Philippine Airlines

Philippine Airlines
IATA ICAO Callsign
PR PAL PHILIPPINE
Founded November 14, 1935 (1935-11-14) (as Philippine Aerial Taxi Company)
February 26, 1941 (1941-02-26) (as Philippine Air Lines)
Commenced operations March 15, 1941 (1941-03-15)
Hubs Ninoy Aquino International Airport (Manila)
Secondary hubs Clark International Airport[1]
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
Francisco Bangoy International Airport (Davao)[2]
Focus cities Kalibo International Airport
Frequent-flyer program Mabuhay Miles
Subsidiaries PAL Express
Fleet size 67 (excluding subsidiaries),[3] 97 (including subsidiaries) as of October 13, 2018
Destinations 66 (excluding subsidiaries), 103 (including subsidiaries) as of October 10, 2018
Company slogan The Heart of the Filipino
Parent company PAL Holdings, Inc.
Headquarters PNB Financial Center, Macapagal Boulevard, Bay City, Pasay, Philippines
Key people
Revenue Increase PHP27.9 billion (US$627 million)(1Q2015)[7]
Net income Increase PHP3.7 billion (US$85 million)(1Q2015)[7]
Employees approx. 8,000
Website www.philippineairlines.com

Philippine Airlines (PAL), a trade name of PAL Holdings, Inc. (PSE: PAL), also known historically (until 1970) as Philippine Air Lines, is the flag carrier of the Philippines. Headquartered at the PNB Financial Center in Pasay City,[8][9] the airline was founded in 1941 and is the first and oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name.[10] Out of its hubs at Ninoy Aquino International Airport of Manila, Clark International Airport of Angeles, Mactan-Cebu International Airport of Cebu, and Francisco Bangoy International Airport of Davao[11], Philippine Airlines serves 31 destinations in the Philippines and 41 overseas destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Oceania, North America and Europe.[12]

Formerly one of the largest Asian airlines, PAL was severely affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In one of the Philippines' biggest corporate failures, PAL was forced to downsize its international operations by completely cutting flights to Europe and Middle East, cutting virtually all domestic flights except routes operated from Manila, reducing the size of its fleet, and laying off thousands of employees. The airline was placed under receivership in 1998, and gradually restored operations to many destinations. After PAL's exit from receivership in 2007, PAL embarked on a frequent revamp of management. However, PAL's vision to re-establish itself as one of Asia's premier carriers, is still the matter of greatest importance.[13] Philippine Airlines operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft with Airbus A320, Airbus A321, Airbus A321neo, Airbus A330, Airbus A350, and Boeing 777-300ER.

History

Corporate management

The Philippine Airlines logo shown on the PNB Financial Headquarters from Roxas Boulevard
The entrance to the Philippine Airlines head office at the PNB Financial Headquarters along Macapagal Boulevard in Pasay City.

Philippine Airlines is owned by PAL Holdings (PSE: PAL), a holding company responsible for the airline's operations. PAL Holdings is in turn part of a group of companies owned by business tycoon Lucio Tan. PAL is the ninth-largest corporation in the Philippines in terms of gross revenue, as stated in the Philippines' Top 1000 Largest Corporations of 2017.[14] As of April 2018, PAL employs a total of 8,278 employees, which includes 1,332 pilots and 3,016 cabin crew.[15] PAL is the sixty-first largest airline in the world in terms of revenue passenger kilometers flown, with over 16 million flown for 21 million available seat kilometers, an average load factor of 76 percent.[16] PAL has flown approx. 12 million passengers in 2014[17] and 16 million in 2016.[18]

For the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2007, Philippine Airlines reported a net income of US$140.3 million, the largest profit in its 76-year history.[19] This allowed it to exit receivership in October. PAL had forecast net profit to reach $32.32 million for the fiscal year ending on March 31, 2008, $26.28 million in 2009 and $47.41 million in 2010, but this proved difficult to achieve, with a large loss announced in early 2009 causing some concern.

However, Philippine Airlines reported a total comprehensive income of $20.4 million for 2014, the company’s first profit in four years.[20] The company continued its financial turnaround, reporting a net income growth of 4430.04% for the year 2015.[21] However, PAL reported a loss in 2016, with a net income growth of -38.80%.[21]

Destinations

Philippine Airlines operates a primary hub (Ninoy Aquino International Airport), three secondary hubs (Mactan-Cebu International Airport, Clark International Airport & Francisco Bangoy International Airport), as well as a focus city (Kalibo International Airport), with the majority of routes operating from Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The airline flies to destinations in Asia, North America, Oceania, Middle East, and United Kingdom.

Philippine Airlines' destinations (blue) served from the airline's three hubs (red radar signal), excluding domestic destinations. Charter or seasonal services are green while future destinations are yellow.[22]

Codeshare agreements

Philippine Airlines codeshares with the following airlines:[23][24]

Fleet

PAL B777 landing in London Heathrow Airport

The Philippine Airlines fleet composed of wide-body and narrow-body aircraft from five families (excluding PAL Express fleet): Airbus A320, Airbus A320neo family, Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Airbus A350 and its flagship, Boeing 777. As of June 6, 2018, there were 64 aircraft registered in the PAL fleet.

Brand

The Philippine Airlines logo has gone under four incarnations in the entire length of its operations. The first logo incorporated a blue oval with "PAL" superimposed in white letters, a four-pointed star whose points intersect behind the "A" in the PAL initials, and a wing whose position varied depending on the location of the logo (the wing points to the right if located on the left side of the plane, left if on the right side). A variant of this logo used a globe instead in the blue oval with the PAL initials superimposed. This logo would be in use from the 1950s until the mid-1960s, when it would be replaced by a second logo.

The second logo adopted a blue triangle (with the bottom point missing) and a red triangle superimposed upon it, enclosed by a circle; this was meant to evoke a vertically-displayed national flag (the white being formed by the negative space between the two triangles' tips). In the mid-1970s, a third logo, which removed the circle and simplified the shapes, was introduced. The typeface used in the third logo was later applied to the second logo, which remained the official PAL logo until 1986, when it would be replaced by the current logo.

The current PAL logo features the same two blue and red sailed triangles used in the second and third logos. However, an eight-rayed yellow sunburst that called the shaped Sailboat was superimposed on top of the blue triangle, and a new Helvetica typeface was used.

Livery

An Airbus A330-343 aircraft of Philippine Airlines arrives in Davao City from Manila as PR1812.

PAL liveries have undergone many incarnations. The first PAL aircraft bore a simple white-top, silver-bottom livery separated by solid straight cheatlines, with a small Philippine flag superimposed on the tail. The name "Philippine Air Lines" was superimposed in the upper forward portion of the fuselage and the PAL logo was located at the back. Later variants of the livery, especially on PAL jet aircraft, made use of an extended Philippine flag as cheatlines, with the PAL logo superimposed on the tail. By this time, the name "Philippine Airlines" was used in the livery.[25]

Another variant of the original livery used by PAL is somewhat similar to the current livery. However, it uses PAL's third logo on the tail with blue, white and red cheatlines running the center of the fuselage. Later on, the bottom half of the fuselage was also painted white.

The current "Eurowhite" livery, first used with the Short 360, was adopted in 1986 following PAL's corporate rebranding. This livery, (designed by Landor Associates) has the name "Philippines" superimposed on the forward portion of the fuselage in italics (using the PAL logo typeface), while the tail is painted with the logo and the Philippine flag is visible near the rear of the aircraft. The PAL logo is also painted on the winglets of aircraft that have them. The name "Philippines", instead of "Philippine Airlines", is to denote that PAL is the primary flag carrier of the Philippines. However, this sometimes leads to confusion that a PAL plane, especially when chartered by the President for official or state visits, is in fact the official air transport of the Philippine head of state. Any PAL aircraft with the flight number "PR/PAL 001" and the callsign "PHILIPPINE ONE" is a special plane operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the President of the Philippines.

For the airline's 70th anniversary, a special decal was placed on all of its aircraft. The sticker featured a stylized "70" and the words, "Asia's first, shining through".

As the airline celebrates its 75th anniversary, a special decal was put at the back of every aircraft. The sticker features a stylized "75".

Frequent flyer program

Mabuhay Miles logo

Mabuhay Miles is the Philippine Airlines frequent flyer program. It was established in 2002 by merging all existing PAL frequent flyer programs prior to the Asian financial crisis: namely, PALsmiles, the Mabuhay Club and the Flying Sportsman, with PALsmiles and Mabuhay Club members being moved to the new program on August 1, 2002.[26] The Flying Sportsman program was subsequently transformed into SportsPlus, a three-tiered, subscription-based program which gives extra baggage allocations for sports equipment. Mabuhay Miles members earn miles that can be redeemed at face value on most Philippine Airlines-operated flights, as well as on code-shared routes of partner airlines.

Mabuhay Miles is divided into multiple tiers:

  • Classic – The basic level at which one starts earning 'miles',
  • Elite – Passengers who have earned 25,000 flight miles, flown 30 one-way sectors in any class of service, or flown 15 one-way sectors in business class become an Elite member.
  • Premiere Elite – Passengers who have earned 45,000 flight miles, flown 50 one-way sectors in any class of service, or flown 25 one-way sectors in business class become a Premiere Elite member.
  • Million Miler – Passengers who have flown one million (1,000,000) cumulative Tier/Flight Miles on Philippine Airlines and PAL Express become Million Milers.

The table below shows the privileges between the different tiers of Mabuhay Miles.

Privileges Million Miler Premiere Elite Elite
Priority waitlist
Choice seat
Waived Mabuhay Miles processing fees and Ticketing Service Charge (TSC)
Priority check-in
Additional Free Baggage Allowance (FBA) 40K +2 pcs 30K +1 pc 10K
Carriage of one sports equipment
Priority luggage handling MMILER tag Red tag Red tag
Priority airport standby
Access to Mabuhay Lounge and VIP Lounges +2 +1
Priority boarding
Extension of selected privileges to one traveling companion:
  • Priority luggage handling
  • Priority airport standby
  • Priority boarding
Tier-based bonus miles - 75% on Philippine Airlines flights to/from the US or California and UK
Tier-based bonus miles - 25% on all Philippine Airlines/PAL express flights

Mabuhay Lounge

The Mabuhay Lounge is the airport lounge for Philippines Airlines. Mabuhay (Business) Class and Elite Members of Mabuhay Miles (except those taking PAL Express flights) are eligible to use the lounge. The clubs all have open bars and food catering.

Between June 15 to August 15, 2015, Philippine Airlines began renovations on the Mabuhay Lounge at NAIA-2. The passenger lounge, which has a seating capacity of 110, reflects a blend of contemporary and traditional design. Each lounge chair is equipped with a power supply, enabling passengers to charge their personal electronic devices. Wi-Fi is available in the lounging and dining areas.

On June 27, 2018, Philippine Airlines unveiled a new Mabuhay Lounge for international business class, million millers, premier elite, and elite passengers in Mactan–Cebu International Airport.[27]

In-flight services

Cabin

Philippine Airlines currently offers three classes, Business, Premium Economy, and Economy, depending on the aircraft. Their Airbus A330s and Airbus A350s offer three classes[28][29] while their B777s, and A320s offer two classes.

Philippine Airlines Economy class (A330-300)
An example of an Economy Class in flight breakfast served for its Manila–Hong Kong flights.

During the second half of 2006, PAL announced a cabin reconfiguration project for its Boeing 747-400 aircraft.[30] The airline spent US$85.7 million to remove all first class seats and increase the size of its business and economy seats, leading to the aforementioned new seats; as well as add personal screens with audio and video on-demand (AVOD) across both cabin classes. The cabin reconfiguration project was completed in 2009[30]

On 2017, PAL reconfigured the cabin layout of eight A330s, from a single class 414-seater configuration into a 309-seater tri-class, with Business, Premium Economy and Economy class sections.[28] The reconfigured A330s were rolled out within a seven-month period in 2017.[31] The IFEs were Zodiac's RAVE system.[32] The seats were designed by Lift Strategic Design,[32][33] and Lufthansa Technik Philippines performed the reconfiguration.[28]

Previous aircraft acquired had no embedded IFE, except for Boeing 777-300ERs. Instead, they offered rentable (Economy) or complimentary (Business) iPad Minis with OnAir's wireless IFE solution, OnAir Play.[34] New aircraft acquired have embedded IFEs, due to the failure of PAL's wireless IFE program for long-haul flights.[33] They still offer wireless IFE on all aircraft.

Fiesta Class

Fiesta Class is PAL's economy class and is available on all aircraft. Tray tables are found in the seat in front, except for bulkhead and exit seats, where the tray tables are embedded in the seats. They have four way head-rests.

B777-300ERs, A350s, select A330s, and A321neos, feature seats that offer a pitch of between 31 and 34 inches.[35][29] Each seat offers AVOD and is equipped with 9-inch(777-300ER) or 10-inch (A330, A321neos[29]) monitors with a headphone jack and USB port for charging, mounted either on the seatbacks or armrests (for bulkhead and exit row seats).[33] They have four-way headrests, and six inches of recline. An articulating seat bottom cushion comes with extra foam under the seat cover.[33]

Philippine Airlines premium economy (A330-300)

Premium Economy

Premium Economy, also known as Economy Plus and seldom referred to as "Premium Fiesta" or "Fiesta Plus", is available on A330 and A350-900 aircraft,[36] as well as PAL Express flights using two class A320s in which case the business class seats are sold as Premium Economy. They are similar in design to standard economy class seats but feature at least 4–5 inches more legroom providing a minimum of 34–36 inches of legroom.

Reconfigured A330s, as well as A350s, have a different seat design, with an extra padding layer. It is 9.55" wide, pitched at 38 inches with eight inches of recline.[32] They also feature a 13.3 inch IFE with AVOD, with a headphone jack and USB port, as well as in-seat power.[33]

On aircraft without IFE, passengers are also treated to complimentary iPads.[34]

Mabuhay Class

Philippine Airlines business class (Airbus A330-300)

Available on all aircraft, Mabuhay Class is PAL's business class. It offers increased legroom and lie-flat seats (on A330-300, B777-300ER, A350, and A321neo[36]). Philippine Airlines is the only Philippine carrier to offer business class on domestic flights. On medium-haul and long-haul flights, Philippine Airlines provide amenity kits from L'Occitane en Provence.[37]

Boeing 777-300ER, feature angled-flat seats manufactured by Recaro. It is arranged in 2-3-2 configuration.

Reconfigured Airbus A330-300 and A350 aircraft feature lie-flat seats manufactured by Thompson Aero Seating. It has a seating configuration of 1-2-1. A350 and A330 Business Class seats also feature Lantal air cushions, a four-way headrest, a storage shelf for personal belongings, a headphone hook, and a padded inner shell that absorbs noise.[33]

Seats feature 15 inch (Boeing 777) 18.5 inch (A330 and A350), and 15.4 inch (A321neo)[33][38] personal in-flight entertainment systems with AVOD, as well as in-seat power. They feature a USB port where passengers can charge their mobile devices.[39][40] Passengers are also given noise-cancelling headphones.

A321neos also feature lie-flat seats manufactured by Rockwell Collins. It is arranged in a 2-2 layout.[38] The seats feature personal in-flight entertainment system with AVOD, and in-seat power.[38] It has a 60 inch seat pitch and its maximum seat width when fully flat is 23 inches.[38]

Business Class seats on A321ceos recline, and have a seat pitch of 39 inches (99 cm). They feature laptop power supply (both AC and USB). There is no IFE built into the seats but iPads are provided on select flights for no extra cost.

Incidents and accidents

Although Philippine Airlines aircraft have been involved in a string of accidents since its founding in 1941, the majority of airline accidents have occurred with propeller aircraft during the early years of operations. Few PAL jet aircraft have been involved in accidents, the most notable being the explosion onboard Philippine Airlines Flight 434, masterminded by al-Qaeda and precursor to the ill-fated Project Bojinka.

Safety

Despite this, PAL is known for being the only airline in the Philippines to be accredited by the International Air Transport Association with passing the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA), having been accredited in February 2007.[41]

Philippine Airlines [42] also has a 6/7 safety rating according to AirlineRatings.com, which was rated safer than some of its South East Asian Counterparts:[43] Malaysia Airlines (5/7),[44] Garuda Indonesia (3/7),[45] Thai Airways (4/7),[46] Vietnam Airlines (5/7)[47]

Issues

Financial issues

PAL experienced huge financial losses in the late 2000s. On March 31, 2006, PAL’s consolidated total assets amounted to 100,984,477 PHP, a 11% decrease from March 31, 2005. On March 31, 2007, the company’s consolidated assets continued to diminish by 8% with amount equivalent to 92,837,849 PHP as against to 2006 figures. The declination of PAL’s assets was primarily due to net decrease in property and equipment and advance payments to aircraft and engine manufacturers, current and other non current assets. As of March 31, 2007, other current and noncurrent assets fell by 29% to 2,960.4 million PHP and by 20% to 2,941.7 million PHP "due to the effect of re-measurement to fair value of certain financial assets and derivative instruments".[48] After carrying 17% more passengers in 2009 due to acquisition of additional aircraft and growth in the local market, PAL annual income report showed an increase in revenues of US$1.634 billion from US$1.504 billion in 2008. In spite of this, PAL expenses escalated as a result of more flight operations and higher maintenance costs aggravated by fuel prices fluctuations; forty-four percent (44%) of PAL income operating expenditures is utilized for fuel consumption.[49]

Labor issues

PAL has a history of labor relations problems. On June 15, 1998, PAL retrenched 5,000 of its employees, including more than 1,400 flight attendants and stewards to allegedly reduce costs and alleviate financial downturn in airline industry as consequence of Asian financial crisis. Represented by Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the Philippines (FASAP), the retrenched employees particularly the 1,400 cabin crews seek remedy for their problem through judicial process and filed a complaint on the grounds of unfair labor practice and illegal retrenchment.

It took a decade before it was finally settled. It passed the Labor Arbiter to the National Labor Relations Commission then to the Court of Appeals and, finally, to the Supreme Court. The Philippine Highest Tribunal favored the aggrieved party and on July 22, 2008, in its 32-page decision ordered PAL to "reinstate the cabin crew personnel who were covered by the retrenchment of and demotion scheme of June 15, 1998 made effective on July 15, 1998, without loss of seniority right and other privileges, and to pay them full backwages, inclusive of allowances and other monetary benefits computed from the time of their separation up to time of actual reinstatement, provided that with respect to those who have received their respective separation pay, the amount of payments shall be deducted from their backwages." The Supreme Court further explained that there was a failure on the part of PAL to substantiate its claims of actual and imminent substantial losses. Although the Asian financial fiasco severely affected the airline, PAL defense of bankruptcy and rehabilitation are untenable; hence, the retrenchment policy is not justified.[50]

However, on March 26, 2018, the Supreme Court en banc voted in favor of Philippine Airlines, which affirms the 2006 Court of Appeals decision that says Philippine Airlines is not required to consult FASAP for its criteria for its retrenchment program.[51][52]

Competition

For more than 20 years, PAL monopolized the air transport industry in the Philippines. This came to an end in 1995 through the passage of Executive Order No. 219 that permits entry of new airlines in the industry. The liberalization and deregulation of Philippine airline industry have brought competition in the domestic air transport industry resulting to lower airfare, improvement in the quality of service and efficiency in the industry in general. At present, three airlines are competing in international and major domestic routes: PAL, Cebu Pacific and PAL Express (formerly known as Air Philippines) and two airlines are serving minor and short-distance routes: Philippines AirAsia, Cebgo (formerly SEAIR and Tiger Airways) and other small airlines.[53]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Philippine Airlines to mount new flights from Clark and developing Clark as its secondary hub.
  2. ↑ https://businessmirror.com.ph/hk-bangkok-eyed-for-next-foreign-route-of-pals-davao-hub/
  3. ↑ "Philippine Airlines' international expansion continues with 5 new destinations, A350-900 HGW order". CAPA. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  4. ↑ "Board of Directors". Philippine Airlines. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  5. 1 2 PAL statement on Bautista election as airline’s president. Business World Online (October 23, 2014)
  6. 1 2 "Bautista replaces Ang as PAL president". ABS-CBN News.
  7. 1 2 "BusinessWorld – Softer oil prices, higher sales keep PAL in the black in Q1". bworldonline.com.
  8. ↑ "Philippine Airlines." Pacific Asia Travel Association. Retrieved on October 3, 2009.
  9. ↑ "About PAL ." Philippine Airlines. Retrieved on May 19, 2009. "PNB Financial Center Pres. Diosdado Macapagal Avenue CCP Complex, Pasay City "
  10. ↑ Donohue, Ken (Apr 2012). "Philippine Airlines: Asia's first, striving to shine". Airways (Sandpoint, Idaho). Sandpoint, Idaho: Airways International, Inc. 19 (2): 26–33. ISSN 1074-4320. OCLC 29700959.
  11. ↑ "Hong Kong, Bangkok eyed for next foreign route of PAL's Davao hub". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  12. ↑ Philippine Airlines International Winter Timetable Archived December 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Philippine Airlines. Retrieved November 2013.
  13. ↑ Sionil, Fil C. (December 7, 2015). "PAL aims to be a five star airline in five years". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 8, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  14. ↑ Torralba, Mark Jayson (2018-01-03). "Top 1000 firms show PHL growth story intact". BusinessWorld. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  15. ↑ "Mabuhay". Retrieved 2018-04-14.
  16. ↑ PAL makes it to World Airline Rankings Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., Philippine Daily Inquirer, September 6, 2007
  17. ↑ Camus, Miguel R. "PAL flew almost 12M passengers in 2014". Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  18. ↑ "PAL to spend around $2 billion on 15 new planes in 2018". Rappler. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  19. ↑ PAL books record $140-M profit
  20. ↑ "History and Milestone". www.philippineairlines.com. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  21. 1 2 "PAL.PH Annual Income Statement - PAL Holdings Inc. - Wall Street Journal". quotes.wsj.com. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  22. ↑ "Philippine Airlines Winter Timetable". Philippine Airlines. Philippine Airlines. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Philippine Airlines :: Codeshare Flights". philippineairlines.com.
  24. ↑ "Profile on Philippine Airlines". CAPA. Centre for Aviation. Archived from the original on 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
  25. ↑ M.Oertle (February 6, 2011). "''PAL BAC 111-518FG One-Eleven''". Airliners.net. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  26. ↑ Mabuhay Miles FAQ, Philippine Airlines. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  27. ↑ Cacho, Katlene (2018-06-29). "Cebu-US flights likely with T2 opening". Sunstar. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
  28. 1 2 3 "Welcome to Lufthansa Technik Philippines". www.ltp.com.ph. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  29. 1 2 3 "Philippine Airlines Set The Bar With A350 And A321Neo Interiors". TheDesignAir. 2018-04-30. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
  30. 1 2 "PAL Boosts Philippine US Flights to U.S. West Coast". Cebu-Philippines.Net. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  31. ↑ "PAL to roll out tri-class A330s with enhanced Premium Economy". www.philippineairlines.com. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
  32. 1 2 3 "PAL rolls out tri-class A330 with New Premium Economy". www.philippineairlines.com. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Lift designs thoughtful, elegant cabins for revitalised Philippine Airlines - Runway Girl". Runway Girl. 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
  34. 1 2 "Philippine's A330 wireless IFE program will serve as case study - Runway Girl". Runway Girl. 2014-08-04. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
  35. ↑ "Mabuhay". Retrieved 2018-05-16.
  36. 1 2 "#flyPAL4Stars". www.philippineairlines.com. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
  37. ↑ "What it's like to fly in business class on Philippine Airlines". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  38. 1 2 3 4 "Mabuhay". Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  39. ↑ Mabuhay (Business) Class – A Journey of Cosmopolitan Bliss, PhilippineAirlines.com, Accessed May 2008 Archived January 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ↑ "Philippine Airlines' new three-cabin A330 wows with details".
  41. ↑ PAL now IOSA-Certified, Philippine Airlines Press Release, February 8, 2007 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  42. ↑ http://www.airlineratings.com/ratings.php/52/philippine-airlines
  43. ↑ "Airline Ratings". www.airlineratings.com. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  44. ↑ Malaysia Airlines Review & Safety Ratings. AirlineRatings.com (October 12, 1937). Retrieved on 2016-10-20.
  45. ↑ Garuda Indonesia Review & Safety Ratings. AirlineRatings.com (January 28, 1949). Retrieved on 2016-10-20.
  46. ↑ Thai Airways International Review & Safety Ratings. AirlineRatings.com (April 1, 1977). Retrieved on 2016-10-20.
  47. ↑ Vietnam Airlines Review & Safety Ratings. AirlineRatings.com. Retrieved on October 20, 2016.
  48. ↑
  49. ↑ Philippine Airlines Income Forces Cost Cuts to Survive Global Recession. Cebu-philippines.net. Retrieved on October 20, 2016.
  50. ↑ Fonbuena, C. (2009) Retrenching workers? Don’t repeat PAL’s mistake. news.abs-cbn.com
  51. ↑ "SC votes after 20 years: PAL wins in retrenchment case vs FASAP". Rappler. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
  52. ↑ News, Ina Reformina, ABS-CBN. "SC reverses own ruling, says PAL employees not illegally retrenched". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
  53. ↑ Manuela Jr., W. (2007) Philippine Airline Analysis: The Evolution of Philippine Airline Industry.
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