at the departure end of the runway. There were no fatalities and only minor injuries. The aircraft was written off.[153]

See also

References

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